《中西文化比较（英文版）（第2版）》unit 14 The Chinese and Western Architecture

中西文化比较TheComparisonbetweenChineseandWesternCulture

Unit14TheChineseandWestern

ArchitectureBackground

Chinahasauniqueandcompleteideologicalsysteminarchitecture.TheharmonybetweenmanandnatureistheidealoftheChinesepeople.However,WesternarchitecturehaswitnessedthechangesofstylesofGothic,Renaissance,Baroque,andClassicism.Chinesearchitecturestressesthevisualimpactofthewidth.ClassicalancientChinesebuildings,especiallythoseofthewealthy,arebuiltwithanemphasisonbreadthandlessonheight.ChinesearchitecturemakesacontrastwithWesternarchitecture,whichtendstogrowinheightanddepth.VocabularyExtensionTextA

Notes1.shelter

v.

toprovideshelterfor①Migrantbirdsshelterinthereeds.

候鸟隐蔽在芦苇丛中。②Humansinstinctivelyseekstructuresthatwillshelterandenhancetheirwayoflife.

人类本能地追求那些可以保护他们并改善他们生活方式的建筑物。TextA

Notes2.lumber

n.thewoodoftreescutandpreparedforuseasbuildingmaterial①Itwasmadeofsoftlumber,sprucebythelookofit.它是软木做的，看样子是云杉。②Let’sbringinatruck-loadoflumberandstartbuildingtomorrow.咱们运一车木材来，明天就开始建吧。TextA

Notes3.mausoleum

n.alargeburialchamber,usuallyaboveground①ItwasbuiltasamausoleumforthepharaohKhufuaround2650BC.它是为公元前2650年胡夫法老的陵墓。②ChangshaCityhasdecidedtobuildanarchaeologicalsiteparkbasedonthismausoleum.长沙市已决定建设汉长沙国王陵考古遗址公园。TextA

Notes4.irrigation

n.supplyingdrylandwithwaterbymeansofditchesetc①Theagriculturallandishillyandtheirrigationpoor.这片农田多丘陵，而且灌溉条件很差。②

Irrigationisneededtomakecropsgrowindryregions.干旱地区需要灌溉才能使作物生长。TextA

Notes5.stele

n.

theusuallycylindricalcentralvascularportionoftheaxisofavascularplant①TheotheraspectprobesthedifficultyofWeistelestyleintorunningscript.

另一方面是探讨魏碑入行书之难。②Withsuchalonghistory,doesthisstelehaveaname?历史这么悠久，那这块石碑有名字吧？TextA

Notes6.configuration

n.anarrangementofpartsorelements①Pricesrangefrom$119to$199,dependingontheparticular

configuration.

价格根据配置的不同从119美元到199美元不等。

②Thepreciseconfigurationofaheatislanddependsonseveralfactors.

热岛的精确结构取决于几个因素。TextA

Notes7.

dismantle

v.

totakeapartintoitsconstituentpieces①Theydecidedtodismantlethemachineandstartagainfrom

scratch.

他们决定拆掉机器，从头再来。②Ihadtodismantletheengineinordertorepairit.

我得把发动机拆开来修理。TextA

Notes8.symmetric

adj.

havingsimilarityinsize,shape,andrelativepositionofcorrespondingparts①Physicallaws,too,canbesymmetric.

物理定律也可以是对称的。②It’sperfectlysymmetric.

它是完全对称的。TextA

Notes9.esthetic

adj.

①Fromtheestheticview,itwasabeautifulcontinent.

从美学的观点来看，那是一个美丽的大陆。②Chinesetraditionalconstructionhasveryhighartistic

achievement

anduniqueestheticcharacteristics.

中国传统建筑具有很高的艺术成就和独特的审美特征。concerningorcharacterizedbyanappreciationofbeautyorgoodtasteTextA

Notes10.

motif

n.adesignthatconsistsofrecurringshapesorcolors①Whatisthemotifofthisyear?

知道今年教师节的主题吗？②Alienationisacentralmotifinhernovels.

疏离感是她小说的一个重要的主题。TextA

KeySentences1.Duringthe3,000yearsofthefeudalsociety,ancientChinesearchitecturegraduallyformulateditsuniquesystem,coupledwithaconsiderableprogressinurbanplanning,gardendesigning,andhouseconstruction.formulate

制订；规划；构想；准备

Littlebylittle,heformulatedhisplanforescape.coupledwith加上，外加;（与……）接在一起Coupledwiththerapideconomicgrowthistheincreasingconsumptionofnaturalresources.同义词组：combine...with...,merge...with...TextA

KeySentences2.

