《中西文化比较（英文版）（第2版）》unit 12 The Chinese and Western Science

中西文化比较TheComparisonbetweenChineseandWesternCulture

Unit12TheChineseandWestern

ScienceBackground

Duetodifferencesinwaysofthinking,WesternscienceandChinesetraditionalscienceevolvedintotwoseparatebranchesandwerequitedifferentinculturalfeatures.TheancientChinesesciencewasmarkedbypragmatism.ThepragmaticapproachofancientChinesescienceandtechnologywastakeninalldisciplinesoflearning.Differently,Westernsciencewasbasedontwogreatachievements:theformallogicinventedinGreekphilosophyandthecause-and-effectrelationshipfoundthroughsystematicexperiments.VocabularyExtensionTextA

Notes1.geomechanicsn.

Geomechanics(fromtheGreekprefixgeo-meaning“earth”;and“mechanics”)involvesthegeologicstudyofthebehaviorofsoilandrock.①Thispaperdiscussessomegeomechanicsproblemsinblockcaving.本文论述了阶段自然崩落法的几个地质力学问题。②Itisveryimportanttocouplegeomechanicsandfluidflowwith3Dsimulationsoftware.利用三维模拟软件把地质力学和液流结合起来则非常重要。TextA

Notes2.terrestrialadj.oforrelatingtoorcharacteristicoftheplanetEarthoritsinhabitants①It’sagharial,perhapsthelargestterrestrialcarnivoreevertowalktheearth.这是一条长吻鳄，可能是地球上有史以来最大的陆地食肉动物。②Thepolarbearisthelargestterrestrialcarnivore,beingmorethantwiceasbigastheSiberianTiger!北极熊是陆地上最大的肉食性动物，比西伯利亚虎都要大两倍多！TextA

Notes3.lithosphere

n.thesolidpartoftheearthconsistingofthecrustandoutermantle①Eventheplanet’souterskin,orlithosphere,hasbeentransformed.甚至于地球的表层──岩石圈──也已经被改变了。②Variousstructuralelementsinthecrustandlithosphereareinterrelatedandinterdependent.地壳岩石圈中的各种构造要素是相互关联和相互依存的。TextA

Notes4.reconnaissancen.theactofreconnoitring(especiallytogaininformationaboutanenemyorpotentialenemy)①TherocketsuccessfullyliftedareconnaissancesatellitetolowEarthorbit.火箭成功的将一枚勘测卫星送入地球低轨道。②Thehelicopterwasreturningfromareconnaissancemission.那架直升机执行完一项侦察任务正在返回。TextA

Notes5.matrices

n.

arectangulararrayofelements(orentries)setoutbyrowsandcolumns①Allmatricescanbefactorised,usuallyinavarietyofways.所有矩阵通常都能以各种方式因式分解。②Visually,theycanberepresentedasten-by-tenmatricesofblackandwhitesquares.它们可以可视化地表示为10乘10的黑白方块矩阵。TextA

Notes6.optimization

n.theactofrenderingoptimal①Theyieldisabove74.4%afteroptimization.最优化后的产量为74.4%以上。②Thisfurtherenhancestheimagequality,optimisationofcontrastandnoisereduction.这进一步提高了图像质量，对比度，降噪优化。TextA

Notes7.

municipality

n.

anurbandistricthavingcorporatestatusandpowersofself-government①Ourmunicipalityisdividedintotendistricts.我们这个市，下面设10个区。②TherainhasalsoaffectedpartsofChongqingMunicipality.大雨也影响到重庆市的部分地区。TextA

Notes8.

missile

n.

arocketcarryingawarheadofconventionalornuclearexplosives;maybeballisticordirectedbyremotecontrol①Themissilefellharmlesslyintothesea.导弹落到了海里，没有导致任何伤害。②Theyclaimedtohaveshotdownoneincomingmissile.他们声称已经击落了一枚来袭的导弹。TextA

Notes9.vibration

n.

