全新版大学高阶英语：综合教程 第3册Unit 5 Fighting with the Forces of Nature课件

Unit5FightingwiththeForcesofNatureLearningObjectives

MoralSkillslanguageAchieveathoroughunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenhumanandnatureLearn

abouttraditionalChineseconceptof“theunityofheavenandman”ApplyusingcomparisonandcontrastinwritingDevelopcriticalthinkingabilitiesintheChinesecontextGrasp

keylanguagepointsandtheirusageincontextPart

2InReadingPart

3AfterReadingPart

4CriticalThinkingCONTENTSPart

5CultureFocusPart

6HomeReadingBeforeReadingManandNature1.Brainstorming2.ViewingandComprehension3.DiscussionBackBeforeReadingBrainstormingPleasebrainstormnaturalphenomenathatdemonstratethemightyforcesofnature.DroughtFloodBeforeReading

TornadoTyphoonBeforeReading

Landslide/Mud-rockflowSandstormBeforeReading

BackWatchthevideoclipaboutoneofChina’smanyeffortstofightdesertificationandcompletethestatementsthatfollowaccordingtowhatyouhaveheard.EfforttoFightDesertificationBeforeReading

BlankFilling1.IntheGobiDesertitsoundslikethedunesaresinging.Actually,________________,pushingpeopleoutoftheirhomes,now___________________.2.Inthisvillagethereisonly_________________.90-year-oldTubibatuandhiswifeTuwachinwerebornhere,andthey___________.3.They’vechosentodefythedesert.Everydaythecouple__________________tothenearestwell,______________fortheshrubstheyhavebeenplantingfor15years,buildingadamagainsttheoceanofsand.theyareadvancingswallowedbythesandonefamilyremaining

plantostaycollectingwaterridetheirmotorbikeBeforeReading4.“Wehavefacedmanydifficulties.Oftenweplantbushesbut_______________________.It’s________________.”5.Desertificationis___________________________________.Beijingisplanting________________________,4,800kilometersby1,500kilometersalongtheborderoftheGobidesert.

agreatgreenwallofChina

thebiggestecologicaldangerChinafaces

anaturaldisasterthewindtakesthemawayBackBeforeReadingDiscussinPairs1.Inhumanhistory,manhasalwaystriedtoconquernature.Doyouthinkmancanmakeit?2.Arehumanactivitiespartlyresponsibleforthesedisasters?3.Whatcouldbedonetohelpmitigatetheimpactonthevictims?BackInReadingGlobal

ReadingDetailed

ReadingBackPartPara.MainIdeasPartOne1-2PartTwo3-11PartThree12-20PartFour21InReading–GlobalReadingTextOrganizationIntroduction–BothNapoleon’sandHitler’smilitarycampaignsfailedbecauseoftheseverityoftheRussianwinter.Napoleon’smilitarycampaignagainstRussia.Hitler’smilitarycampaignagainsttheSovietUnion.Conclusion–Theelementsofnaturemustbereckonedwithinanymilitarycampaign.InReading–GlobalReadingTextOrganizationIntroductionConclusionContrastandcomparisonNapoleon’sCampaignHitler’sInvasionHitler’sInvasionHitler’sInvasionBackFightingwiththeForcesofNatureNilaB.Smith

In1812,NapoleonBonaparte,EmperoroftheFrench,ledhisGrandArmyintoRussia.HewaspreparedforthefierceresistanceoftheRussianpeopledefendingtheirhomeland.HewaspreparedforthelongmarchacrossRussiansoiltoMoscow,thecapitalcity.ButhewasnotpreparedforthedevastatingenemythatmethiminMoscow—theraw,bitter,bleakRussianwinter.In1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,launchedanattackagainsttheSovietUnion,asRussiathenwascalled.Hitler’smilitarymightwasunequaled.InReading–DetailedReadingHiswarmachinehadmoweddownresistanceinmostofEurope.Hitlerexpectedashortcampaignbut,likeNapoleonbeforehim,wastaughtapainfullesson.TheRussianwinteragaincametotheaidoftheSovietsoldiers.

