专题突破卷07 阅读理解之说明文（学生版） 2025年高考英语一轮复习考点通关卷（新高考用）

专题突破卷07阅读理解之说明文最新高考真题1.（2024年新高考I卷D篇阅读理解）IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication,”saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(标本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?”Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.”32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?A.Theyarebecomingoutdated. B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.C.Theyarelimitedinnumber. D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.33.WhatdoesDaru’sstudyfocuson?A.Threatenedspecies. B.Physicalspecimens.C.Observationaldata. D.Mobileapplications.34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?A.Mistakesindataanalysis. B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.C.Improperwayofsampling. D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.35.WhatisDaru’ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas. B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers. D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.2.（2024年新高考II卷C篇阅读理解）Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.8.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood. B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance. D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.9.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?A.Real-timeweatherchanges. B.Currentconditionoftheplants.C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil. D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.10.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.3.（2024年新高考II卷D篇阅读理解）GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(变革).Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代码)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,movingfromthecurrentgenerationof“narrow-AI”toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIanditsfuturenow-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.Campbell’spointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sotheyareonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoint”inhistoryandmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAltopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.12.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands”inparagraph2probablymean?A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated. B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent. D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.13.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes. B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions. D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.14.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.15.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A.TorecommendabookonAI. B.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.C.ToclarifythedefinitionofAI. D.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.2024年高考模拟真题（2024·新疆乌鲁木齐·三模）Doublerainbowsareonething,butadoubleaurora(极光)?Theycanhappen,thoughsomekindsarerare.Oneparticularred-and-greenauroraisespeciallyconfusing.Now,imagestakenbyamateurastronomersmayhelprevealitssecrets.CitizenscientistslivinginCanadaandFinlandusedcamerastodocumentanunusualcombinationofaurorasinthenightsky.Physicistshavestudiedthoseimagestolearnwhatmayhavecausedtheunusuallightshow.AlanDyerwasoutsidehishomeinStrathmore,Canada,whenthedancingNorthernLightscaughthisattention.Hegrabbedhiscameraandstartedfilming."IknewIhadsomethinginteresting,"saysDyer.Atfirstglance,thedoubleauroralookslikeafloatingsliceofwatermelon.Thegreenauroraiswell-understood.Thefruitylookingredstripismoremysterious.Scientistshaveknownabouttheseredaurorasfordecades.Butthere'snoagreementonhowtheyform.OneideaisthatEarth'smagneticfieldcanheatupcertainareasoftheatmosphere.Thatheatcouldknockparticles(粒子)around,likeinproton(质子)rain.Researchershadseenthesetwotypesofaurorasoccurtogetherbefore.Butitwasalwaysmysterious,saysToshiNishimura,aspacephysicistatBostonUniversity.AfterlookingatsatelliteobservationsalongwiththeimagestakenbyDyerandothers,Nishimuraandhisteamconcludedhowthetwophenomenamightberelated.Thekeyisthethinraysintheredaurora.TheymarkthepathsofelectronsfallingthroughtheEarth'smagneticfield.Thatmeanselectronrainappearstocausetheredaurora,justasprotonraincausesthegreenone.Bothgetpoweredbythesolarwind.Buttheelectronscarrylessenergythantheprotons,sotheymakeforamorereddishcolor.Electronrainmightnotbetheonlywaytoproducethestableredauroras,though.Theresultsshowthatwhat'sgoingonismorecomplicatedthanresearchershadthought.TheaurorasDyersawcouldbedangerzonesforradiocommunicationandGPSsystems,saysNishimura.Thecitizenscientistswhotookthephotoswereacriticalpartofthenewfindings,Nishimurasays.1．Whereisthetextprobablytakenfrom?A．Anewsreportonastronomicdiscoveries.B．Ablogaboutskyphenomena.C．Areviewofauroraresearch.D．Abrochureofauroratours.2．Whatcanbeinferredaboutredauroras?A．Theyarefullyunderstoodbyscientists.B．TheywerefirstspottedbyAlanDyer.C．TheyarerelatedtoEarth'smagneticfield.D．Theyaregeneratedfromprotonrain.3．Whatmayaffectthecoloroftheaurora?A．Thepathittravelsalong. B．Theenergyparticlescarry.C．Thewavelengthofrays. D．Thesourceofsolarwind.4．WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningAlanDyer'sexample?A．Photographydrivesscientificresearch.B．ThedoubleauroraisathreattoGPSsystem.C．Satelliteobservationsleadtoauroradiscoveries.D．Citizenscientistshelpexplainthedoubleaurora.（2024·湖北襄阳·三模）Medicineisnotexclusivelyahumaninvention.Manyotheranimals,frominsectstobirdstononhumanprimates,havebeenknowntoself-medicatewithplantsandmineralsforinfectionsandotherconditions.BehavioralecologistHelenMorrogh-BernardoftheBorneoNatureFoundationhasspentdecadesstudyingtheisland’sorangutans(猩猩)andsaysshehasnowfoundevidencetheyuseplantsinapreviouslyunseenmedicinalway.Duringmorethan20,000hoursofformalobservation,Morrogh-Bernardandhercolleagueswatched10orangutansoccasionallychewaparticularplant(whichisnotpartoftheirnormaldiet)intoafoamylather(泡沫)andthenrubitintotheirfur.Theapesspentupto45minutesatatimemassagingthemixtureontotheirupperarmsorlegs.Theresearchersbelievethisbehavioristhefirstknownexampleofanonhumananimalusingatopicalpainkiller.LocalpeopleusethesameplantDracaenacantleyi,anunremarkable-lookingplantwithstalkedleaves-totreatachesandpains.Morrogh-Bernard’sco-authorsstudieditschemistry.Theyaddedextracts(提出物)fromtheplanttohumancellsthathadbeengrowninadishandhadbeenartificiallystimulatedtoproducecytokines,animmunesystemresponsethatcausesinflammation(炎症)anddiscomfort.Theplantextractreducedtheproductionofseveraltypesofcytokines,thescientistsreportedthefindinginastudypublishedlastNovemberinScientificReports.Theresultssuggestthatorangutansusetheplanttoreduceinflammationandtreatpam.Suchfindingscouldhelpidentifyplantsandchemicalsthatmightbeusefulforhumanmedications.Increaturessuchasinsects,theabilitytoself-medicateisalmostcertainlyinnate:woollybearcaterpillarsinfectedwithfliesseekoutandeatplantsubstancesthatarepoisonoustotheflies.Butmorecomplexanimalsmaylearnsuchtricksafteraninitialdiscoverybyonememberoftheirgroup.Forexample,anorangutanmayhaverubbedtheplantonitsskintotrytotreatparasitesandrealizedthatitalsohadapleasantpain-killingeffect.Thatbehaviormaythenhavebeenpassedontootherorangutans.Becausethistypeof-self-medicationisseenonlyinsouth-centralBorneo,Morrogh-Bernardsays,itwasprobablylearnedlocally.5．WhatdoweknowaboutDracaenacantleyi?A．Itcanserveasapainkiller. B．Itisorangutansnormaldiet.C．Itisaplantwithafoamylather. D．Lcanfunctionasbuildingmaterials.6．HowdidMorrogh-Bernard’steamprovetheplant’shealingproperties?A．Bystudyingtheplant’schemistry. B．