《植物病虫害绿色防控技术》课件-二、玉米丝黑穗病绿色防控（双语版）

二

玉米丝黑穗病绿色防控

II.GreenPreventionandControlofMaizeHeadSmut

玉米丝黑穗病俗称乌米、哑玉米，是玉米产区的重要病害，在华北、东北、华中、西南、华南和西北地区普遍发生，尤以北方春玉米区、西南丘陵山地玉米区和西北玉米区发病较重。一般年份发病率2％～8％，严重地块可达60％～70％，造成严重减产。

Maizeheadsmut,commonlyknownasblackriceanddumbcorn,isanimportantdiseaseincornproducingareas.ItoccurswidelyinNorthChina,NortheastChina,CentralChina,SouthwestChina,SouthChinaandNorthwestChina,especiallyinspringcornareasinthenorth,hillyandmountainouscornareasinthesouthwestandnorthwestcornareas.Theincidencerateingeneralyearsis2%–8%,andoreven60%–70%insevereplots,resultinginseriousyieldreduction.二玉米丝黑穗病绿色防控II.GreenPreventionandControlofMaizeHeadSmut（一）症状识别

Symptomidentification

玉米丝黑穗病是苗期侵染的系统性侵染病害，主要侵害玉米雌穗和雄穗。穗期出现典型症状，主要有两种类型：一是黑穗型，除苞叶外整个果穗变成一个大黑粉苞，基部膨大而顶端小、不吐花丝、苞叶通常不易破裂、黑粉不外漏、不易飞散、常黏结成块，内部夹杂丝状的寄主维管束组织，初期外面包被白膜，后期膜破裂后，才露出黑粉；二是变态畸形穗，受害较轻的雌穗，可保持灌浆期的粒形，但籽粒压破后仍为黑粉，基部籽粒成3～5cm长的芽状物或畸形成丛生的小叶状物，内含有少量黑粉。

Maizeheadsmutisasystematicinfectiondiseaseintheseedlingstage,mainlyaffectingthefemaleandmaleearsofmaize.Typicalsymptomsappearattheearstage,mainlytwotypes:Thefirstistheblackeartype.Exceptforthebracts,thewholefruitearbecomesalargeblackpollenbud.Thebaseisenlargedandthetipissmall,withoutfilamentspitting.Thebractsareusuallynoteasytobreak,theblackpowderisnotexposed,noteasytofly,andoftensticksintoblocks.Therearefilamentoushostvascularbundletissuesinside.Theouterpartiscoatedwithwhitefilmattheinitialstage,andtheblackpowderisexposedonlyafterthefilmrupturesatthelaterstage.Thesecondtypeismetamorphicanddeformedears.Femaleearsthatarelessdamagedcanmaintainthegrainshapeduringthefillingstage,butthegrainsarestillblackpowderafterbeingcrushed,andthebasegrainsform3–5cmlongbudsorclusteredleafletswithasmallamountofblackpowder.

诊断要点：除苞叶外整个果穗变成一个大黑粉苞，黑粉常黏结成块，内部夹杂丝状的寄主维管束组织。

Diagnosticpoints:Exceptforbracts,thewholefruitclusterbecomesalargeblackpowderbud,whichisoftenbondedintoblocks,withfilamentoushostvascularbundletissueinside.二玉米丝黑穗病绿色防控II.GreenPreventionandControlofMaizeHeadSmut雄穗症状Symptomsoftassels雌穗症状Symptomsofears二玉米丝黑穗病绿色防控II.GreenPreventionandControlofMaizeHeadSmut变态畸形穗Abnormalanddeformedears二玉米丝黑穗病绿色防控II.GreenPreventionandControlofMaizeHeadSmut

病苗矮化，节间缩短，株型弯曲，茎基稍粗，分蘖增多，叶片密集，色浓绿

Thediseasedseedlingsaredwarfed,theinternodesareshortened,theplantiscurved,thestembaseisslightlythick,thetillersareincreased,theleavesaredense,whichisdarkgreen.二玉米丝黑穗病绿色防控II.GreenPreventionandControlofMaizeHeadSmut（二）病原