Napoleon’sCampaignInthespringof1812,NapoleonassembledanarmyofsixhundredthousandmenonthebordersofRussia.Thesoldierswerewelltrained,efficient,andwellequipped.ThismilitaryforcewascalledtheGrandArmy.Napoleon,confidentofaquickvictory,predictedtheconquestofRussiainfiveweeks.InReading–DetailedReadingShortlyafterwards,Napoleon’sarmycrossedtheNemanRiverintoRussia.Thequick,decisivevictorythatNapoleonexpectedneverhappened.Tohissurprise,theRussiansrefusedtostandandfight.Instead,theyretreatedeastward,burningtheircropsandhomesastheywent.TheGrandArmyfollowed,butitsadvancemarchsoonbecameboggeddownbyslow-movingsupplylines.InAugust,theFrenchandRussianarmiesengagedatSmolensk,inabattlethatleftovertenthousanddeadoneachside.Yet,theRussianswereagainabletoretreatfartherintoRussianterritory.Napoleonhadwonnodecisivevictory.InReading–DetailedReadingHewasnowfacedwithacrucialdecision.ShouldhecontinuetopursuetheRussianarmy?OrshouldhekeephisarmyinSmolenskfortheapproachingwinter?NapoleontookthegambleofpressingontoMoscow,448kilometersaway.OnSeptember7,1812,theFrenchandRussianarmiesmetinafiercebattleatBorodino,112kilometerswestofMoscow.Bynightfall,thirtythousandFrenchandforty-fourthousandRussianslaydeadorwoundedonthebattlefield.InReading–DetailedReadingAgain,theRussianarmyretreatedtosafety.NapoleonhadaclearpathtoMoscow,buttheoccupationofthecitybecameanemptyvictory.TheRussiansfledtheircapital.SoonaftertheFrencharrived,aragingfiredestroyedtwo-thirdsofthecity.NapoleonofferedatrucetoAlexanderI,buttheRussianczarknewhecouldbidehistime:“WeshalllettheRussianwinterfightthewarforus.”InReading–DetailedReading

Napoleonsoonrealizedhecouldnotfeed,clothe,andquarterhisarmyinMoscowduringthewinter.InOctober1812,heorderedhisGrandArmytoretreatfromMoscow.TheFrenchretreatturnedintoanightmare.Fromfieldsandforests,theRussianslaunchedhit-and-runattacksontheFrench.AshortdistancefromMoscow,thetemperaturehadalreadydroppedtominus4degreesCelsius.OnNovember3,thewinter’sfirstsnowcame.Exhaustedhorsesfelldeadintheirtracks.Cannonbecamestuckinthesnow.Equipmenthadtobeburnedforfuel.Soldierstookillandfrozetodeath.TheFrenchsoldiersdraggedon,leavingthedeadalongeverymile.InReading–DetailedReading

AstheRussianarmywasgatheringitsstrength,theFrenchhadtofleeRussiatoavoidcertaindefeat.

AttheBerezinaRiver,theRussiansnearlytrappedtheretreatingFrenchbyburningthebridgesovertheswollenriver.ButNapoleon,byastrokeofluck,wasabletobuildtwonewbridges.ThousandsofFrenchsoldiersescaped,butatthecostoffiftythousanddead.OnceacrosstheBerezina,thetatteredsurvivorslimpedtowardVilna.InReading–DetailedReadingOfthesixhundredthousandsoldiersNapoleonhadledintoRussia,lessthanonehundredthousandcameback.TheweakenedFrencharmycontinueditsretreatwestwardacrossEurope.Soon,Britain,Austria,Russia,andPrussiaformedapowerfulallianceandattackedthesestragglers.InMarch1814,Pariswascaptured.Napoleonabdicatedandwentintoexile,hisempireatanend.Hitler’sInvasionByearly1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,hadseizedcontrolofmostofEurope.TotheeastofHitler’sGermanempirewastheSovietUnion.OnJune22,1941,withoutadeclarationofwar,HitlerbegananinvasionoftheSovietUnionthatwasthelargestmilitarylandcampaigninhistory.Confidentofaquickvictory,Hitlerexpectedthecampaigntolastnolongerthanthreemonths.InReading–DetailedReading

Heplannedtousetheblitzkrieg,or“lightningwar,”tacticsthathaddefeatedtherestofEurope.Theinvasionhadthreebroadthrusts:againstLeningradandMoscowandthroughtheUkraine.

