油气输送管道穿越工程防腐层电导率测试方法、推管机地锚受力表、直铺管推力计算公式、爆破成沟炸药量计算方法

附录A防腐层电导率测试方法A.0.1对防腐层电导率进行测试，应采用下列仪器设备：1万用表3块：直流电压量程为0V～2V，直流电流最小量程为0μA～200μA；2中断器1台：中断频率为1s断/3s通或3s断/12s通；3滑动变阻器：0Ω～99999Ω；4便携式铜/硫酸铜参比电极2支；5连接导线和鳄鱼夹若干；6钢钎接地电极若干支；7ZC-8土壤电阻率测量仪1套；8恒电位仪或12V铅酸蓄电池2块；9对讲机2台。A.0.2对防腐层电导率进行测试，应按下列步骤进行测量：1宜采用ZC-8土壤电阻率测量仪四电极法测量穿越段两端土壤电阻率；2应连接临时阴极保护装置（图A.0.1），临时阳极地床距管道距离不应小于100m，应使恒电位仪或蓄电池的正极接地床，负极接管道；当采用蓄电池时，应将滑动变阻器串联接入蓄电池正极与临时阳极地床电路中；1——恒电位仪；2——电流中断器；3——直流电压表；4——直流电流表；5——临时阳极地床；6——硫酸铜参比电极图A.0.1防腐层电导率测试接线图3应将电流中断器和电流表分别串联接入恒电位或蓄电池负极与管道连接的电路中；4在穿越段两端应分别连接电压表正极，并应使硫酸铜参比电极连接电压表负极和接地，同时应测量和记录两端的管地自然电位；5应接通临时阴极保护电源，并应测量和记录穿越段两端通路（Uon）和断路（Uoff）电位，同时应调整电流输出，两端断路电位（Uoff）应控制为-850mV～-1050mV，并应记录对应的输出电流；6应按本本标准第A.0.2条第5款的方法重复测量3次。A.0.3防腐层电导率计算应按下列步骤进行：1测试点a和b的电位变化应按下列公式计算：ΔUΔU式中：——a点电位变化（V）；ΔUb——b点电位变化（V）；——a点通路电位（V）；Ub,on——b点通路电位（V）；——a点断路电位（V）；Ub,off——b点断路电位（V）；2电位变化比应按下式计算：r＝式中：r——电位变化比。1）当电位变化比在0.625～1.6之间时，宜采用通用法进行计算评价；可将两端电位变化的算术平均值认为是管道穿越段的平均电位变化，其平均电位应按下式计算：ΔU式中：ΔU（平均）——a、b点电位的平均值（V）。管道穿越段的电导应按下式计算：g=ΔI式中：g——电导（s）；ΔI——电流变化（A）。2）当电位变化比不在0.625～1.6之间时，可采用电位或者电流衰减方法评价，电位衰减法和电流衰减法应按下列公式计算：电位衰减法：α=㏑[ΔUa/ΔUb]/L(A.0.3-6)电流衰减法：α=㏑[ΔIa/ΔIb]/L(A.0.3-7)式中：L——测点a与b之间的距离（m）；α——所测管段的衰减系数。3管段电导应按下式计算：g=α2/r(A.0.3-8)式中：r——单位长度管段的纵向电阻（）；g——所测管段漏失电导（s）；α——衰减系数。平均电导应按下式计算：G=g式中：G——穿越段管道涂层的平均电导（s）；A——穿越段管道的表面积（m2）。穿越段管底深度的平均土壤电阻率应按下式计算：ρ平均式中：——管底深度的平均土壤电阻率（Ω·m）；ρa——管底深度a点的土壤电阻率（Ω·mρb——管底深度b点的土壤电阻率（Ω·m当计算1000Ω•cm特定土壤电阻率中的涂层标称电导率时，应按下式进行：Gn式中：——在电阻率为1000Ω•cm土壤中，标称电导率；G——穿越段管道涂层的比平均电导（Ω·m）。A.0.4标准管道数据表可按表A.0.4的规定确定。表A.0.4标准管道数据表管道外径管道壁厚重度电阻率电导率单位表面积mmin.mmin.kg/mlb/ftμ/mμ/ftA/mv/mA/mv/mm2/mft2/ftm2/kmft2/mil63.502.5005.2320.2068.6165.790122.28137.2718.17826.8300.1990.65199.53.45673.032.8757.0100.27611.3997.66092.49228.17210.81935.4960.2290.75229.43.97488.903.5005.4860.21611.2807.58093.40428.47010.70635.1250.2790.92279.34.838114.304.5006.0200.23716.05710.79065.61720.00015.24050.0000.3591.18359.16.2208.5600.33722.29314.98047.26314.40621.15869.4167.9380.31333.84122.74031.1359.49032.118105.3758.1790.32242.48728.56024.7997.55940.325132.2989.5250.37519.16933.04021.4296.53146.666153.105168.286.6255.5630.21922.27814.97047.29514.41521.14469.3700.5291.73528.79.1587.1120.28028.23018.97037.