①

Anearthquakeisavibrationthattravelsthroughtheearth’scrust.地震是一种穿过地壳的震动。②Thevibrationoftheenginelulledthechildrentosleep.发动机的颤动使得孩子们睡着了。adistinctiveemotionalatmosphere;sensedintuitivelyTextA

Notes10.

eradicate

v.destroycompletely,asifdowntotheroots①Surelywewillaimtofinallyeradicatediseaseandpoverty.当然，我们的目标是最终能够消灭疾病和贫困。②Ifyoueradicatethememory,willthelessonstillremain?如果你彻底消除这个记忆，这个教训还会存在吗？TextA

KeySentences1.InChinesescientifichistory,therehavebeenalargenumberofgreatscientistswhohavedevotedtheirlivestoimprovepeople’slivelihoods.devote...to...

献身于，致力于devoteoneselftodoing全身心投入做某事①

Shehadstartedtodevoteherenergiestoteachingratherthanperforming.②

Youwantahusbandwhoissolidandstable,someonewhowilldevotehimself

toyou.TextA

KeySentences2.Inthebeginningofthe1960s,heappliedmathematicstothenationaleconomyinacreativeway,sortingoutoptimizationaimingatimprovingcraftsmanshipandoverallplanningtohandletheorganizationandmanagementofproduction.apply...to...适用于，应用于Theconventiondoesnotapplytous.

sort...out...清理,把……分门别类Leavingchildrentosortouttheirownproblemscansometimesbegoodtotheirdevelopment.aimingatdoingsth立志于做某事TextA

KeySentences3.AsaChinesekeystonespacescientist,QianXueseniswidelyacclaimedasthecountry’s“FatherofSpaceTechnology”and“KingofRocketry”.Culturaltip:钱学森，1959年8月加入中国共产党，博士学位，中将军衔，被誉为“中国导弹之父”，“中国火箭之父”，“导弹之王”。“两弹一星精神”：“热爱祖国、无私奉献，自力更生、艰苦奋斗，大力协同、勇于登攀。”TextAI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamousancientChinesescientistsandtheirscientificachievements.

ZhangHenginventedtheearthquakedetectingtoolcalledseismoscope.Hisseismoscopewasagiantbronzevesselresemblingakettlealmostsixfeetindiameter.Onthesurface,themachinehadeightdragonsfacingdownmarkingtheprimarydirectionsofthecompass.Ineachdragon’smouthwasabronzeball.ZuChongzhiwasagreatmathematicianandastronomerinNorthernandSouthernDynasties.Hismaincontributioninmathematicswasthederivingoftwoapproximationsofpi(π),andhisbestapproximationwasbetween3.1415926and3.1415927.ShenKuowasagreatChinesescientistandpoliticianoftheSongDynasty.HecompiledDreamPoolEssays,whichinvolvedalotofdescriptionsabouttheanimalsandplantsinChina.TextA2.WriteashortpassageabouttheFourGreatInventionsinancientChina.

TheFourGreatInventionsarethecompass,gunpowder,paper-making,andmovable-typeprinting.ThesefourinventionshadanenormousimpactonthedevelopmentofChinesecivilizationandaglobalimpact:thefirstinnavigation,thesecondinwarfare,thethirdandthefourthinliterature.TextA3.Whatistherelationshipbetweenscienceandcultureindefinitions?