Caughtoffguardbytheinvasion,SovietleaderJosephStalininstructedtheRussianpeopleto“scorchtheearth”infrontoftheGermaninvaders.Farmsandfactorieswereburned,destroyed,orrendereduseless.Duringthefirsttenweeksoftheinvasion,theGermanspushedthefronteastward,andtheRussianssufferedmorethanamillioncasualties.InReading–DetailedReadingInthenorth,theGermansclosedinonLeningrad.Despitegreatsuffering,however,thepeopleofLeningradrefusedtosurrender.AsthebattleofLeningraddraggedonintowinter,thecity’ssituationbecamedesperate.Asfoodranout,peoplediedfromhungeranddisease.Bythemiddleofthewinterof1941—1942,nearlyfourthousandpeoplestarvedtodeatheveryday.Closetoonemillionpeoplediedasaresultofthesiege.InthecenterofRussia,Hitler’sgoalwasthecaptureofMoscow.BecausetheGermanshadanticipatedaquickvictory,theyhadmadenoplansforwintersupplies.Octoberarrivedwithheavyrains.“GeneralMud”sloweddownthemovementoftheGermans’lightningattack.InReading–DetailedReading

AsHitler’sarmiesdrewcloserandclosertoMoscow,anearly,severewintersettledovertheSovietUnion,theharshestinyears.Temperaturesdroppedtominus48degreesCelsius.Heavysnowsfell.TheGermansoldiers,completelyunpreparedfortheRussianwinter,frozeintheirlightsummeruniforms.TheGermantankslayburiedintheheavysnowbanks.TheRussianwinterbroughttheGermanoffensiveto

ahalt.InReading–DetailedReading

Bythesummerof1942,Hitlerhadlaunchedtwonewoffensives.Inthesouth,theGermanscapturedSevastopol.HitlerthenpushedeasttoStalingrad,agreatindustrialcitythatstretchedfor48kilometersalongtheVolgaRiver.Despitegreatsuffering,SovietdefendersrefusedtogiveupStalingrad.InNovember1942,theRussianslaunchedacounterattack.WithlittleornoshelterfromthewintercoldinandaroundStalingrad,Germantroopswerefurtherweakenedbyalackoffoodandsupplies.NotuntilJanuary1943didtheGermansgiveuptheirsiege.OfthethreehundredthousandGermansattackingStalingrad,onlyninetythousandstarvingsoldierswereleft.ThelossofthebattleforStalingradfinallyturnedthetideagainstHitler.TheGermanvictorieswereover,thanksinparttotheRussianwinter.InReading–DetailedReadingDuring1943and1944,theSovietarmiespushedtheGermanfrontbacktowardthewest.Inthenorth,theRedArmybrokethethree-yearsiegeofLeningradwithasurpriseattackonJanuary15,1944.Withintwoweeks,theheroicsurvivorsofLeningradsawtheirinvadersdepart.ByMarch1944,theUkrainefarmingregionwasagaininSoviethands.OnMay9,1944,SevastopolwasliberatedfromtheGermans.TheRussianswerenowheadingforBerlin.InReading–DetailedReading

ForHitler,theinvasionoftheSovietUnionhadturnedintoamilitarydisaster.FortheRussianpeople,itbroughtunspeakablesuffering.ThetotalSovietdeadinWorldWarIIreachedalmost23million.Russia’sIcyDefenderTheelementsofnaturemustbereckonedwithinanymilitarycampaign.NapoleonandHitlerbothunderestimatedtheseverityoftheRussianwinter.Snow,ice,andfreezingtemperaturestooktheirtollonbothinvadingarmies.FortheRussianpeople,thewinterwasanicydefender.InReading–DetailedReadingFurtherUnderstandingComparisonandcontrast:Whatarethesimilaritiesbetweenthetwowars?Completethefollowingtableandanswerthequestionbymakingcomparison:WhatisthepointtheauthortriestomakebytellingusaboutthesetwowarsinRussianhistory?InReading–DetailedReadingInReading–DetailedReadingcomparisonandcontrast：