33211.37626.79487.9057.9250.31231.35521.07033.60310.24229.76097.6379.5250.37537.24925.03028.2868.62235.353115.98710.9730.43242.53228.58024.7737.55140.367132.437219.088.6256.3500.25033.27522.36031.6649.65131.582103.6140.6882.26688.211.9207.9380.31333.84122.74031.1359.49032.118105.3758.1790.32242.48728.56024.7997.55940.325132.2989.5250.37519.16933.04021.4296.53146.666153.105273.0510.7506.3500.25033.27522.36031.6649.65131.582103.6140.8582.81857.8119209.2710.36560.24140.48017.4905.33157.175187.5819.5250.37561.83341.55017.0405.19458.686192.53911.1250.43871.71448.19014.6924.47868.064223.30912.7000.50081.46254.74012.9343.94277.316253.661323.8512.7506.3500.25049.67533.38021.2106.46547.147154.6801.0173.341017176207.1370.28155.73137.45018.9055.76252.895173.5407.9380.31361.77341.51017.0565.19958.630192.3549.5250.37573.75349.56014.2864.35469.999229.65712.7000.50097.35565.42010.8223.29992.400303.151355.6014.0006.3500.25054.63036.71025.6507.80439.055128.1331.1173.671117193507.9250.31267.97945.68020.5776.27248.598159.4429.5250.37581.20954.57017.2255.25058.056190.471406.4016.0006.3500.25062.57742.05022.3536.81344.736146.7711.2774.191277221207.9250.31277.92052.36017.9525.47255.704182.7579.5250.37593.12962.58015.0204.57866.577218.42916.6620.656159.977107.5008.7442.665114.366375.218457.2018.0006.3500.25070.52447.39019.8356.04650.417165.4101.4364.71143624880表A.0.4标准管道数据表（续）管道外径管道壁厚重度电阻率电导率单位表面积mmin.mmin.kg/mlb/ftμ/mμ/ftA/mv/mA/mv/mm2/mft2/ftm2/kmft2/mil508.0020.0006.3500.25078.47052.73017.8265.43356.098184.0491.5965.241596276507.1370.28188.14359.23015.8704.83763.013206.7367.9250.31284.39356.71016.5755.05260.332197.9419.5250.375116.96978.60011.9593.64583.621274.346558.8022.0006.3500.25086.41758.07016.1874.93461.779202.6881.7565.76175630410593.7323.3759.5250.375137.19392.19010.1963.10898.079321.7801.8656.1218653231011.9130.469170.751114.7408.1922.497122.069400.489609.6024.0007.1370.281106.03171.25013.1924.02175.801248.6911.9156.281915331807.9250.312117.65479.06011.8893.62484.110275.9518.7380.344129.24686.85010.8233.29992.397303.14110.3120.406152.343102.3709.1822.799108.909357.31211.9130.469175.320117.8107.9792.432125.335411.20412.7000.500186.749125.4907