Toevokeasenseofspace,theuseof“borrowingadistantview”isofspecialsignificance.Itenablesavisitortolookoutsidethegardenstoenjoyanewandgreatervista.senseofspace空间感/senseoftiming时间感/senseofhumor幽默感Culturaltip:“borrowingadistantview”借景

借景是古典园林建筑中常用的构景手段之一。在视力所及的范围内，将好的景色组织到园林视线中的手法。借景分近借、远借、邻借、互借、仰借、俯借、应时借7类。TextA

KeySentences3.Thisisagoodexplanationof“Knowtheheart,knowthelaw;knowthelaw,knowtheheaven.”byMencius.Theresoundingecho,accordingtothedesigners,representsHeaven’sreplytowhateverthespeakersaskfor.Culturaltip:

“尽其心者，知其性也。知其性，则知天矣。”——

出自孟子《尽心上》孟子说“充分运用心灵思考的人是知道人的本性的人。知道人的本性就知道天命。保持心灵的思考涵养本性这就是对待天命的方法。无论短命还是长寿都一心一意地修身以等待天命这就是安身立命的方法。”TextAI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamousancientChinesebuildings.TextA2.WriteashortpassageaboutthecolorsofanancientChinesearchitecture.

LocatedatthecenterofBeijing,yellowandvermillionarethethematiccolorsoftheForbiddenCity.YellowisthesymbolofimperialpowerinancientChinaandredhasalwaysbeensymbolicforhappiness.Beingbrightcolors,theygiveasenseofwarmthandpassion.TextA3.HowdoyouevokeasenseofspaceinChinesegarden?

Toevokeasenseofspace,theuseof“borrowingadistantview”isofspecialsignificance.Itenablesavisitortolookoutsidethegardenstoenjoyanewandgreatervista.Windowsarealwaysdesignedintheshapeoffanandvisitorscanviewthepicturesquebamboogrovesandmountainsoutside.TextAII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.Chinesequadrangle

Quadranglehasitsnamebecauseeachdirectionoftheentireconstructionhasahouse:east,west,south,andnorth.Thesefourhousesencirclethecourtyardonallfoursides,formingacentralcourtyardwhichresemblesamouthglyph.Thelayoutisorderlyandthecourtyardisbright,soyoumayfeelmoreelegantandcomfortable.TextA2.gardensinSuzhou

TheClassicalgardensofSuzhouareagroupofgardensinSuzhouregion,JiangsuProvincewhichhavebeenaddedtotheUNESCOWorldHeritageList.MostofthembuiltbyscholarsstandardizedmanyofthekeyfeaturesofclassicalChinesegardendesignwithconstructedlandscapesmimickingnaturalsceneryofrocks,hills,andrivers.TextA3.

EightDiagrams

TheEightDiagramsusedinTaoistcosmologytorepresentthefundamentalprinciplesofrealityisseenasarangeofeightinterrelatedconcepts.Eachconsistsofthreelines,eachlineeither“broken”or“unbroken”,respectivelyrepresentingYinorYang.TextA4.YinandYang

InChinesephilosophy,YinandYangdescribehowoppositeorcontraryforcesareactuallycomplementary,interconnected,andinterdependentinthenaturalworldandhowtheygiverisetoeachotherastheyinterrelatetooneanother.TextA5.theTempleofHeaven

TheTempleofHeavenisanimperialcomplexofbuildingssituatedinthesoutheasternpartofcentralBeijing.ThecomplexwasvisitedbytheEmperorsoftheMingandQingDynastiesforannualceremoniesofprayertoHeavenforagoodharvest.TheTempleofHeavenwasinscribedasaWorldHeritagesitein1998andwasdescribedasamasterpieceofarchitectureandlandscapedesign.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.

中国古建筑伴随着中华文明绵延至今。它们外观精美，框架清晰，结构巧妙，装饰美观，内涵丰富，其历史价值、科研价值和艺术价值都非常高。1.AlongwiththelonglastingChinesecivilization,theappearanceofancientChinesebuildingsisexquisite,theframeisclear,thestructureisingenious,thedecorationisbeautiful,andtheconnotationisrich,withitshighhistorical,scientific,andartisticvalue.TextA2.长城是中国古代规模浩大的军事防御工程。修筑长城最初是为了抵御北方游牧民族的入侵。长城已有两千多年的历史，某些部分现已毁坏或消失，但它仍是世界上最吸引人的景观之一。2.TheGreatWallofChinawasanancientgiganticdefensiveproject.It’sbuiltoriginallytoresistinvasionsofNorthernnomadicgroups.Withahistoryofmorethan2,000years,someofthesectionsarenowinruinsorhavedisappeared.However,itisstilloneofthemostappealingattractionsallaroundtheworld.TextB

Notes1.fortified

adj.securedwithbastionsorfortifications①Thenewsmerelyfortifiedtheirdetermination.