Accordingtothepostmoderndefinitionofscience,internalstructureofscienceisdefinedbycultureandsciencehasaculturalidentity.Accordingtotherationalistdefinition,scienceencompassescultureandiscapableofcriticalassessmentofculture.TextAII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.HarryBateman

HarryBatemanwasanEnglishmathematician.Hereceivedmanyhonoursforhiscontributions,includingelectiontothememberofRoyalSocietyofLondonin1928,andelectiontotheacademicianofAmericaNationalAcademyofSciencesin1930.Hewaselectedasvice-presidentoftheAmericanMathematicalSocietyin1935andthelecturerofSocietyGibbsin1943.TextA2.Einstein

AlbertEinsteinwasaGerman-borntheoreticalphysicist,widelyacknowledgedtobeoneofthegreatestphysicistsintheworld.Einsteinwasbestknownfordevelopingthetheoryofrelativity,buthealsomadeimportantcontributionstothedevelopmentofthetheoryofquantummechanics.Relativityandquantummechanicsaretogetherthetwopillarsofmodernphysics.TextA3.Dongfanghong-I

Dongfanghong-I,intheWesternworldalsoknownasChina1orPRC1,wasthefirstspacesatelliteofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,andlaunchedsuccessfullyonApril24th,1970aspartoftheChina’sDongfanghongspacesatelliteprogram.Itwasapartofthe“TwoBombs,OneSatellite”program.TextA4.ChineseAcademyofSciencesTheChineseAcademyofSciencesisthenationalacademyforthenaturalsciencesofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Itprovidesadvisoryandappraisalservicesonissuesstemmingfromthenationaleconomy,socialdevelopment,andscienceandtechnologyprogress.ItisheadquarteredinXichengDistrict,Beijing,withbranchinstitutesalloverChinesemainland.TextA5.WorldFoodPrizeTheWorldFoodPrizeisaninternationalawardrecognizingtheachievementsofindividualswhohaveadvancedhumandevelopmentbyimprovingthequality,quantity,oravailabilityoffoodintheworld.Theprizehasbeenawardedannuallytorecognizecontributionsinanyfieldinvolvedintheworldfoodsupply.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.日本推出了世界第一辆“双模车”，这种车既可以像公共汽车一样在马路上行驶，也可以像火车一样在铁轨上行驶。1.Japanunveiledtheworld’sfirstDual-ModeVehicle(DMV),acontraptionthatrunsbothonroads,likeabus,andonrails,likeatrain.TextA2.“元宇宙”是指允许人们在虚拟环境中通过戴虚拟现实头盔玩游戏、工作和交流的一个网络世界。“meta”一词来自希腊语，意思是“超越”，许多人认为它将是互联网的未来。2.“Metaverse”,anonlineworldwherepeoplecangame,work,andcommunicateinavirtualenvironment,oftenusingVRheadsets.Theword“meta”comesfromtheGreekwordmeaning“beyond”,andmanypeoplebelieveitcouldbethefutureoftheInternet.TextB

Notes1.transformation

n.theactofchanginginformorshapeorappearance①Thewayinwhichweworkhasundergoneacompletetransformationinthepastdecade.在过去的十年里，我们的工作方式经历了彻底的变革。②Lunchboxeshaveevolvedalongwiththetransformationofschools.随着学校发生转变，午餐盒也不断发展着。TextB

Notes2.injection

n.anysolutionthatisinjected(asintotheskin)①Ananaestheticwasadministeredbyinjection.麻醉剂已注射入体内。②Thereasonwhytheinjectionneedsrepeatingeveryyearisthattheviruschanges.每年需要重新注射的原因是这病毒经常变化。TextB

Notes3.agrarian

adj.connectedwithfarmingandtheuseoflandforfarming①Ofcourse,thereisnogoingbacktotheagrarianpast.当然，从信息时代退回到农耕时代是不可能的。②ThismovemarksthetransitionofChinafromanagrariantoindustrialsociety.农业税的取消，标志着中国从农业社会迈入了工业社会。TextB

Notes4.patent

v.makeopentosightornotice①Heheldanumberofpatentsforhismanyinnovations.他拥有多项发明的专利权。②Thegovernmentpatentedthedevicetoitsinventor.政府给予发明者专利权。TextB

Notes5.charcoal

n.

acarbonaceousmaterialobtainedbyheatingwoodorotherorganicmatterintheabsenceofair①Grillthesteaksoverawoodorcharcoalfirethatisquitehot.

