《中西文化比较（英文版）（第2版）》unit 13 The Chinese and Western Medicine

中西文化比较TheComparisonbetweenChineseandWesternCulture

Unit13TheChineseandWestern

MedicineBackground

ThedifferencebetweenChineseandWesternmedicinecanreallybejustamatterofperception.Chinesemedicinereliesonexperienceovertimethroughnumeroustrialsandclinicalobservations,whileWesternmedicineisbasedonstandardsandevidence.Chinesemedicinelooksatthebody’ssystemasawhole,whereasWesternmedicineconcentratesonaparticularpartoritsfunction.Chinesemedicineusesaninductiveandsyntheticapproach,whileWesternmedicineisreductive,analytical,andstrictlybasedonlaboratoryexaminations.VocabularyExtensionTextA

Notes1.practitioner

n.

apersonwhoworksinaprofession,especiallymedicineorlaw①Patientsaremostlyreferredtohospitalbytheirgeneralpractitioners.

病人大多数是在他们的全科医生建议下转往医院就医。②Thegeneralpractitionerreferredherpatienttoadermatologist.

家庭医生把她的病人交给了皮肤科医生。

TextA

Notes2.tangible

adj.thatcanbeclearlyseentoexist①Wealsodolesstangiblethingslikeunderstandingwhatourreaderswant.我们还会做一些不那么有形的事情，比如理解我们的读者想要什么。②Thismethodproducestangibleresults.这种方法具有明显的效验。TextA

Notes3.meridian

n.mainandcollateralchannels,regardedasanetworkofpassages,throughwhichenergycirculatesandalongwhichtheacupuncturepointsaredistributed①Hegotsickbecausehismeridianareblocked.他这病是由于经络不通造成的。②OurspecialistofferstraditionalChinesemassagetorelaxyourmeridian.专家门诊,传统手法推拿、按摩，舒展经络。TextA

Notes4.olfactionn.thefacultythatenablesustodistinguishscents①Principleandconstructionofartificialolfactionsystemhavebeenbriefed.简述了人工嗅觉酒类鉴别系统的原理、结构。②Olfactionplaysanimportantroleininsectbehaviorsforsurvivalandreproduction.嗅觉对昆虫的生存、繁殖等起着重要的作用。TextA

Notes5.interrogationn.

aninstanceofquestioning①Policesayshewascoolandcollectedduringherinterrogation.警方说她在审问过程中表现得冷静自若。②Thecapturedcommanderfacedtheinterrogationwithdignity.

被俘的指挥官面对审问不失尊严。TextA

Notes6.respiratoryadj.pertainingtorespiration①Smokingplacesyouatseriousriskofcardiovascularandrespiratorydisease.

吸烟会严重增加罹患心血管和呼吸道疾病的风险。

②Don’tconfusefluwithotherrespiratoryillnesses.

不要把流感和其他呼吸系统疾病混淆。TextA

Notes7.

mitigate

v.

lessenortotrytolessentheseriousnessorextentof①Therearewaystomitigatethepain.

有一些方法可以减轻痛苦。②Butitdoesmitigatethedisconnectconsiderably.

然而，这在很大程度上缓和了分歧。TextA

Notes8.bladdern.

adistensiblemembranoussac(usuallycontainingliquidorgas)①Hisdiseasedbladderlefthimincontinent.

他患病的膀胱使得他小便失禁。②Hehasdifficultycontrollinghisbladder.

他很难控制小便。TextA

Notes9.ribcage

n.

①Jessica’sheartwasthuddingagainstherribcage.

杰茜卡的心在胸腔里剧烈地跳动着。thestructureofcurvedbones,(calledribs),thatsurroundsandprotectsthechest②Ifyoulookataskeleton,youobservethatmostofyourribcageisinthe

frontofyourbody.

如果你看一具骨架的话，你会发现你的胸腔是位于你身体的前面。TextA

Notes10.

intestine

n.thepartofthealimentarycanalbetweenthestomachandtheanus①Thekeyistotakeasupplementofthetwomainprobioticsweneedforthe

intestine,lacto-bacillusacidophilusandbifidobacteriumbifidum.

关键是补充肠道所需的两种主要益生菌：嗜酸乳杆菌和双歧杆菌。②Thebody’slargestinternalorganisthesmallintestineatanaveragelengthof20feet.

人体最大的内脏器官是小肠，平均长度达20英尺。TextA

KeySentences1.TCMtheoryassertsthatprocessesofthehumanbodyareinterrelatedandinconstantinteractionwiththeenvironment.SignsofdisharmonyhelptheTCMpractitionerstounderstand,treat,andpreventillnessesanddiseases.assertyourself坚持自己的权利或意见

Youwillassertyourselfinafirmyettactfulway.interactwith和……打交道Theylearnhowtointeractwiththeirpeers.TextA

KeySentences2.

Composedofanumberofvitalsubstances—Qi,blood,essence,andbodyfluids—thebodyandmindexpresstheirqualitiesthroughthefunctionsoftheinternalorgans.composeof由…组成Thewholeessayiscomposeofsixsections.substancen.

物质insubstance实质上Nothingofanysubstancewasachievedinthemeeting.TextA

KeySentences3.Thefourmethodsofdiagnosisconsistofobservation,auscultationandolfaction,interrogation,pulsetakingandpalpation.Culturaltip:

中医诊断疾病的方法。望是观察病人的发育情况、面色、舌苔、表情等；闻是听病人的说话声音、咳嗽、喘息，并且嗅出病人的口臭、体臭等气味；问是询问病人自己所感到的症状，以前所患过的病等；切是用手诊脉或按腹部有没有痞块。叫做四诊。TextAI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamoustraditionalChineseherbs.TextA2.WriteashortpassageaboutanancientChinesedoctor.

HuaTuowasanancientChinesephysicianwholivedinthelateEasternHanDynasty.HuaTuowasfamousforhisabilitiesinacupuncture,moxibustion,andherbalmedicine.HedevelopedtheWuqinxi(ExercisesoftheFiveAnimals)fromstudyingmovementsofthetiger,deer,bear,ape,andcrane.TextA3.WhatistheroleofTraditionalChineseMedicineinancientChina?TraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)representsanancientculturallegacyaccumulatedbytheChinesepeopleinthetreatmentandpreventionofvariousdiseases.AnumberofChineseherbsareeffectiveinhelpingpatientstorecoverfromacuteinfectionaswellasintreatingsomechronicdiseases.TextAII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.cupping

Cuppinginvolvesplacingspecialcupsfilledwithheatedaironpainfulareasofthebody.Asthecupscool,thevolumeofairwithinthemshrinks,creatingsuctionontheskinthatincreasesbloodflowtothearea.Itiscommonlyusedtoeaseachesandpains,relieverespiratoryproblems,mitigatecoughsandwheezing,improvecirculation,andreducemenstrualsymptoms.TextA2.Qi

IntraditionalChineseculture,Qiisanactiveprincipleformingpartofanylivingthing.Qiliterallytranslatesasbreath,air,orgasandfigurativelyasmaterialenergy,lifeforce,orenergyflow.QiisthecentralunderlyingprincipleinTraditionalChineseMedicineandmartialarts.TextA3.

fourmethodsofdiagnosis

ThefourmethodsofdiagnosisaregenerallyusedbythedoctorsoftheTraditionalChineseMedicineforthebasicmethodsofdiagnosingillness,includingobservation,auscultationandolfaction,interrogation,pulsetakingandpalpation.TextA4.threeJiaos

AccordingtothethreeJiaostheory,differentpartsofthebodyareresponsiblefordifferentsymptoms.Thetheorybreaksthebodyupintothreeregions:startingfromtheupperJiao,whichstartsattheribcage,andworkingthroughthemiddleJiao,whichincludesthecenterofthebody,downtothelowerJiao,whichincludestheintestines,kidneys,bladder,andlegs.TextA5.Zang-fu

