Unit 4 Grammar and usage 课件高中英语牛津译林版(2020)选择性必修第一册

Grammarandusage非谓语动词综述Unit4Exploringpoetry非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式，其次是这种动词形式不能做谓语。非谓语动词通常指动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式，在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。非谓语动词1.什么是非谓语动词?一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。Shegotoffthebus,

(leave)herhandbagonherseat.2.非谓语动词在什么条件下使用？Shegotoffthebus,but

(leave)herhandbagonherseat.leftleaving非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。Thecartobeboughtisforhissister.Shepretendedtobereadingwhentheteachercameintotheclassroom.Tips形式功能主语宾语表语定语状语补语动词不定式动词-ing形式动词-ed形式非谓语作主语动词不定式可以在句中用作主语。不定式作主语时常常用形式主语it代替，不定式置于句末。egCollecting

stampsismyhobby.→It

ismyhobbytocollectstamps.动词不定式作主语①

Itisapityforyoutohavemissedthisgame．②

It

took

me

three

hourstofinishthehomework.③

Itiskindofyoutogiveyourseattotheelderly.

Itisappropriateforyoutogiveseatstotheelderly.④Itseemsimpossibletofinishthehomeworkinthreehours.it+is+名词+todo;

pity,shame,pleasure,one'sduty,one'sjob,fun,joy,goodmanners,badmanners…ittakes/costssb.+sometime+todoIt+be+adj.+forsb.+todoIt+be+adj.+ofsb.+todoItseems(appears)+形容词+todoPractice学会一门外语是很难的。乘公共汽车到那里要花我们一个小时。帮助穷人是我们的责任。学好英语对我们来说是很重要的。你能帮我真是太好了。Tolearnaforeignlanguageisdifficult.Ittakesusanhourtogettherebybus.It’sourdutytohelpthepoor.ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishwell.Itisverykindofyoutohelpme.动词-ing形式也可以在句中用作主语。有时也用形式主语it代替，动词-ing形式置于句末。egItisnogoodpretendingtoknowwhatyoudonotknow.

Itisnousecomplaining.

Itisawasteoftimegoingtodoctorwithmostmildcomplaints.It’snouse/gooddoing...Itisawasteoftimedoing...动词-ing形式作主语egPlayingwithfireisdangerous.玩火是危险的。(泛指玩火)Toplaywithfirewillbedangerous.玩火将很危险。(指某一具体动作)动词-­ing形式作主语表示一般的或抽象的习惯性的行为；不定式作主语往往表示具体的、一次性的或特指的动作。动词不定式与动词-ing形式作主语

的区别非谓语作定语?Todo作定语

Isthisthebestwaytohelphim?

Yourwish

tobeateacherisquiteunderstandable.

不定式作

通常放在其修饰的名词或代词

。之后定语?不定式作定语时，to后所接的动词与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系。Todo作定语?1主谓关系(subject-verb)Sheisalwaysthefirstpersontocomeandthelastonetoleave.

她总是第一个来最后一个走。

Shewasthebestwomantodothejob.

她是做这份工作的最佳人选。这种情况，被修饰的名词或代词前常有序数词、theonly、最高级或no,all,any等修饰限定。Todo作定语2动宾关系(verb-object)若不定式动词为不及物动词，则该动词必须与介词连用，组成及物的动词短语。

Theteacherleftusalotofproblems

tosolve.

老师给我们留了很多要解答的题。

Pleasegivemesomethingtodrink.

请给我点喝的。

Heneedsanewhousetolivein.

他需要一个新房子住。注：Todo常表示将来02!不定式作定语当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。

Doyou

haveanything

tosend?

Doyou

haveanything

tobesent?你有什么东西要寄吗?表达的意思是你自己亲自去寄，send用主动形式(sendsomething)

动宾关系你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?表达的意思是我/别人可以帮你去寄，send用被动(somethingbesend)主谓关系

3同位关系(apposition)Hebrokehispromisetowritetohisparentsregularly.

他没有遵守定期给父母写信的承诺。Westudentsshouldhavethecouragetofaceanydifficulty.