Pathogens

病原为丝轴黑粉菌，属担子菌亚门，轴黑粉菌属。果穗散出的黑粉为冬孢子，冬孢子球形或近球形，表面有细刺。冬孢子间混杂有球形或近球形的不育细胞，表面光滑近无色。在成熟前冬孢子常集合成孢子球，外面由菌丝组成的薄膜包围着，成熟的冬孢子分散后遇适宜条件萌发产生有隔的担子(先菌丝)，侧生担孢子。担孢子单孢，无色，椭圆形。

ThepathogenisSphacelotheca,whichbelongstotheBasidiomycotinaandSphacelotheca.Theblackpowderscatteredfromthefruitclustersisteliospores,whicharesphericalornearlyspherical,withfinespinesonthesurface.Theteliosporesaremixedwithsphericalornearlysphericalsterilecells,withasmoothandnearlycolorlesssurface.Beforematurity,teliosporesoftengathertoformsporebulbs,whicharesurroundedbyafilmcomposedofhyphae.Afterdispersing,matureteliosporesgerminateundersuitableconditionstoproduceseptatebasidiospores(promycelium)andlateralbasidiospora.Thebasidiosporaismonosporous,colorless,andoval.病原菌冬孢子和冬孢子萌发Pathogenicbacteriateliosporesandgerminationofteliospores二玉米丝黑穗病绿色防控II.GreenPreventionandControlofMaizeHeadSmut（三）发生规律

OccurrenceRegularity玉米丝黑穗病菌以冬孢子散落在土壤中、混入粪肥中或沾附在种子表面越冬。冬孢子在土壤中能存活2～3年以上。带菌种子是远距离传播的重要途径，但由于种子自然带菌量小，传病作用明显低于粪肥和土壤带菌。

Themaizeheadsmutscattersinthesoilasteliospores,mixesinmanure,oradherestothesurfaceofseedsforoverwintering.Teliosporescansurviveinsoilformorethan2–3years.Bacteria-carryingseedsareanimportantwayoflong-distancetransmission.However,duetothesmallnaturalnumberofbacteria-carryingseeds,thediseasetransmissioneffectissignificantlylowerthanthatofmanureandsoil.

二玉米丝黑穗病绿色防控II.GreenPreventionandControlofMaizeHeadSmut二玉米丝黑穗病绿色防控

II.GreenPreventionandControlofMaizeHeadSmut

玉米丝黑穗病菌冬孢子萌发后在土壤中直接侵入玉米幼苗的分生组织，病菌侵染最适时期是从种子破口露出白尖到幼芽长到1～1.5cm时，幼芽出土前是病菌侵染的关键阶段。由此，幼芽出土前的温湿度、播种深度、出苗快慢、土壤中的病菌含量等因素，与玉米丝黑穗病的发生程度关系密切。此病发生适温为20～25℃，土壤适宜含水量为18%～20%，土壤冷凉、干燥，有利于病菌侵染。

Theteliosporesofheadsmutfungusofmaizedirectlyinvadethemeristemofmaizeseedlingsaftergermination.Theoptimalperiodofpathogeninfectionisfromthetimewhenthewhitetipoftheseedruptureisexposedtothetimewhenthebudgrowsto1~1.5cm.Thekeystageofpathogeninfectionisbeforethebudemergesfromthesoil.Therefore,thetemperatureandhumidity,sowingdepth,seedlingemergencespeed,pathogencontentinthesoilandotherfactorsbeforethebudemergencearecloselyrelatedtotheoccurrencedegreeofmaizeheadsmut.Thesuitabletemperaturefortheoccurrenceofthediseaseis20~25°C,thesuitablewatercontentofthesoilis18%~20%,andthesoiliscoolanddry,whichisconducivetopathogeninfection.