.4902.283133.506438.01015.8750.625232.227156.0506.0231.836166.081544.677660.4026.0007.2390.285116.52378.30012.0053.65983.301273.2982.0756.812075359407.9250.312142.46195.7309.8192.993101.845334.1368.2550.325132.62489.12010.5473.21594.812311.0659.5250.375152.729102.6309.1592.792109.185358.22012.7000.500202.642136.1706.9032.104144.868475.28876230.0007.9250.312147.44799.0809.4782.892105.409345.8292.3947.852394414708.2550.325153.116102.8099.1362.785109.462359.1278.7380.344162.030108.8808.6332.631115.835380.0359.1440.360169.590113.9608.2482.514121.239397.7669.5250.375176.570118.6507.9222.415126.229414.13610.3120.406191.079128.4007.3212.231136.601448.16811.1250.438205.559138.1306.8052.074146.953482.12912.7000.500234.429157.5305.9671.819167.592549.843PAGE120表A.0.4标准管道数据表（续）管道外径管道壁厚重度电阻率电导率单位表面积mmin.mmin.kg/mlb/ftμ/mμ/ftA/mv/mA/mv/mm2/mft2/ftm2/kmft2/mil914.436.0008.7380.344194.800130.9007.1812.189139.261456.8942.8739.422873497609.5250.375212.330142.6806.5882.008151.794498.01010.3120.406229.816154.4306.0871.855164.294539.02311.9130.469264.713177.8805.2841.611189.242620.87312.7000.500282.110189.5704.9581.511201.679661.67514.2750.562316.814212.8904.4151.346226.488743.07215.8750.625351.398236.1303.9811.213251.213824.18817.4500.687385.849259.2803.6251.105275.841904.9911066.842.0009.5250.375248.120166.7305.6381.718177.380581.9553.35111.003352580609.9060.390257.912173.3105.4241.653184.380604.92111.1250.438289.298194.4004.8351.474206.817678.53412.7000.500329.835221.6404.2411.293235.797773.61314.2750.562370.104248.7003.7791.152264.586868.06315.8750.625411.058276.2203.4031.037293.863964.1191219.248.00012.7000.500377.515253.6803.7051.129269.884885.4453.83012.5738306635015.8750.625470.659316.2702.9720.906336.4721103.90919.0500.750563.297378.5202.4830.757402.6981321.187附录B推管机地锚受力表B.0.1推管机推进管道施工地锚受力参见图B.0.1。图B.0.1推管机推进管道地锚受力图B.0.2推管机回拔管道施工地锚受力参见图B.0.2。图B.0.2推管机回拔管道地锚受力图B.0.3不同型号推管机推进管道施工地锚受力参见表B.0.1~B.0.4。