我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。修饰抽象名词，如ability,chance,ideafact,promise,reason…to后接的动词短语是对该抽象名词的解释/说明ing形式作定语常表示所修饰词的用途，也可以表示进行。eg

Asleepingpillwillhelpyoutofallasleepquickly.Thehousesbeingbuiltareforthestudents.非谓语动词作定语doingDone形式作定语，一般表示被动，完成eg

HewasreadinganovelwrittenbyDickens.

Jackclearedthefallenleavesontheground.

Therearealittletimeleft.

非谓语动词作定语donePracticeTherearemanypeople_______(invite)totheparty.Themeeting_________(hold)nowisofgreatimportance.Themeeting_________(hold)yesterdaywasofgreatimportance.Themeeting________(hold)tomorrowisofgreatimportance.Heisalwaysthefirst_______(come)andthelast_______(leave).invitedbeingheldheldtobeheldtocometoleave非谓语作表语动词不定式可以在句中用作表语，说明主语所指的内容，还可以表示将来，动词不定式可以带逻辑主语。动词不定式作表语，有的情况下to可以省略。egMypurposeistohelpthem.Myhopeisforallmemberstocometogetheronceayear.AllIdidwas(to)givehimalittlepush.Theyaretomarrynextweek.动词不定式作表语动词-ing形式可以在句中用作表语，说明主语的特征和性质。动词-ing形式还可以表示主语所指的内容。egThebookwassointerestingthathealmostforgotthetime.

Myjobislookingafterchildren.动词-ing形式作表语

Thelibraryisnowclosed.Weareexcitedatthenews.动词-ed形式作表语动词-ed形式可以在句中用作表语，说明主语(人和事物)所处的状态。他的爱好是收集邮票。现在我的任务是完成作文。这个杯子是坏的。Nowmytaskistofinishthecomposition.PracticeHishobbyiscollectingstamps.Thecupisbroken.非谓语作状语Todo作状语可以表示目的，相当于soasto、inordertosoasto只能放于句中。

动词不定式作状语Tocatchtheearlybus，hegetsupearly.Inordertocatchtheearlybus,hegetsupearly.=Hegetsupearlytocatchtheearlybus.Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoasto/inorderto/to

rememberit.Todo作结果状语,常用在下列句式中：1.I’mnotsostupidastowriteitdown.=I’mnotsuchafoolastowriteitdown.2.Heiscleverenoughtobefitforthejob.so+adj+astodosthsuch+n+astodosth…enoughtodosthtoo….to;onlytodosthadj作表语时，后面可接todo作原因状语，用以说明这种情绪的原因。用于这类结构的形容词常用的有：happy,glad,sorry,anxious,angry,proud,surprised,pleased.Theywereverygladtohearthenews.I’mhappytomeetyou.RevisionTodo状语原因目的inordertodo=soastodo表示“目的是；为了”结果①so/such......asto②......enoughto③too......to④onlyto(常表示意料之外，不好的结果)doing和done作状语doing和done形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果、目的等意义。doing：主动、进行done:被动、完成egSeenfromthetopofthetower,thefactorylooksbeautiful.

Seeingfromthetopofthetower,wecanseeabeautifulfactory.When________(offer)help,oneoftensays“Thankyou”

or“It’skindofyou.”___________(Separate)fromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,Australiahasmanyplantsandanimalsnot______(find)inanyothercountryintheworld.Generallyspeaking,if_______(take)accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.Heglancedather,________(note)thatthoughshewastiny,sheseemedverywell.Theteachercameintothelab,_________(follow)bysomestudents._________________(tell)manytimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.Not_______________(receive)herletter,hewroteagain.PracticeofferedSeparatedtakennotingfollowedHavingbeentoldhavingreceivedfound非谓语作补语在expect,forbid,force,order,permit,request,warn等动词后，常接“sb/sth+todo”结构，动词不定式作补语。egWecanalwaysexpecthimtohelpus.Hewarnedustobecareful.Todo、doing、done五看：see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,smell,三使：let,have,makesb.dosth两听：hear,listento,一感觉：feel等后作宾补，省略to.注意：在被动语态中to不能省略掉。如：+(to)do表示动作的整个过程+doing表示进行。Isawhimcrossthestreetandentertheshop.Isawhimcrossingthestreet.Isawhimdance.Hewasseentodance.Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.To