DefinitionsofcomparisonandcontrastComparison:explainhowtwoormorethingsarealike.Contrast:

explainhowtwoormorethingsaredifferent.AVenndiagram(维恩图）helpstoshowthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenitems.Itlookslikethis:Item1Item2Differences(CharacteristicsofItem1)Similarities(Characteristicsofboth)Differences(CharacteristicsofItem2)InReading–DetailedReadingEventsNapoleon'sInvasionofRussiaHitler'sInvasionoftheSovietUnionInvader’sExpectationsvictorywithin5weeksvictorywithin3monthsCasualtiesAtleast500,000ofthe600,000FrenchsoldiersdiedinthewarTheSovietUnionlost23millionlives.Hitlerlost210thousandinMoscowaloneRussia’sStrategyretreat,scorchtheearth,bidetheirtime,hit-and-runretreat,scorchtheearth,refusetosurrenderundersiege,counterattackResultNapoleon'sdownfallandabdication,falloftheFrenchEmpirefallofNaziGermanyThePointtheAuthorTriestoMakeThepowerofnatureinshapingthecourseofhistoryshouldnotbeunderestimated.GreatcasualtiesRetreat,lettheRussianwinterfightthewarFalloftheinvadersComparison:BackInReading-LanguageFocusresistance

n.fightingback;refusaltoaccept(anewideaorchange)抵抗；反对Thereductioninwhitebloodcellcountslowersaperson’sresistancetodisease.白血球数量减少，人对疾病的抵抗力就降低。BackTheno-smokingpolicywasintroducedwithlittleresistancefromthestaff.采取禁烟政策并未遭到员工的反对。InReading-LanguageFocusdevastating

a.

causinggreatdestruction毁灭性的Theplaguestruckthecityagainwithdevastatingeffect.瘟疫再次肆虐该城，造成了毁灭性后果。Ifthefactorycloses,itwillbeadevastatingblowtothelocalcommunity.如果这家工厂关闭，对当地社区是个毁灭性的打击。InReading-LanguageFocusdevastate

vt.laywaste;destroy毁灭；摧毁Badweatherhasdevastatedthelocaltouristindustry.恶劣的天气重创当地旅游业。BackInReading-LanguageFocuscampaign

n.

aseriesofmilitaryoperationsorplannedactivitieswithaparticularaim战役；运动Grant’sVicksburgcampaignsecuredtheentireMississippifortheUnion.格兰特的维克伯格战役为联邦牢牢控制了整个密西西。BackTheanti-corruptioncampaigninChinahasbeensuccessful.中国的反腐运动很成功。InReading-LanguageFocusassemble

vt.

bringtogether;fittogetherthepartsof集结，召集；装配Thegeneralassembledhismenforacounter-offensive.将军集结兵马准备反攻。BackThefurnitureisdeliveredinpiecesandyouhavetoassembleityourself.家具分成若干部件交货，你得自己组装。InReading-LanguageFocusdecisivea.stronglyaffectinghowasituationwillprogressorend;havingtheabilitytodecidequickly决定性的；果断的Theeconomyoftenplaysadecisiveroleindeterminingtheoutcomeofageneralelection.经济往往是大选结果的决定性因素。BackYoumustbedecisiveandpersistenttosucceedinthiscompetitivefield.要在这竞争激烈的领域胜出，你必须既果断又执着。InReading-LanguageFocustoone’ssurprise:usedforsayingthatwhathappensgivesthespeakerasurprise令人吃惊的是Muchtoourpleasantsurprise,ourdebatingteamwonthefirstprize.使我们惊喜的是，我们的辩论队得了头奖。BackToeveryone’s/noone’ssurprise,sherefusedtoaccepttheaward.她拒绝领奖，使大家感到意外/谁也没感到意外InReading-LanguageFocusengage

v.enterintocontestorbattle(with);(causeto)takepartinorgetinvolvedin交战；（使）参与Histroopswillonlyengageinagroundbattlewhenalltheoddsareintheirfavor.他的部队只有在占尽优势时才参与地面作战。BackDon’tengagehiminconversation.Hewilltalkforhoursoncehegetstheopportunity.不要跟他交谈，他一有机会就会喋喋不休说上几小时。InReading-LanguageFocuspursue

vt.

followinordertocatchandattack;followorcarryout追击；贯彻，执行Theadministrationdecidedtohelpthepoorbypursuingpoliciessuchasjobtrainingandahigherminimumwage.政府决定实行职业培训和提高最低工资的政策，以此扶贫。Thecriminalisbeingpursuedbypolice.InReading-LanguageFocuspursuit

n.