这消息只是增强了他们的决心。②Onereasonmaybebreakfast’snutritionalvalue—partlybecausecerealisfortifiedwithvitamins.

早餐之所以有营养，部分原因可能是谷物富含维生素。TextB

Notes2.crenellation

n.arampartbuiltaroundthetopofacastlewithregulargapsforfiringarrowsorguns①Behinditscrenellationslaythecityinthedreadgripofthepestilence.在它的垛口后面，这座城市正处于可怕的瘟疫之中。②Shewaitedwhiletheyoungmantookinthefriezeofdarkpinnaclesandcrenellationsagainsttheeveningsky.她等待着，而年轻人则在傍晚的天空中欣赏着黑暗的尖顶和垛口的饰带。TextB

Notes3.vault

n.arooforceilingintheformofanarchoraseriesofarches①Thegoldwasreachedthebank'svaultunderconvoyofarmedguards.这些黄金在武装警卫的护运下安全运达银行保险库。②Thegreatvaultbrightened,likethedomeofanimmenselamp.那广漠的天穹变得雪亮，犹如一盏巨灯的圆顶。TextB

Notes4.pier

n.(architecture)averticalsupportingstructure(asaportionofwallbetweentwodoorsorwindows)①Theshipwasmooredbroadsidetothepier.这艘船横泊在码头旁。②Thetruckstoveinthepieroftheroadbridge.卡车撞坏了公路桥的桥墩。TextB

Notes5.skeletal

adj.

①verythinespeciallyfrom

diseaseorhungerorcold②oforrelatingtoorformingor

attachedtoaskeleton①Oneyearafterhisdiagnosis,Tomwasskeletal.确诊一年以后，汤姆已是骨瘦如柴。②Oneimportantdifferencebetweenachimpanzeeandhuman,istheirskeletalmusclestructure.一个重要的不同之处，在人类和黑猩猩之间，是二者的骨骼肌结构。TextB

Notes6.spire

n.atalltowerthatformsthesuperstructureofabuilding(usuallyachurchortemple)andthattaperstoapointatthetop①Noonewoulddreamofstraighteningoutthechurch'sknobblyspire.没人会梦想使教堂的圆形尖顶变直。②Hedidnotrefertospiresandtowers,tocampusgreensandiviedwalls.他指的不是高耸的塔尖和巍峨的高楼，也不是绿树成荫的校园和长满长春藤的围墙。TextB

Notes7.biomorphic

adj.

amedicalinstrumentforlisteningtothesoundsgeneratedinsidethebody①Nowadays,differentkindsofbiomasshavebeenemployedtopreparebiomorphichigh-performancematerials.目前，各种不同类型的生物质已被广泛用来制备生物形态的高性能材料。②Icreatesculpturalceramicworkwhich,althoughabstract,isrootedinthenaturalworld.Simplecurvedandundulatingformsexplorebiomorphicshapesandstructuralgrowthpatterns.我所创作的雕塑陶瓷作品尽管比较抽象，但都是根据自然界所创作的。简单的弯曲形状与波浪形状作品主要探索生物变体造形与结构生长模式。TextB

Notes8.scenography

n.

Scenographyrelatestothestudyandpracticeofdesignforperformance①However,inside,ascenographyunfoldsandthedifferentfunctionscanbefoundondifferentlevelswithinterestinginter-relations.但在室内，展开透视法，就能看到不同层面具有不同功能，各个层面间存在有趣的内在联系②Madeupofamuralscenography,thisspacebecomesaninformationandmeetingpointduringtheFestival.这个由透视壁画构成的空间，成为节日里的信息中心和会议中心。TextB

Notes9.tactile

adj.oforrelatingtoorproceedingfromthesenseoftouch；producingasensationoftouch①Babieswhosleepwiththeirparentsreceivemuchmoretactilestimulationthanbabieswhosleepinacrib.和父母睡在一块儿的婴儿比单独睡在婴儿床上的婴儿得到更多的触觉刺激。②Tweedistimeless,tactileandtough.粗花呢从不过时，手感很好，结实耐磨。TextB

Notes10.phenomenology

n.aphilosophicaldoctrineproposedbyEdmundHusserlbasedonthestudyofhumanexperienceinwhichconsiderationsofobjectiverealityarenottakenintoaccount①Theviewofphenomenologyprovidesanewthinkingforus.现象学视野为我们提供了新的思考。②Ingeneral,thePhenomenologyisamethodandanattitudeofthought.哲学中的现象学是一种方法和思维态度。TextB

KeySentences1.Thetermwasnotcontemporarywiththeartitdescribed,butrather,wasaninventionofmodernscholarshipbasedonitssimilaritytoRomanarchitectureinformsandmaterials.becontemporarywith与……同时代的MozartwasafamouscomposercontemporarywithBeethoven,bothofwhommadegreatachievementsinthefieldofmusic.butrateher

相反地It’snotahotel,intheconventionalsense,butratherawholevillageturnedintoahotel.TextB

KeySentences2.