Zang-fuinvolvestheorganswhichcanbedividedintoYinorZangandYangorFu.Eachorganisassignedanelementandacomplementaryorgan.Thefiveelementsarewood,air,water,fire,andmetal,andvariousproblemscanbetracedtoimbalancesintheseelements,whichordinarilyshouldcoexistinharmony.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.中医是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为振兴华夏做出了巨大贡献。在定义上，中医是指导中国传统医药理论和实践的一种医学，它包括中草药、针灸、推拿、气功和食疗。1.TraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)isanintegralpartofChineseculture.IthasmadegreatcontributionstotheprosperityofChina.Bythedefinition,TCMisamedicalsciencegoverningthetheoryandpracticeofChinesemedicine.Itincludesherbalmedicine,acupuncture,TuiNa,Qigong,anddietarytherapy.TextA2.相比于西方人，中国人似乎更喜欢中医，更喜欢花草茶，更重视食物的冷热。一些人在天气热的时候特别喜欢喝冷饮，像这样毫无节制地喝冷饮可能对声带产生不良影响，容易使嗓子发炎，而且可能导致感冒、胃病和腹泻。2.ChinesepeoplearemorelikelytotakeTraditionalChineseMedicine,herbalteas,andobserve“cold”or“hot”warningsforfoodthanWesterners.Somepecpledrinkicy-colddrinksinhotweathertoooftenandthismayleadtoillnessessuchashoarsevoice,inflamedthroat,colds,upsetstomach,anddiarrhea.TextB

Notes1.allopathic

adj.oforrelatingtothepracticeofallopathy①Chemicalallopathicveterinarydrugsandantibioticsisprohibited.

禁止使用化学对抗疗法的兽药和抗生素。②Theimpersonalapproachofallopathicmedicinehasarousedthegreatrevivalofinterestinnaturaltherapies,thenature'swaytohealthandrelaxation.

针对症状而非个人的对抗疗法，令人们对历史悠久的自然疗法恢复很大的兴趣。TextB

Notes2.pharaohn.thetitleoftheancientEgyptiankings①BritisharchaeologistHowardCarterknewthatthetomboftheEgyptianpharaohTutankhamunexistedfrominformationfoundinothersites.英国考古学家霍华德·卡特从在其他遗址中发现的信息里得知，埃及法老图坦卡蒙的坟墓是存在的。②Ahugequartziteblockhadanengravingofapharaoh.一块巨大的石灰岩上雕刻着法老的脸孔。TextB

Notes3.colony

n.acountryoranareathatisgovernedbypeoplefromanother,morepowerful,country①AmericausedtobeaBritishcolony.美国曾经是英国的殖民地。②NASA’sprogramalsointendedtostudytheideaofestablishingamooncolony.

NASA的计划还打算研究建立月球殖民地的想法。TextB

Notes4.remedy

n.awayofdealingwithorimprovinganunpleasantordifficultsituation①Sleepingpills,whilehelpfulforsome,arenotnecessarilyaneffectiveremedy

either.

安眠药虽然对一些人有帮助，但也不一定是有效的治疗方法。②Thereisnosimpleremedyforunemployment.

失业问题没有简单的解决办法。TextB

Notes5.antiquity

n.

anartifactsurvivingfromthepast①ThemuseumcontainstheremainsofChineseantiquity.

博物馆藏有中国古代的遗物。②

ThestatuewasbroughttoRomeinantiquity.

这座雕像是古时运到罗马的。TextB

Notes6.rearguard

adj.adetachmentassignedtoprotecttherearofa(retreating)militarybody①Theyhavebeenfightingarearguardactionfortwoyearstostoptheirhousebeingdemolished.

两年来，为了不让拆除他们的房子，他们一直在进行最后的努力。②Mr.Linlooksincreasinglylikesomeonefightingarearguardactiontokeeptheirjob.