玉米不同品种的抗病性有明显差异，抗病品种很少发病；连作地发病重，轮作地发病轻；使用未腐熟的厩肥，种子带菌未经消毒，病株残体未被妥善处理等都会使土壤菌量增加，导致该病的严重发生；播种过深、种子生活力过弱时发病重；在土壤含水量20％条件下发病率最高。

Thediseaseresistanceofdifferentcultivarsofmaizeissignificantlydifferent,anddisease-resistantcultivarsrarelysufferfromthedisease.Thediseaseisseriousoncontinuouscroppingsitesandmildonrotationsites.Theuseofundecomposedbarnyardmanure,undisinfectedseeds,andimproperdisposalofdiseasedplantresidueswillincreasetheamountofsoilbacteria,resultinginseriousoccurrenceofthedisease.Thediseaseisseriouswhentheseedsaresowntoodeeplyandtheseedvitalityistooweak.Theincidenceisthehighestatthesoilmoisturecontentof20%.二玉米丝黑穗病绿色防控II.GreenPreventionandControlofMaizeHeadSmut（四）防治技术

ControlTechnique

以种子处理为主，采用及时消灭菌源、种植抗病品种等农业措施相结合的综合防治措施。Seedtreatmentisthemainmethod,andcomprehensivecontrolmeasuressuchastimelyeliminationofsterilizationsourcesandplantingofdisease-resistantvarietiesareadopted.

1、种子处理

Seedtreatment

在选择抗病良种的前提下，播前要晒种，选籽粒饱满、发芽势强、发芽率高的种子，再用药剂拌种处理。可选用多菌灵，或萎锈灵处理。在拌种时拌药一定要均匀，搅拌数次，让种子将药液吸干净，晾干后待播，确保防治效果。Onthepremiseofselectingdisease-resistantgoodseeds,suntheseedsbeforesowing,selectseedswithfullgrains,stronggerminationvigor,andhighgerminationrate,andthenmixtheseedswithchemicals.Carbendazimorcarboxincanbeused.Whenmixingtheseeds,thechemicalsmustbemixedevenlyandstirredmsnytimestoallowtheseedstosuckupthechemicalsolutionanddryitbeforesowingtoensurethecontroleffect.二玉米丝黑穗病绿色防控II.GreenPreventionandControlofMaizeHeadSmut

2、农业防治

Agriculturalpreventionandcontrol

杜绝和减少初侵染源，不从病区调运种子；育苗移栽的要选不带菌的地块或经土壤处理后再育苗，最好在玉米苗、3～4片叶以后再移栽定植大田，可有效避免丝黑穗病菌的侵染；及时拔除田间病株能有效地减少土壤中越冬菌源；进行高温堆肥，厩肥充分发酵，杀死病原菌后再施用；切忌将病株散放或喂养牲畜、垫圈等；一般实行1～3年的合理轮作，可有效地控制丝黑穗病的发生和危害。

Eliminateandreduceprimaryinfectionsourcesanddonottransportseedsfromendemicareas.Forseedlingtransplanting,selectplotswithoutbacteriaorraiseseedlingsaftersoiltreatment.Itisbesttotransplantcornseedlingsand3–4leavesbeforefieldplanting,whichcaneffectivelyavoidtheinfectionofheadsmutfungus.Timelyremovalofdiseasedplantsinthefieldcaneffectivelyreduceoverwinteringpathogensourcesinthesoil.Performhigh-temperaturecomposting,fullyfermentthestablemanure,andapplyitafterkillingpathogenicbacteria.Donotspreadorfeeddiseasedplantstolivestock,gaskets,etc.Generally,reasonablecroprotationfor1–3yearscaneffectivelycontroltheoccurrenceanddamageofmaizeheadsmut.二玉米丝黑穗病绿色防控II.GreenPreventionandControlofMaizeHeadSmut二玉米丝黑穗病绿色防