inpursuitoftheactoflookingforortryingtofindsth.;theactoffollowingorchasingsb.追求；寻找；追赶；追捕Shetravelledtheworldinpursuitofherdreams.她走遍天下，追寻她的梦想。BackTheofficerswerestillreluctanttounleashtheirtroopsinpursuitofadefeatedenemy.军官们仍不愿发兵追击溃敌。InReading-LanguageFocusgamble:n.athingonedoeswithariskoflossandachanceofprofit赌博takeagamble:takearisk冒险Theyinvestedmoneyinthecompanyrightatthestartandthegamblepaidoff.他们在公司初创时期就向其投资，这一搏很值。BackIdon’tknowifIcanrelyonhim,butI’mwillingtotakeagamble.我不知道是否可信赖他，但我愿意冒险一试。InReading-LanguageFocuspresson/aheadcontinuedoingsth.inadeterminedway（不顾困难）继续进行Wemustpressonwiththeworkifwearetoseeanyresultsoon.如果要很快见到成果，我们就必须继续干下去。BackThecompanyispressingaheadwithitsplansforanewwarehouse.这家公司正加紧推动设置新仓库的计划。InReading-LanguageFocusbideone’stime

waitpatientlyforachance等待时机Someofmyfriendsthinkthatthewillingnesstohideone’scapacitiesandbideone’stimeispartofChinesewisdom.我的朋友中有人认为愿意韬光养晦是中国智慧的一部分。BackHe’sbeenbidinghistimeforyearsonthesideline,readytostepinwhenthetimeisripe.数年来他一直在一旁观望，等待时机成熟再插手干预。InReading-LanguageFocusatthecostof:withthelossof以…为代价Herescuedtheboyfromdrowningatthecostofhisownlife.BackAlowerinflationratecouldbeachievedatthecostofanincreaseinunemployment.通胀率可以降低，代价是失业率会上升。InReading-LanguageFocuscatchsb.offguardtakesb.bysurprise趁人不备Thestudents’angryresponsecaughtthespeakeroffguard.BackThelawyer’sapparentlyinnocentquestionwasdesignedtocatchthewitnessoffguard.律师看似无意的问题是事先设计好的，为的是出其不意让证人不知所措。InReading-LanguageFocusinstruct

vt.

giveordersordirectionsto(sb.);teach(sb.)指示，命令；讲授Heinstructedhislawyertoproceedwiththepreparationofdraftcontracts.他让律师继续起草合同。BackGreatereffortisneededtoinstructchildreninroadsafety.需要花更多的力气向孩子们讲授道路安全知识。InReading-LanguageFocusrender

vt.

causetobe,make使成为Thevirusrenderedthecomputeruseless.病毒把计算机报废了。BackThegirlswererenderedquitespeechlessbythemiracle.奇迹让这些女孩惊喜得说不出话来。InReading-LanguageFocusdesperate

a.

extremelysevereorserious;readyforanywildactandnotcaringfordanger,esp.becauseoflossofhope非常严重的；不顾一切的，拼死的Thedoctorsmadeonelastdesperateattempt/efforttosavetheboy’slife.医生们为了救这男孩做出了拼命的一搏。BackDesperateformoney,shecalledhersisterwhomshehadn’tspokentoforyears.因为急于用钱，她给好几年没说过话的姐姐打电话求助。InReading-LanguageFocussevere

a.(ofsth.badorundesirable)verygreatorintense;harsh严厉的，剧烈的，难熬的severity

n.

严峻；严重程度Thecityisfacedwithasevereshortageofaffordablehousing.这个城市极缺经济适用房。BackAtfirst,everyoneunderestimatedtheseverityofthedamagecausedbytheaccident.最初，人人都低估了事故造成的损害的严重性。InReading-LanguageFocusbring…toahalt

cause…tostopabruptly使…戛然而止Heavyrainsbroughttheenemy’sadvancetoahalt.BackThestrikehasbroughtproductiontoahalt.罢工使生产停顿了。InReading-LanguageFocusshelter