在相当热的柴火或木炭火上烤牛排。②CAUTION:Neverburncharcoalindoors.小心：千万不要在室内燃烧木炭。TextB

Notes6.unprecedented

adj.thathasneverhappened,beendoneorbeenknownbefore①

ItposedanunprecedentedthreattothewildlifearoundAntarctica.它对南极洲周围的野生动物构成了前所未有的威胁。②Thisachievementwasunprecedentedinautomobilehistory.这种成就在汽车业中是史无前例的。TextB

Notes7.sustained

adj.

maintainedatlengthwithoutinterruptionorweakening①Speechisgenerallyclear,fluidandsustained.演讲通常清晰、流畅、持续。②Heappearedembarrassedandillateasewiththesustainedapplausethatgreetedhim.他对持久的掌声显得尴尬、不自在。TextB

Notes8.promenade

n.

apublicplaceforwalking,usuallyawidepathbesidethesea①Wewalkedalongthewholepromenade,fromendtoend.我们步行从大道的一端到另一端。②WetookapromenadealongthecanalafterSundaydinner.星期天晚饭后我们沿着运河散步。TextB

Notes9.handicraft

n.activitiessuchassewingandmakingcloththatuseskillwithyourhandsandartisticabilitytomakethings①Herhobbiesaremusic,readingandhandicraft.她的爱好是音乐、读书和手工。②Theplaceisknownforitshandicraftproducts.这地方因出手工艺品而出名。TextB

Notes10.transition

n.theprocessoraperiodofchangingfromonestateorconditiontoanother①Thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbedifficult.

从在学校念书到上班工作，这一转变有时候可真不容易。②Thetransitionfromyouthtoadulthoodcanbeapainfulprocess.

从青年过渡到成年可能会是非常痛苦的一个过程。TextB

KeySentences1.ThecommencementoftheIndustrialRevolutionwascloselylinkedtoasmallnumberofinnovationsmadeinthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.词语辨析：commence：(formal)tostarthappening指开始发生；start：tobegintohappenorexist;tobegininaparticularwayorfromaparticularpoint指开始发生或存在、以…开始、以…为起点；begin：tostarttohappenorexist;tostartinaparticularwayorfromaparticularpoint;tostartspeaking指开始发生或存在、以…开始；TextB

KeySentences2.Theapplicationofsteamenginestopowercottonmillsandironworksenabledthesetobebuiltinplacesthatweremostconvenientbecauseotherresourceswereavailable,ratherthanwheretherewaswatertopoweramill.ratherthan

而不是Thedecisionwasbasedonemotionratherthanrationalthought.tobebuiltin将……

内置……Thelistoftargetstobebuiltintheproject.TextB

KeySentences3.

Urbanizationmadefamiliesmovetothecitiesinordertogetjobs.Asaresult,theseurbanareasbecamemoreandmoreovercrowded.Theywereoftendirtyandunhealthyplacestoliveinbecauseofthepollutionthatcamefromfactoriesandironmills.Culturaltip:

城市化（urbanization/urbanisation），又称城镇化，是指随着一个国家或地区社会生产力的发展、科学技术的进步以及产业结构的调整，其社会由以农业为主的传统乡村型社会向以工业（第二产业）和服务业（第三产业）等非农产业为主的现代城市型社会逐渐转变的历史过程。TextBI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamousscientificinventionsinWesternhistory.TextB2.WriteashortpassageaboutoneortwoWestern