CriticalRegionalismwasanapproachtoarchitecturethatstrivedtocountertheplacelessnessandlackofmeaninginModernarchitecturebyusingcontextualforcestogiveasenseofplaceandmeaning.apporachn.

方法，方案Thetwodesignerssettleduponaminimalistapproach.strive...to...奋斗strivetobuildamoderatelyprosperoussociety

努力建成小康社会placelessness无地方性TextB

KeySentences3.Postmodernisminarchitecturewasgenerallythoughttobeforeseenbythereturnof“wit,ornament,andreference”toarchitectureinresponsetotheFormalismoftheInternationalStyleofModernism.foreseen预见Culturaltip:“新现代主义建筑”是现代主义建筑对后现代主义建筑的一种回应，继续承继了现代主义以简单和平民化的设计的理念，又加强搭配了比例与几何的艺术图样，增加变化以避免落入现代主义建筑多属方正形状的“呆板”俗套中，表达实用和廉价也可以达成艺术和精神上需求，而不一定要花俏昂贵的过度设计和建材浪费、功能折损。讽刺的是有时新现代主义建筑也被归类为后现代，因为凡是不同于现代的都算是后现代。TextBI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamousWesternbuildings.TextB2.WriteapassageaboutBeijingSummerPalaceandWestminsterAbbey.BeijingSummerPalaceisthelargestandmostwell-preservedroyalparkanditgreatlyinfluencedChinesehorticultureandlandscape.WestminsterAbbeyisalargeGothicabbeyinLondon.Itisoneofthemostnotablereligiousbuildings.Theformeronewasbuiltofwoodandembodiedthespiritofharmoniousrelationshipbetweenheavenandhumanbeings.WhileWestminsterAbbeywasbuiltofstoneandservedastheceremonialandfuneralplaceforroyalmembersintheUK.TextB3.WhatistherelationshipbetweenBaroquearchitectureandRococoarchitecture?BaroquearchitectureandRococoarchitecturearetwomainartisticstyleswhicharepopularfromthe17thtothe18thcentury.BothofthemplayanimportantroleinWesternarthistory.Therearesomenotabledifferencesbetweenthem,oneofthembeingsymmetry,asRococoemphasizedtheasymmetryofforms,whilstBaroquewastheopposite.TextBII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.Medievalarchitecture

SurvivingexamplesofMedievalarchitecturemainlyservedfordefense.Castlesandfortifiedwallsprovidethemostnotablenon-religiousmodelsofMedievalarchitecture.Crenellationwallsprovidedsheltersforarchersontheroofstohidebehind.TextB2.Romanesquearchitecture

Romanesquearchitecturewasthefirstpan-EuropeanstylesinceRomanimperialarchitectureandexamplesarefoundineverypartofthecontinent.Romanesquearchitectureischaracterizedbyauseofroundorslightlypointedarches,barrelvaults,andcruciformpierssupportingvaults.TextB3.

RenaissancearchitectureTheRenaissanceoftenreferstotheItalianRenaissancethatbeganinthe14thcentury.Renaissancebuildingsshowadifferentsenseofconceptualclarity,wherespacesweredesignedtobeunderstoodintheirentiretyfromaspecificfixedviewpoint.TextB4.ModernarchitectureEarlyModernarchitecturebeganwithanumberofbuildingstyleswithsimilarcharacteristics,primarilythesimplificationofformandtheeliminationofornamentthatfirstarosearound1900.TheexactcharacteristicsandoriginsofModernarchitecturearestillopentointerpretationanddebate.TextB5.ExpressionistarchitectureExpressionistarchitecturewasanarchitecturalmovementthatdevelopedinNorthernEuropeduringthefirstdecadesofthe20thcenturyinparallelwiththeExpressionistvisualandperformingarts.ManyExpressionistarchitectsfoughtinWorldWarI,combinedwiththepoliticalturmoilandsocialupheaval.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.哥特式建筑是一种在中世纪高峰和晚期盛行的建筑风格。它从罗马式建筑发展而来，由文艺复兴建筑继承。1.GothicarchitectureisastyleofarchitecturethatflourishedduringthehighandlateMedievalperiod.ItevolvedfromRomanesquearchitectureandwassucceededbyRenaissancearchitecture.TextB2.ColosseumisaveryoldovalamphitheaterinthecityofRome.Everyyearmillionsoftouristsvisitthisattraction,anditisoneofthesevenwondersoftheworld.2.罗马斗兽场是罗马城内非常古老的椭圆形剧场。每年有数百万游客来这儿参观，它是世界七大奇迹之一。