林先生越来越像是为了保住自己的工作而作最后一搏的那些人。TextB

Notes7.stethoscope

n.

amedicalinstrumentforlisteningtothesoundsgeneratedinsidethebody①Listeningtoapurringcatthroughastethoscopeisagreatrelaxationtechnique.

用听诊器听猫发出的呼噜声是很好的放松技巧。②Inspecialtiesrangingfromcardiaccaretopediatriccare,theycouldbecomeasessentialindailymedicineasthestethoscope.

在心脏护理至儿科护理的专业领域中，它们在日常医学中可

能会像听诊器一样不可或缺。TextB

Notes8.antiseptic

adj.

thoroughlycleanandfreeofordestructivetodisease-causingorganisms①Putalittleantisepticcreamonthegrazedskin.

在擦伤的皮肤上涂点儿抗菌乳膏。②Thesevegetablesandherbshavestrongantisepticqualities.

这些蔬菜和草本植物有很强的杀菌性。TextB

Notes9.transfusion

n.theintroductionofbloodorbloodplasmaintoaveinorartery①HecontractedAIDSfromabloodtransfusion.

他因一次输血感染了艾滋病。②Withoutatransfusion,thevictim’sprobabilityofdyingwas100%.

不输血的话，该患者的死亡概率是100%。TextB

Notes10.insulinn.hormonesecretedbytheislesofLangerhansinthepancreas;regulatesstorageofglycogenintheliverandacceleratesoxidationofsugarincells①Insulinenablesthebodytouseandstoresugar.

胰岛素使人体能够利用和贮存糖分。②Type1Diabetesresultsfromthebodynothavingenoughinsulin.1型糖尿病是由于体内没有足够的胰岛素。TextB

KeySentences1.ItdiffersfromEasternoralternativemedicineinitsapproachtotreatment,whichreliesheavilyuponindustriallyproducedmedicationsandastrictadherencetotheformalscientificprocess.differfrom与……不同Yourneedscandifferfromdaytoday.relyupon

依靠Itwouldberashtorelyonsuchevidence.adherenceto

坚持Hisrigidadherencetotherulesmadehimunpopular.TextB

KeySentences2.TheRomansconqueredGreeceandafterwardsdoctorsintheRomanEmpirewereoftenGreeks.Manyofthemwereslaves.DoctorshadlowstatusinRome.However,thestatepaidpublicdoctorstotreatthepoor.conquer攻克，征服

Theonlywaytoconquerafearistofaceit.afterward

adv.后来;之后Afterwardhechangedtheresearchdirectionfromthecountrytheresidentialsociety.TextB

KeySentences3.ThemiddleagesmedicinewasdominatedbytheideasofGalenandthetheoryofthefourhumors.Medievaldoctorsweregreatbelieversinblood-letting.Peoplebelievedthatregularbleedingwouldkeepyouhealthy.bedominantedby被...支配...

Culturaltip:

四液学说是指希波克拉底创立的性格学说。它指出由血液、黑胆、黄胆、黏液四种体液组合的比例不同，构成了各人的不同气质。理论上来说是红色（多血质），蓝色（抑郁质），黄色（胆汁质），绿色（粘液质）。每一类型按照一系列的描述来定义。人们与这些描述的匹配度，决定了是否拥有一种或以上的性格类型。TextBI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListoneortwofamousChineseandWesterndoctors.SunSimiaowasamostfamousphysicianandcrownedas“KingofHerbalMedicine”.HippocrateswasaGreekphysicianandreferredtoasthe“FatherofModernMedicine”.Bothofthemhaddifferentmedicalconceptsandmethods.However,theymadegrandcontributiontotheircareersforsavingpeople’slivesandearnedgreathonorintheircountries.TextB2.WriteashortpassageabouttheAmericanhealthcaresystem.HealthcaresystemintheUnitedStatesisprovidedbymanydistinctorganizations.Healthcarefacilitiesarelargelyownedandoperatedbyprivatesectorbusinesses.58%ofUScommunityhospitalsarenon-profit,21%aregovernmentowned,and21%arefor-profit.TextB3.WhatarethesimilaritiesbetweenChineseTuiNaandWesternmassage?ChineseTuiNaisaformofmanipulativetherapy.Itaimstoopenthebody’sblockagesandstimulatemovementinthemeridiansandmuscles.Westernmassagecanbeappliedwiththehands,fingers,elbows,knees,forearms,feet,ormassagedevices.Bothofthemcanhelppeoplerelaxtheirmuscleandmind.TextBII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.insulin