1)n.protectionfromdangerorfromwind,rain,hotsun,etc.掩蔽，保护Theyareindesperateneedforfoodandshelter.他们急需食品和住处。BackSomeparentsaretooprotective.Theywanttosheltertheirchildrenfromreallifeforever.有些父母太呵护孩子了，想永远护着孩子不让他们接触真实生活2)vt.provideshelterfor,protect掩蔽，保护InReading-LanguageFocusturnthetide

changeasituation,esp.sothatyoubegintowininsteadoflosing扭转局势Itlookedasifourteamweregoingtolose,butneartheendofthegame,ourstarplayerturnedthetide.看来我们队像是要输了，但就在比赛快要结束时，我们的明星球员使我们转败为胜。BackAtfirst,peoplewereopposedtoourplan.Afteralotofdiscussion,wewereabletoturnthetide.起初人们反对我们的计划，经过反复讨论，我们扭转了局势。InReading-LanguageFocusreckonwithdealwith,takeintoconsideration应对，考虑Nowthatthiscandidatehasthesupportofquiteafewlocalcommunities,sheisdefinitelysomeonetobereckonedwith.这名候选人获得了不少当地群体的支持，可真的不能小看她了。BackWemustreckonwithallpossibledifficultieswhenwecalculatethecostoftheproject.我们计算项目成本时必须考虑到所有可能出现的困难。InReading-LanguageFocusunderestimate

vt.notrealizehowlargeorgreatsth.isorwillbe低估Neverunderestimateyourpowertochangeyourself.Neveroverestimateyourpowertochangeothers.绝不要低估你改变自己的力量，绝不要高估你改变他人的力量。BackThefirstlessonTomlearnedasasoldierwasnevertounderestimatetheenemy.InReading-LanguageFocustakeitstoll/takeaheavytoll(on)causedamage,injuriesordeaths造成损失（伤亡等）Lastnight’srainstormtookaheavytollonthecropsinourvillage.昨夜的暴风雨使村里的庄稼大受折损。BackYearsofsmokinghavetakenitstollonhishealth.抽烟多年伤害了他的健康。Analyzethestructureofthesentence.“thatmethiminMoscow”isanattributiveclausemodifying“thedevastatingenemy”while“theraw,bitter,bleakRussianwinter”isinappositionto“thedevastatingenemy”.ButhewasnotpreparedforthedevastatingenemythatmethiminMoscow—theraw,bitter,bleakRussianwinter.TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌——俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。InReading-LanguageFocusBack1.What’sthefunctionof“confidentofaquickvictory”inthesentence?Itisanadjectivephrase,whichservesasanadverbialmodifier(状语),indicatingthecause.Napoleon,confidentofaquickvictory,predictedtheconquestofRussiainfiveweeks.2.WhatcanyouinferfromthesentenceaboutNapoleon’scharacters?Heisself-confident,buttooproud.InReading-LanguageFocusBack大军紧追不舍，但它的长驱直入很快由于粮草运输缓慢而停顿下来。TheGrandArmyfollowed,butitsadvancemarchsoonbecameboggeddownbyslow-movingsupplylines.become/be/getboggeddown:beunabletomakeprogressMostofthetankswereboggeddownbecauseofmechanicaldefectsandinexperiencedcrews.Thelocalgovernmentgotboggeddowninproblemsofhowtohandletheemissionofhazardouschemicalsbyindustrialfacilities.TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.Whatisthemeaningof“becamedoggeddown”?InReading-LanguageFocusBackParaphrase“offeredatruce”and“bidehistime”.“Offeratruce”means“offeranagreementtostopfighting”.“Bidehistime”means“waitpatientlyforachance”.WhydidtheRussianczarsay“WeshalllettheRussianwinterfightthewarforus”?BecausetheRussianwinterwasraw,bitter,bleakandtheGrandArmy’ssupplylinesmovedslowly,theRussianczarwasconfidentthattheywoulddefeattheGrandArmy.NapoleonofferedatrucetoAlexanderI,buttheRussianczarknewhecouldbidehistime:“WeshalllettheRussianwinterfightthewarforus.”InReading-LanguageFocusBackAttheBerezinaRiver,theRussiansnearlytrappedtheretreatingFrenchbyburningthebridgesovertheswollenriver.Paraphrasethephrase“theswollenriver”.theswollenriver:therisingriverTranslatethesentenceintoChinese.在别列兹那河，俄国人焚烧了涨水的河道上的桥梁，差点将后撤的法军困于河边。InReading-LanguageFocusBackCaughtoffguardbytheinvasion,SovietleaderJosephStalininstructedtheRussianpeopleto“scorchtheearth”infrontoftheGermaninvaders.WhydidStalininstructtheRussianpeopleto“scorchtheearth”?Inthisway,Hitler’sarmycouldn’tgetanysupply.InReading-LanguageFocusWhatisthemeaningofthissentenceinChinese?苏联领导人约瑟夫•斯大林被打了个措手不及，他指示全国人民在德国入侵者到来之前实行“焦土”政策。BackThelossofthebattleforStalingradfinallyturnedthetideagainstHitler.Paraphrasethesentence.InHitler’sRussiancampaign,thebattleforStalingradwasaturningpoint,fromwhichGermantroopsbecameweakandwasatadilemma.InReading-LanguageFocusBackAfterReadingUsefulExpressionsSentenceTranslationWritingTaskSpeakingTaskBackAfterReadingpridecomesbeforeafall骄兵必败get/beboggeddown陷入困境；陷入停滞状态dragon拖延；缓慢费力地走byastrokeofluck侥幸；凭运气formanalliance组成联盟UsefulExpressionsBackAfterReadingSentenceTranslationTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1812年春，拿破仑在俄国边境屯兵60万。这些士兵训练有素，战斗力强，且装备精良。(Para.3)Inthespringof1812,NapoleonassembledanarmyofsixhundredthousandmenonthebordersofRussia.Thesoldierswerewelltrained,efficient,andwellequipped.AfterReading2)拿破仑向亚历山大一世提出停战，但俄国沙皇深知他可以等待时机：“且让俄罗斯的严冬为我们战斗吧。”(Para.7)NapoleonofferedatrucetoAlexanderI,buttheRussianczarknewhecouldbidehistime:“WeshalllettheRussianwinterfightthewarforus.”3)德国军队在斯大林格勒城内外几乎没有挡风避寒的地方，食品和补给的匮乏更使其元气大伤。(Para.18)WithlittleornoshelterfromthewintercoldinandaroundStalingrad,Germantroopswerefurtherweakenedbyalackoffoodandsupplies.AfterReading4)斯大林格勒一战的失利最终扭转了战局，形势变得对希特勒不利。部分地由于俄罗斯的冬季，德国人胜利不再。(Para.18)