historicalperiodsthatareillustriousforscientific

achievements.TheIndustrialRevolutionwasatransformationofhumanlifecircumstancesthatoccurredinthelate18thandearly19thcenturiesinBritain,theUnitedStates,andWesternEuropedueinlargemeasuretoadvancesinthetechnologiesofindustry.TheSecondIndustrialRevolution,alsoknownastheTechnologicalRevolution,wasaphaseofrapidindustrializationinthefinalthirdofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe20th.TextB3.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenancientChineseandWesternscienceinwaysofthinking?TheancientChinesesciencewasmarkedbypragmatism.ThepragmaticapproachofancientChinesescienceandtechnologywastakeninalldisciplinesoflearning.Differently,Westernsciencewasbasedontwogreatachievements,theformallogicinventedinGreekphilosophyandthecause-and-effectrelationshipfoundthroughsystematicexperiments.TextBII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.spinningjennyThespinningjennyisamulti-spindlespinningframeandwasoneofthekeydevelopmentsintheindustrializationofweavingduringtheearlyIndustrialRevolution.Thedevicereducedtheamountofworkneededtoproduceyarn,withaworkerabletoworkeightormorespoolsatonce.TextB2.pigironPigironistheintermediateproductofsmeltingironoreintoatransportableingotofimpurehighcarbon-contentironasaningredientforfurtherprocessingsteps.Itisthemoltenironfromtheblastfurnace,whichisalargeandcylinder-shapedfurnacenowadaysnormallychargedwithironore,coke,andlimestone.TextB3.flyingshuttleTheflyingshuttlewasoneofthekeydevelopmentsintheindustrializationofweavingduringtheearlyIndustrialRevolution.Itallowedasingleweavertoweavemuchwiderfabricsanditcouldbemechanized,allowingforautomaticmachinelooms.TextB4.urbanizationUrbanizationreferstothepopulationshiftfromruraltourbanareas,thegradualincreaseintheproportionofpeoplelivinginurbanareasandthewaysinwhicheachsocietyadaptstothechange.Itispredominantlytheprocessbywhichtownsandcitiesareformedandbecomelargerasmorepeoplebeginlivingandworkingincentralareas.TextB5.internalcombustionengineAninternalcombustionengineisaheatenginewherethecombustionofafueloccurswithanoxidizerinacombustionchamberthatisanintegralpartoftheworkingfluidflowcircuit.Inaninternalcombustionengine,theexpansionofthehigh-temperatureandhigh-pressuregasesproducedbycombustionappliesdirectforcetosomecomponentoftheengine.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.工业革命指的是约1760年至1840年间的科技转型时期。这个时期的转变包括机器的使用、新的化学制造和制铁工艺、水力的高效利用、蒸汽的广泛使用、机械工具的发展以及工厂系统的崛起。1.TheIndustrialRevolutionwasthescientifictransitionperiodfromabout1760to1840.Thistransitionincludedmachines,newchemicalmanufacturingandironproductionprocesses,theimprovedefficiencyofwaterpower,theincreasinguseofsteampower,thedevelopmentofmachinetools,andtheriseofthefactorysystem.TextB2.Sincethe1990s,climateproblemshavebecomeaglobalconcern.Climatenegotiationsinthepasttwentyyearshaveendedinacomplicatedsituationofpoliticalgamesonclimateandthedifferentiationoftheinterestsubjectshasbecomeaglobaldilemmainthepoliticalcooperationonclimate.2.20世纪90年代以来，气候问题日渐被世人关注。过去20年的气候谈判展现出气候政治博弈的复杂局面，利益主体的分化使得气候的政治合作成为全球性难题。CaiLunandPaper-makingThomasEdisonandElectricLightBulbTextCComparison1XiaomiiPhoneTextCComparison2China’sMannedSpaceProgramApolloXITextCComparison3RenZhengfeiBillGatesTextCComparison4SuzhouIndustrialParkSiliconValleyTextCComparison5Case

Study

回答的方式

飞利浦照明公司某区人力资源副总裁(美国人)与一位被认为具有发展潜力的中国员工交谈，想听听这位员工对自己今后五年的职业发展规划以及期望达到的位置。中国员工并没有正面回答问题，而是开始谈论起公司未来的发展方向、公司的晋升体系，以及目前他本人在组织中的位置等，讲了半天也没有正面回答副总裁的问题。副总有些疑惑不解，没等他说完已经有些不耐烦了，因为同样的事情之前已经发Case