表B.0.1300T推管机推进管道施工地锚受力表角度(°)FV1(kN)FV2(kN)FH(kN)09869863000110209673000210539492998310879302996411209112993511538912989611858722984712178522978812498312971912808112963101311790295411134176929451213727482934131401726292314143070529111514596832898表B.0.2500T推管机推进管道施工地锚受力表角度(°)FV1(kN)FV2(kN)FH(kN)01441144150001148814014999215341360499731581131949934162612784988516721236498161716119449737176011514963818041108495191847106549381018901021492411193297849081219739334891132014889487214205484448511520937994830表B.0.3750T推管机推进管道施工地锚受力表角度(°)FV1(kN)FV2(kN)FH(kN)0229822987500123662235749922432217074953249821057490425632040748252627197374716269019067459727531839744482815177174279287517027408102935163373861129951563736212305314937336133110142373081431661352727715322212807244表B.0.4800T推管机推进管道施工地锚受力表角度(°)FV1(kN)FV2(kN)FH(kN)0228622868000123612221799922435215679953250820907989425812023798152653195679706272418897956727951820794082864175179229293316827902103000161278791130671542785312313314717825133198139977951432621327776315332512557728附录C直铺管推力计算公式1穿越推力可按下列公式估算：F（C-1）F（C-2）FM（C-3）F（C-4）FM2（C-5）F（C-6）式中：F——穿越所需总推力（kN）；FM——掘进机阻力（kN）；FL——管道阻力（kN）； FL1——黏土、完整岩层穿越段管道阻力（kN）； FL2——砂土、卵砾石层穿越段管道阻力（kN）；FM1——掘进机外壳和洞壁之间的摩擦阻力（kN）；FM2——掘进机刀盘受到的水压（泥浆）阻力(kN)；FM3——切削刀具滚刀（切刀）切入岩层（土层）挤压阻力（kN）；f1——掘进机外壳与洞壁之间的摩擦系数，可取0.5；W——掘进机总质量（t）；PM——掘进机刀盘前端的水压（泥浆）压力（MPa）；DM——掘进机壳体外径（m）；Pd——对岩层，为单个刀圈刃切入挤压阻力（kN），可取8～20，宜根据刀具尺寸和岩石抗压强度确定；对土层，单个切刀切入挤压阻力，可取3～6，宜根据穿越地层坚硬程度或密实程度确定；n——对岩层，应为刀盘滚刀配置数量；对土层，应为刀盘切刀配置数量。管道阻力FL1、FL2的计算应符合下列要求：2黏土、完整岩层穿越段管道阻力FL1应按下列公式计算：FL1=f2⋅L1⋅ge+π⋅D⋅f3式中：f2——管道与掘进孔洞洞壁摩擦系数，可取0.3； L1——黏土、完整岩层穿越段总长度（m）；g——穿越管段单位长度受到的浮力（kN/m）; D——管道外径（m）； f3——管道与泥浆间粘滞系数（kN/m2），可取0.18； γm——泥浆重度（kN/m3），可取10.5~11.5； δ——钢管壁厚（m）； γs——钢管重度（kN/m3），可取78.5； Wp——供应管道及介质重量（kN/m）。3砂土、卵砾石层穿越段管道阻力FL2应按下式计算：FL2=π⋅D⋅f4⋅L2 式中：f4——管道与砂土、卵砾石地层单位面积平均摩擦力（kN/m2），当触变润滑泥浆技术成熟可靠、管道外壁能形成和保持稳定、连续的泥浆套时，可取2~3.5； L2——砂土、卵砾石层穿越段总长度（m）。

附录D爆破成沟炸药量计算方法D.0.1土石爆破炸药量的计算应符合下列规定：1当最小抵抗线h＜3m时，集团装药量应按下式计算：Q=Abh3（D.0.1-1）2当最小抵抗线h≥3m时，集团装药量应按下式计算：Q=Kh3(0.4+0.6n3)（D.0.1-2）式中：Q——集团装药量（中级炸药）（kg）；A——介质（土石）抗力系数，应符合表5.4.2-1的规定；b——爆破作用指数的系数，应符合表5.4.2-2的规定；h——最小抵抗线（h等于穿越深度）（m）；K——爆破每m3土石所需药量，应符合表5.4.2-3的规定；n——爆破作用指数，宜取1.0～1.5。表D.0.1-1介质（土石）抗力系数土石名称A有砂和碎石的土壤0.51生长植物的土壤0.57湿砂0.85夹砂地0.66砂质黏土及坚硬表黏土0.70多石土壤0.77红黏土0.98石灰岩1.11花岗岩1.34新积土地带0.26注：1使用低级炸药时，系数A值与中级炸药相同，爆破坚硬的岩石如用低级炸药，应比公式算出的炸药量增加0.2～0.5倍；2当土石为冻土时，系数应增加0.5倍；3当土石为分层土石时，A值取最坚硬一层的数值；4当坚硬岩石有缝隙时，系数值应缩小1/2；5当有条件时，应用标准装药实验验证系数A。表D.0