TheForbiddenCityTheWhiteHouseTextCComparison1ChiwenGargoyleTextCComparison2LionGroveGarden

CentralParkTextCComparison3TheZhaozhouBridgeTheTowerBridgeTextCComparison4

TheShaolinTempleNotre-DamedeParisTextCComparison5Case

Study

园林的艺术

Jacqueline是一名在中国留学的法国大学生，他听说苏州园林十分有名，便在周末去苏州游园。

在步入拙政园时他便为园林中错综重叠的建筑和参差的花木而惊叹。拙政园分为东园、中园和西园三部分。东园山池相间，点缀有秫香馆、兰雪堂等建筑。西部水面迂回，布局紧凑，依山傍水建以亭阁。中园是拙政园的精华部分，其总体布局以水池为中心，亭台楼榭皆依水而建，具有江南水乡的特色。Case

Study

西园原为“补园”，面积约12.5亩。“起伏、曲折、凌波而过的水廊、溪涧是苏州园林造园艺术的佳作。他发现，法国园林一般呈有中轴线的几何格局：地毯式的花圃草地、笔直的林荫路、整齐的水池、华丽的喷泉和雕像、排成行的树木、壮丽的建筑物。中国园林则以自然界的山水为蓝本，由曲折之水、错落之山、迂回之径、参差之石、幽奇之洞所构成的建筑环境把自然界的景物荟萃一处。Case

Study

分析点评

中外建筑所追求的哲学理念存在差异。中国园林重在体现“天人合一”的观念，将人工美和自然美巧妙地结合在一起。西方古典园林重在表现人为的力量。它崇尚整齐、对称的几何图形格局，表现人对自然的控制和改造。因此，在不同的造园技巧上，各种文化有各自的特点，不千篇一律，才体现世界多样性的美。Translation

汉译英

1.故宫

故宫(thePalaceMuseum)，旧称紫禁城(theForbiddenCity)，是明、清两朝的皇宫，位于北京市中心，前通天安门，后倚景山公园，东近王府井街市，西临中南海。故宫是无与伦比的古代建筑杰作，也是世界现存规模最大、保存最完整的古代皇宫建筑群，1987年被联合国教科文组织评为世界文化遗产。故宫是中华民族的骄傲所在，也是全人类的珍贵文化遗产。Translation

Keys

1.ThePalaceMuseumThePalaceMuseum,oncecalledtheForbiddenCity,istheimperialpalaceoftheMingandQingDynasties.LocatedinthecenterofBeijing,itfacesTian’anmenSquareinthefront,withJingshanParkatitsback,WangfujingStreetatitseast,andZhongnanhaiatitsWest.ThePalaceMuseumisanunprecedentedmasterpieceofancientconstructionandtheworld’slargestandbest-preservedarchitecturalcomplexofancientimperialpalaceatpresent.ItwaslistedasaWorldCulturalHeritagebyUNESCOin1987.It’saninvaluableculturalheritageofallhumanbeingsaswellastheprideoftheChinesenation.Translation

Keys

2.宫廷建筑

在中国漫长的封建历史进程中，拥有至高权力的帝王们为自己建造了普通大众可望而不可即的宫廷楼宇，这些建筑体现了当时建筑技术的精髓。据史料记载，秦代的阿房宫、汉代的未央宫以及唐代的大明宫都是宏大的建筑群，有宽阔的庭院以及宏伟的殿堂。目前仅存的帝王宫殿是建于明清两代的北京紫禁城和沈阳故宫，它们代表了古代宫廷建筑技术和艺术的顶峰。Translation

Keys

2.ImperialPalaces

InthelonghistoryofChinesefeudalsociety,theemperors,astheholdersofsupremepower,builtpalacesandotherstructuresforthemselveswhichwereoutofthepopulace’sreach.Thesearchitecturesrepresenttheessenceofthearchitecturaltechniquesatthattime.AncientrecordsdescribedEpangPalaceoftheQinDynasty,WeiyangPalaceoftheHanDynasty,and