Study

生了好几次。“我不过是想知道这位员工对于自己未来五年发展的打算，想要在飞利浦做到什么样的职位罢了，他为何不能给出明确的回答呢？”谈话结束后，副总忍不住向人力资源总监甲抱怨员工不正面回答自己的问题。同时，员工也向甲诉苦说：“这位老外总裁怎么这样咄咄逼人？”作为人力资源总监，甲明白双方之间不同的沟通方式引起了隔阂，虽然他极力向双方解释，但很难完全消除已经产生的问题。Case

Study

分析点评

中外思维方式存在差异。中国人喜欢保持谦虚，说话比较委婉。该员工认为太直接回答的话会暴露出自己的野心和高傲自大的缺陷。而西方人一向简单明了，很直接，总是事先精心策划，树立明确的目标，然后采取行动。因此，在跨文化交际时，要意识到双方的思维方式、生活习惯、文化背景、教育程度等众多方面存在的差异。Translation

汉译英

1.四大发明

中国古代四大发明(theFourGreatInventions)

——造纸术、火药、印刷术、指南针，对全世界产生了巨大而深远的影响。纸张的发明大大促进了文明的传播与发展。火药的发明非常偶然，炼丹师(alchemist)在制作长生不老药(elixir)的时候偶然制成了火药。唐代末期，火药被用于战争，13世纪时传到了全世界。在唐代印刷术的基础上，北宋毕昇发明了活字印刷术(movable-type

printing)，开启了印刷史上的伟大革命。中国古人利用天然磁石制成了第一台可以辨别方向的指南针，大大增强了船只的远航能力。Translation

Keys

1.TheFourGreatInventions

Papermaking,gunpowder,printing,andcompassaretheFourGreatInventionsofancientChina,whichhaveexertedagreatandfar-reachingimpactontheentireworld.Theinventionofpapergreatlycontributedtothespreadanddevelopmentofcivilization.Thebirthofgunpowderwasquiteaccidental.Itwasinventedinadvertentlybythealchemistswhiletheywereattemptingtomakeanelixir.AttheendoftheTangDynasty,gunpowderwasusedinmilitaryaffairsandwasspreadallovertheworldinthe13thcentury.OnthebasisofprintingintheTangDynasty,BiShengintheNorthernSongDynastyinventedthemovable-typeprinting,whichlaunchedagreatrevolutioninthehistoryofprinting.Naturalmagnetsweremadeintothefirstdirection-findingcompassbyancientChinesepeople,whichgreatlyimprovedashiptonavigateoverlongdistances.Translation

Keys

2.北斗卫星导航系统

北斗卫星导航系统是中国着眼于国家安全和经济社会发展需要，自主建设、独立运行的卫星导航系统，是为全球用户提供全天候、高精度的定位、导航和授时服务的国家重要空间基础设施。中国始终秉持和践行“中国的北斗，世界的北斗”的发展理念，服务“一带一路”建设发展，积极推进北斗系统国际合作。与各个国家和地区一起，共同推动全球卫星导航事业的发展。Translation

Keys

2.TheBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem

TheBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem(BDS)hasbeenindependentlyconstructedandoperatedbyChinawithaneyetotheneedsofnationalsecurityandeconomicandsocialdevelopment.Asaspaceinfrastructureofnationalsignificance,theBDSprovidesall-weatherandhigh-accuracypositioning,navigation,andtimingservicestoglobalusers.ChinaappliestheprinciplethatheBDSisdevelopedbyChinaanddedicatedtotheworldtoservethedevelopmentoftheSilkRoadEconomicBeltandthe21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad,andactivelypushesforwardinternationalcooperationrelatedtotheBDS.Chinawill