ThelossofthebattleforStalingradfinallyturnedthetideagainstHitler.TheGermanvictorieswereover,thanksinparttotheRussianwinter.5)任何军事战役都必须考虑自然力的因素。拿破仑和希特勒都低估了俄罗斯冬季的严酷。(Para.21)Theelementsofnaturemustbereckonedwithinanymilitarycampaign.NapoleonandHitlerbothunderestimatedtheseverityoftheRussianwinter.BackAfterReadingWritingTaskCauseandEffectIncomposition,causeandeffectisamethodofparagraphoressaydevelopmentinwhichawriteranalyzesthereasonsfor—and/ortheconsequencesof—anaction,event,ordecision.RewritethestoryofNapoleon’s1812campaigninRussiabyfocusingonthecausesofhisdefeatbytheRussians.AfterReadingTipsforindicatingcauseandeffect1.Inadditiontoprepositions,conjunctions,andtransitions,wecanalsouseexpressionslikethereasonisandverbssuchasleadto,cause,result,etc.toindicateacause-and-effectrelationship.2.Veryoften,anaction/event/conditionmayhavemorethanonecause.Ifyoudon’twantyourreadertothinkthatAistheonlycauseofB,insteadofusing“explainwhy”,“thereasonis”,“dueto”,“thanksto”,youmayuse“helptoexplainwhy”,“oneofthereasonsis”,“tosomeextentdueto”,“thankslargely(inpart)to”,etc.3.Sometimes,thecauseandeffectisself-evident,andnowordsorphrasesarenecessary.AfterReadingModel

In1812,NapoleonlaunchedanattackonRussiawithhiswelltrainedandwellequippedGrandArmyof60,000men.Hepredicted,overconfidently,thattheconquestoftheRussianempirewouldonlybeamatterofafewweeks.Inthefaceofthismightyarmy,theRussianskeptretreatingeastward,burningcrops,homes,andbridgesalongtheway.TheyputupsomeresistanceatSmolenskandBorodino,andthenretreatedfurther.Napoleonwonnodecisivevictory.EvenhisoccupationofMoscowdidnothelpmuchtowardsachievinghisgoal,becausetheRussianshadfledthecity.

AfterReadingTheCzarturneddownNapoleon’sofferofatruce.Hedecidedtoletthewinterfightthewarforhim.Napoleon,realizingthathecouldnotfeed,clotheorquarterhisarmy,ordereda