Insulinisapeptidehormoneproducedbybetacellsofthepancreaticislets.Glucoseproductionbytheliverisstronglyinhibitedbyhighconcentrationsofinsulinintheblood.Circulatinginsulinalsoaffectsthesynthesisofproteinsinawidevarietyoftissues.TextB2.RoyalCollegeofPhysicians

RoyalCollegeofPhysiciansisaBritishprofessionalbodydedicatedtoimprovingthepracticeofmedicine,chieflythroughtheaccreditationofphysiciansbyexamination.Foundedin1518,itsetthefirstinternationalstandardintheclassificationofdiseasesanditslibrarycontainsmedicaltextsofgreathistoricalinterest.TextB3.

fourhumors

Essentially,thetheoryoffourhumorsholdsthatthehumanbodyisfilledwithfourbasicsubstancescalledhumors,whichareinbalancewhenapersonishealthy.Alldiseasesanddisabilitiessupposedlyresultedfromanexcessordeficitofoneofthesefourhumors.Thefourhumorsareblackbile,yellowbile,phlegm,andblood.TextB4.Hippocraticoath

TheHippocraticoathisanoathhistoricallytakenbyphysicians.Initsoriginalform,itrequiresanewphysiciantoswear,byanumberofhealinggods,toupholdspecificethicalstandards.Nowadaysvariousmodernizedversionsareoftenused.TextB5.antibiotics

Antibioticsisatypeofantimicrobialdrugusedinthetreatmentandpreventionofbacterialinfections.Theymayeitherkillorinhibitthegrowthofbacteria.Antibioticsarenoteffectiveagainstvirusessuchasthecommoncoldorinfluenzaandtheirinappropriateuseallowstheemergenceofresistantorganisms.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.正常的人体细胞也可能成为外来的入侵者。例如，当一个人的肝脏器官移植到另一个人的体内时，接受者的免疫系统视外来的移植器官细胞为入侵的敌人。1.Normalhumancellscanalsobecomeforeigninvaders.Whenanorgansuchasaliveristransplantedfromonepersontoanother,cellsfromthetransplantedorganareseenasenemyinvadersbytheimmunesystemofthepersonreceivingtheorgan.TextB2.Moderateexercisesuchaswalking,ridingabike,orswimmingisagreatwaytogetstarted.Butanyactivitiesthatraiseyourheartrate,includingdailychores,canhelp,especiallyifyoucandothemoutdoorsornearasunnywindow.Yoga,jogging,andTaiChicanallhelpliftyourmood.2.适度的运动，如散步、骑自行车或游泳，是一个很好的开始。任何提高心率的活动，包括日常杂务，尤其是在户外或阳光明媚的窗户旁进行时，都会对健康有所帮助。瑜伽、慢跑和太极都能帮助你改善心情。

TheCompendiumofMateriaMedicaTheInterpretationofDreamsTextCComparison1

PulsePalpationEvidence-basedMedicineTextCComparison2TraditionalChineseHerbalMedicinePillTextCComparison3