Byobservingapeseatingtheplant.C．Byextractingcytokinesfromtheplant. D．Bywatchinglocalpeopleusingtheplant.7．Whatisthesignificanceofthefindings?A．Botanistscanbetterunderstandplants.B．Scientistscanfindanewwaytostudyapes.C．Doctorsmayhavethepowertocuremorediseases.D．Drugcompaniesmayfindnewmaterialsformedicine.8．Whatcanwelearnaccordingtothepassage?A．Medicineisahumanuniqueinvention. B．Plantextractsarethebesttotreat-pain.C．Humansandanimalshavealotincommon. D．Insectshavethenaturalabilitytoselfmedication.（2024·江西上饶·二模）Digitalreadingappearstobedestroyinghabitsof“deepreading”.Amazingnumbersofpeoplewithyearofschoolingareineffectilliterate(不识字的).Admittedly,somepeoplehavebeencomplainingaboutnewmediasince1492,buttoday’scomplaintshaveanevidentialbasis,LjubljanaReadingManifestosays,“Thedigitalareamayleadtomorereadingthaneverinhistory,butitalsooffersmanyattractionstoreadinashallowandscattered(碎片化的)manner—orevennottoreadatall.Thisincreasinglyendangershigher-levelreading.”Digitalliteracyhaschangedreading.Whenyoureadabookonpaper,youcanbeentirelyinsidetheexperience,absorbinghundredsofpagestocapturetheworld’scomplexity.Online,saysMaryanneWolfofUCLA,weare“skimming,scanning,scrolling”.Themediumisthemessage:doingdeepreadingonyourphoneisashardasplayingtenniswithyourphone.Recently,abright11-year-oldtoldmeIwaswastingtimeonbooks:heabsorbedmoreinformationfasterfromWikipedia.Hehadapoint.Butdigitalreadersalsoabsorbmoremisinformation.Andtheyseldom,absorbnuanced(微妙的)ideas.InthewhitepaperthatunderliestheLjubljanaReadingManifesto,expertscataloguethepassivepartsofdigitalreading:“Recentstudiesofvariouskindsindicateadeclineof...criticalandconsciousreading,slowreading,non-strategicreadingandlong-formreading.”Inthe2021internationalPISAsurvey,49percentofstudentsagreedthat“IreadonlyifIhaveto”,13percentagepointshigherthanin2000.AsprofessorsfromNorthwesternUniversityforesawin2005,wearereturningtothedayswhenonlyanelite(精英的)“readingclass”consumeslongtexts—despitemorepeoplespendinglongerineducationandbooksalesremainingrobust.Peoplewholosehigher-levelreadingskillsalsolosethinkingskills.That’shorrible,because“higher-levelreading”hasbeenessentialtocivilization.ItenabledtheEnlightenment,andaninternationalriseinsympathyforpeoplewhoaren’tlikeus.9．Whatistheadvantageofthedigitalreading?A．Itmakesmorepeoplestarttoreadwidely.B．Itmakesmorepeoplebegintothinkdeeper.C．IthelpstheyoungtomakeuseoftheInternet.D．Ithelpspeopletakeadvantageoftheirsparetime.10．WhatisMaryanneWolf’sattitudetowardsdigitalreading?A．Supportive. B．Opposed. C．Objective. D．Unconcerned.11．Whatcanbeinferredabouttheteensnowaccordingtoparagraph3?A．Teensshouldchangethecriticalandconsciousreading.B．Nearlyhalfoftheteensneverreadatall.C．Theydon’tbelievewhattheexpertsindicate.D．Thetrendofreadingbooksisincreasinglydeclining.12．Whichstatementisfitfortheunderlinedwordinparagraph4?A．Moreandmorebooksarepurchased.B．It’sunnecessaryforpeopletobuybooks.C．Moreandmorepeopleliketovisitthebookstores.D．Thesalesofbookskeepstillforareallylongtime.（2024·新疆乌鲁木齐·三模）Orienteering(定向越野)involvesrunning,joggingorwalking,andusingamapandcompasstomovebetweenplaces.It’sagreatwaytohavefunoutdoorswithfriendsandfamily.Theaimistomovebetweenpoints,calledcontrols,inacertainorderinthequickesttime.Eventsareusuallyheldinparks,fieldsorforestsbuttheycanalsohappenintownsandcitiesandevenschoolplaygrounds.Peoplecantakeparteitherasindividualsorasateam.Beginners’eventswillhaveeasiercontrolstofindandcoverlessdistance—perhapsamileortwo.Forexperiencedorienteers,thelengthofthecoursecouldbemuchlongerandtakeinhillsandroughground.Orienteersaregivena“controldescriptionsheet”tohelpthemfindeachpoint.Thissheethasdetailsoffeaturestolookfor,likepathsandrivers,andacodethatmustmatchthecodeateachcontrol.Youwilleithermarkyoursheetateachcontrolorcheckinwithanelectroniccard.Whenyoustartorienteering,youwilllearnmap-readingskills.Ahelpfultipistokeepyourthumbonthespotthatshowsyourlocationonthemap.Keepittherightwayround:thefeaturesinfrontofyouonthegroundshouldbeinfrontofyouonthemap.Orienteeringmapscanhavefiveorsixcolors.Blackareasshowhumanfeatures,likebuildings;brownshowsthecontour(轮廓)lines(heightoftheland);andblueshowswater,suchaslakesandrivers.Whiteandgreentogethershowwoodlands;yellowareasrepresentgrassandopenareas.Onorienteeringmaps,acourseconsistsofatriangle,circles,adoublecircleandsometimesconnectinglines.Thetriangleisthestart,thedoublecircleisthefinish,andallthecirclesinbetweenarecheckpoints.Asyourunbetweenpointsbywhatyouhopeisthequickestroute,youcantakeinthesceneryaroundyouandhaveagreattimechoosingyourpathandtryingtofinishinafasttime.13．Whatcanwelearnaboutorienteeringatthebeginningofthetext?A．Itsrouteisrandom. B．Itsresultisdistance-based.C．Itgroupsorienteersbyage. D．Itintegratesvariousskills.14．Whichaspectoforienteeringdoesparagraph3mainlyfocuson?A．Tricksofsavingtime. B．Theuseofcontroldescriptionsheet.C．Methodsofcheckingin. D．Theimportanceofcodes.15．Whydoorienteerskeeptheirthumbontheirlocationonthemap?A．Totrackprogress. B．Tomarkthefinishpoint.C．Tomaintaindirection. D．Tohighlightcheckpoints.16．Whatdothecolorsonanorienteeringmaprepresent?A．Geographicalfeatures. B．Difficultylevels.C．Routesforcompetition. D．Stagesoftheorienteeringrace.（2024·陕西宝鸡·三模）EuropeanwildcatscouldbereintroducedtoEnglandmorethan200yearsaftertheybecameextinctinthecountry.TheprojecthasbeenannouncedbyUKwildlifecharityWildwoodTrust.EuropeanwildcatsareoneoftheUK’srarestmammals.Theonlywildpopulation,numberingfewerthan300individuals,livesintheScottishHighlandsbuttheyareonthevergeofextinction,partlybecausetheyhavebredwithlocalferalcats(wild-livingdomesticcats).SupportershopetosavethespeciesintheUKbyreintroducingthemtoEnglandandWales,wheretheydiedoutaround200yearsagobecauseofhuntingandlossofhabitat.Tobringbackthespecies,WildwoodTrustisplanningtobuild10newbreedingfacilitiesontwositesinKentandDevon.Kittensbredincaptivitybutawayfromhumanswillthenbereleasedintothewild.TheUniversityofExeterisresearchingplaceswheretheanimalscouldbereintroduced.Europeanwildcatsarearoundthesamesizeasalargedomesticcat,butatuptoeightkilogramstheyareslightlyadultheavier.Theyhaveatabby-likepatternwiththickblackstripesontheirbodiesandabushytailandliketoliveinforestsbutnearopengrassland.They’realsofamouslyshyandkeeptheirdistancefromhumans.LauraGardner,directorofconservationatWildwoodTrust,toldTheTimesnewspaperthatpeopleshouldnotbeworriedbythethoughtofwildcatsreturningtothewild.“We’renottalkingaboutwolves,”shesaid.WildwoodTrustsaysthatitsprojectcanbenefitboththewildcatsandthehabitatswheretheylive.TheyareoneofthefewnativepredatorsleftintheUK,soahealthypopulationofwildcatscouldhelptocontrolthenumbersofanimalstheypreyon,suchasrabbitsandrodents.Bycompetingforthesamefoodasfoxes,theywillalsohelptoreducefoxnumbersandrestoreabalancetonature.17．Whatistheaimoftheproject?A．Tosavewildcatsfromdyingout. B．Toensurewildcats’goodhabitats.C．Toraisemoneytoprotectwildcats. D．Tobuildsomenewbreedingfacilities.18．WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningLauraGardnerinparagraph4?A．Wildcatsareveryshyanimals. B．Wildcatsarenotasfierceaswolves.C．Europeanwildcatsareuniqueanimals. D．Wildcatscannotposeathreatforhumans.19．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A．Wildcatswillthreatenthenumberofotheranimals.B．Wildcatsanditshabitatswillbewellprotected.C．Wildcatscancontributetoecologicalbalance.D．WildcatsareoneofthefewpredatorsleftintheUK.20．Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?A．WildwoodTrustAnnouncingaPlan.B．RareWildcatsMakingaComeback.C．ReintroducingWildcatsBenefitingUs.D．WildcatsDisappearingFromtheWorld.（2024·陕西宝鸡·三模）Ashadowyfiguresitsaloneinaroom,hisfacedimlylitbyacomputerscreen.Withagrin,hetypesinaseriesofcomputercommands,andintheblinkofaneye,someone’sbankaccountisdrainedtozero.Intoday’sdigitalage,cyberattackslikethishappenthousandsoftimesperday.Hackerscanstealmoney,information,orcompletelytakecontrolofamachinefromanywhereintheworld.However,notallhackersarevillains.Somehackers,calledwhitehatorethicalhackers,areindividualswhomakethemostoftheirhackingskillstoidentifysecurityvulnerabilities(漏洞)inhardware,softwareandnetworks.Theirjobiscrucialinpreventingcyberattacksandsafeguardingsensitiveinformation.Theterm“whitehat”originatedfromoldcowboymovies,whereheroesworewhitehatsandvillainsworeblackones.Liketheheroesincowboymovies,whitehatsseektostopthebadguysandsavetheday.Whitehathackersonlyseekvulnerabilitieslegally,oftenworkingonopen-sourcesoftwareorwithauthorizedaccesstosystems.Oncetheseweakspotsareidentified,companiesorindividualscantakestepstopreventseriousbreachesandlosses.Whitehathackersuseavarietyofdifferenttechniquestokeeptheinternetsafe.Penetrationtesting,forexample,allowsthemtomimiccyberattacksanduncoversystemweaknesses.Securityscanningtoolsallowwhitehatstoidentifyholesinanetwork’ssecuritysystems.Simulatingdenial-of-serviceattacks(DoSattacks)helpscompaniesprepareforattacksagainsttheirwebsites.Manyoftheworld’stopwhitehathackersbegantheirjourneysonthewrongsideofthelaw.AprimeexampleisKevinMitnick.Thisnotorioushackeronceheldthetitleof“mostwantedhacker”intheU.S.duetohiscybercriminalactivitiesin1995.However,afterbeingarrestedandspendingfiveyearsinjail,hislifetookaremarkableturn.Mitnickdecidedtousehishackingskillsforethicalpurposes,eventuallyestablishinghisowncybersecurityconsultingcompany.Ifyouaspiretobeawhitehathacker,startbybuildingastrongfoundationincomputerandnetworkfundamentals.Goodluck,computercowboy!21．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“villains”inParagraph2mean?A．evil-doers. B．heroes. C．attackers. D．victims.22．Whatcanwelearnaboutwhitehathackers?A．Theywearwhitehatsincowboymovies.B．Theydoeverythingtosafeguardpeople’sinformation.C．Theylegallyusetheirprofessionalskillstohelppeople.D．Theyfindvulnerabilitiesforpersonalgainwithoutdoingharm.23．Peopleskilledincomputerandnetworkcan’tbetopwhitehathackersunless______.A．theyobeythelawB．theyidentifysecurityweakpointsC．theytakemeasurestostopseriouslossesD．theybuildtheirowncybersecurityconsultingcompanies24．Whatisthepurposeofthetext?A．Toteachushowtostaysecureonline.B．Totellushowtobetopwhitehackers.C．Towarnusofthedangersofcyberattacks.D．Tointroducedefendersofthedigitalworld.（2024·四川达州·二模）Withtheoceancoveringmorethan70%oftheEarth’ssurface,theNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)saidscientistsandresearchershaddependedonsonar(声呐)technologiestounderstandandmaptheseafloorwhichhadchartedonlyabout10%oftheworld’socean.FortheoceanandcoastalwatersintheUS,thenumberisjustaround35%.Weknowlessaboutourplanet’soceanthanwhatweknowaboutthefarsideofthemoonorthesurfaceofMars.Partofthereasonforthelackofobservationisthechallengeofpoweringanunderwatercamera.Researchershaveusedshipstorechargecamerasorobservedwithacameratiedtoashiptosolvetheissue,whichisexpensiveandunsuitableforlong-termobservations.Recently,researchersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenamajorsteptoironoutthisproblembydevelopingabattery-free,wirelessunderwatercamerathatcouldharvestenergyunderwateronitsownforlongperiods.Tokeeppowerconsumptionaslowaspossible,theresearchersusedoff-the-shelf,ultra-low-powerimagingsensors.Thedevicetakescolorphotos,evenindarkunderwaterenvironments,andsendsimagedatawirelesslythroughthewater.Thecameraispoweredbysound.Itchangesmechanicalenergyfromsoundwavestravelingthroughwaterintoelectricalenergythatpowersitsimagingandcommunicationsequipment.Aftergettingandencodingimagedata,thecameraalsousessoundwavestosendthedatatoareceivert