Acupuncture

InjectionTextCComparison4

ChineseMedicinalDiet

NaturalHealthProductsTextCComparison5Case

Study

电影《刮痧》

电影《刮痧》自上映以来一直好评如潮，很大的原因是，该影片表现出的中美文化差异和冲突引人深思。许大同的老父亲为孙子丹尼斯刮痧，结果许大同被美国儿童福利院的官员指控虐待儿童。因为刮痧这件事，许家差点家破人亡。在第一次听证会上，当许大同第一次说出“刮痧”“经”“气”等词的时候，法官和在场所有美国人都认为他在胡说。Case

Study

美国人认为，把儿童的背部弄得伤痕累累，这不是虐童是什么。在中国，“刮痧”是一种传统的中医疗法，是十分正常的事情。这就是问题所在，因为存在文化的盲点和误区，所以大家都不能很好地了解对方，认识对方。双方各执一词，误会越来越大。所幸许大同的老板桑兰最后去了一趟中国，亲身体验了一回刮痧，才消除这个巨大的文化误会，并化解文化冲突。Case

Study

分析点评

中国和西方的医学理念存在差异。中国传统医学将人看成一个整体，刮痧作为一种传统的经络治病方法早已被东方文化所接受。西方医学将人体分割成运动、神经、消化等几大系统，不认可中医经络的存在。因此，在跨文化交际中，我们要更好地了解其他国家和其他民族的文化，不误解，不扭曲，给予充分的尊重。Translation

汉译英

1.李时珍

明代著名的医学家李时珍写了名著《本草纲目》(TheCompendiumofMateriaMedica)。这部著作约有200万字，记载药物(medicalsubstance)1892种。除了中草药(Chineseherbalmedicine)，他在该书中写道，动物和矿物质也可入药。《本草纲目》堪称中医史上最完整的医书，对各种药物的名称、气味、形态等都做了详尽的介绍。它被翻译成20多种语言并在全世界广为流传。时至今日，李时珍写的这本书仍然被用作医学参考书。Translation

Keys

1.LiShizhen

LiShizhen,afamousmedicalscientistintheMingDynasty,wroteTheCompendiumofMateriaMedica.Withalmost2millionChinesecharacters,thebooklists1,892kindsofmedicalsubstances.BesidesChineseherbalmedicine,herecordedinthebookthatanimalsandmineralscouldbeusedasmedicinalsubstancestoo.TheCompendiumofMateriaMedicaisregardedasthemostcompletemedicalbookinthehistoryofTraditionalChineseMedicine.Detailedintroductionsofallthemedicalsubstancesaregiveninthebook,includingname,smell,andappearance,etc.Ithasbeentranslatedintomorethan20languagesandspreadsallovertheworld.Sofar,thebookwrittenbyLiShizhenhasstillbeenusedasareferencebookinmedicine.Translation

Keys

2.养生

当你20岁的时候，身体在代谢率、力量、灵活性和肌肉耐力方面处于巅峰。30岁时，你的身体状况会下降，循环训练可锻炼主要肌肉群，因此，不妨一周进行一次循环训练，再通过游泳或做瑜伽来锻炼身体的灵活性，这样最合适。在40岁时，必须照顾好你的关节。适当的热身和结束运动对于防止伤害是有必要的。对关节有利的运动包括健步走、骑车、游泳和低强度有氧运动。身体的代谢率会随着年龄增长而下降，坚持运动有助于延缓衰老，提高心肺功能，和降低血压。Translation

Keys

2.Fitness

Duringyour20s,yourbodyisatitspeakintermsofmetabolicrate,strength,flexibility,andmusclestamina.Fitnesslevelsdropinyour30s.Circuittrainingexercisesthemajormusclegroups,soonecircuittrainingclassonceaweekplusswimmingoryogaforflexibilityisideal.It’simportanttolookafteryourjointsinyour40sandproperlywarmingupandcoolingdownisamusttopreventinjury.Joint-friendlyactivitiesincludebriskwalking,cycling,swimming,andlow-impactaerobics.Thebody’smetabolicratedecreaseswithage,sokeepingactivewillhelptodelayageing,improveheartandrespiratoryfunction,andlowerbloodpressure.Translation

英译汉

1.