Archibald-Macleish阿齐博尔德·麦克利什

ArchibaldMacLeish1892–1982共五十一页Americanpoet,writerandtheLibrarianofCongress.HeisassociatedwiththeModernistschoolofpoetry.HereceivedthreePulitzerPrizesforhiswork.共五十一页LibraryofCongress

readingroom共五十一页“IattributemyinterestinMacLeishtoserendipity(意外发现的珍品(zhēnpǐn)（的本领）),curiosity,andawillingnesstochallengemyselfbyexploringtheworkofapoetIbelievefewwouldbeinterestedinreadingtoday.”--GertrudeStein共五十一页MacLeishwasborninGlencoe,Illinois.HeattendedtheHotchkissSchoolfrom1907to1911beforeenteringYaleUniversity,HethenenrolledinHarvardLawSchool,whereheservedasaneditoroftheHarvardLawReview.Fromthislist,it’sevidentthathewasquitewelleducated.共五十一页In1916,hemarriedAdaHitchcock.[3]HisstudieswereinterruptedbyWorldWarI,Hein1919,taughtlawforasemesterforthegovernmentdepartmentatHarvard,thenworkedbrieflyasaneditorforTheNewRepublic.共五十一页In1923MacLeishlefthislawfirmandmovedwithhiswifetoParis,France,wheretheyjoinedthecommunityofliteraryexpatriatesthatincludedsuchmembersasGertrudeSteinandErnestHemingway.TheyalsobecamepartofthefamedcoterieofRivierahostsGeraldandSarahMurphy,whichincludedHemingwayF.ScottFitzgerald,JohnDosPassos,andPabloPicasso.共五十一页WhileinParis,HarryCrosby,publisheroftheBlackSunPress,offeredtopublishMacLeish'spoetry.BothMacLeishandCrosbyhadrejectedconventionalcareersinthelegalandbankingfields.CrosbypublishedMacLeish'slongpoemEinsteininadeluxeeditionof150copiesthatsoldquickly.MacLeishwaspaidUS$200forhiswork.共五十一页HereturnedtoAmericain1928.From1930to1938heworkedasawriterandanti-fascist

editorforFortuneMagazine.Bythe1930s,heconsideredCapitalismtobe"symbolicallydead"andwrotetheverseplayPanic(1935)inresponse.共五十一页In1939,PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltpersuadedhimtoacceptanappointmentasLibrarianofCongress,apositionhekeptforfiveyears.MacLeishthoroughlyreorganizedtheLibrary'sadministrativeofficesandestablishedtheLibrary'sseriesofpoetryreadings.In1944hewasappointedassistantSecretaryofStateforculturalaffairs.AfterWorldWarII,MacLeishbecamethefirstAmericanmemberofthegoverningbodyofUNESCO,andchairedthefirstUNESCOconferenceinParis.共五十一页In1949ArchibaldMacleishretiredfromhispoliticalactivismtobecomeHarvard'sBoylstonProfessorofRhetoricandOratory.HisCollectedPoems(1952)wonhimasecondPulitzerPrize,aswellastheNationalBookAwardandtheBollingenPrize.J.B.(1958),averseplaybasedonthebookofJob,earnedhimathirdPulitzer,thistimefordrama.Andin1965hereceivedanAcademyAwardforhisworkonthescreenplayofTheEleanorRooseveltStory.ArchibaldMacLeishdiedinApril1982inBoston,Massachusetts.共五十一页共五十一页Majorworks

TheHappyMarriage,1924ThePoetofEarth,1925Conquistador征服者(1933),CollectedPoems(1917-1952),

J.B.(verse-drama,1958)共五十一页Awards1933:PulitzerPrizeforpoetry(“Conquistador”，1932)1953:PulitzerPrizeforpoetry(“CollectedPoems”1917–1952)1953:NationalBookAward(“CollectedPoems”)1953:BollingenPrizeinPoetry1959:PulitzerPrizeforDrama(“J.B.”)1959:TonyAwardforBestPlay(“J.B.”)1965:AcademyAwardforDocumentaryFeature(“TheEleanorRooseveltStory”)1977:PresidentialMedalofFreedom共五十一页“ArsPoetica”ThetitleofthepoemItsuggeststhatitpresentsanewpoetics,definingitsnature,formsandtechnicaldevices,aswellasexplainingtheprinciplesthatgovernitscraftanddistinguishitfromothercreativeactivities.共五十一页WritteninLatin,thetitlepointsouttoitsaffinitywiththeclassicsinthisfield,suchasAristotle’sPoeticsandHorace’sArsPoetica(TheArtofPoetry).Thereforethepoemisperceivedtobearesponsetotheworksofthepredecessors.共五十一页Thereaderisremindedfromtheverybeginningthatitisnotapoem,butrathera

poem

onpoetry.Thereaderisurgedtoreadthepoeminthelightoftheentiretraditionofpoetics.共五十一页On“ArsPoetica拉丁语”

MacLeishsaysthatthepoemshouldexpressitsmeaningimplicitlyratherthanputtingitinexplicitsentences.Theessenceofthepoemliesintheimageryituses.Forinstance,hesays,"grief"canbedepictedbyimagesof'emptydoorway'or'mapleleaf'.Alsotheessenceshouldnotfadeawaywiththepassageoftimei.e.thecentralideaofthepoemshouldberelevantforever.Thebeautyofthepoemisthatallwhatisdescribedas'theartofpoetry'isveryeffectivelyimplementedinthepoemitself.Arspoeticacontainsmanysimilesandimagesthatcontributetoitsessence.共五十一页Apoemshouldbebeyondrationalexpression,whichreliesonwordsandsounds.Itshouldbe“dumb”and“wordless,”aspiringtocommunicatewith“mute”significance.Iftheworldofexperiencecanbecapturedinapoem,itshouldbemadevisibleandsensible.共五十一页Apoemshouldbebeyondrationalspace-timeexistence;“motionlessintime”asthemoonclimbingintothesky,eventhoughnoeyecanmarkitspassage.Theidealpoemshouldavoidbeingameresentimentalresponsetohumanexperiencesandsituations,whicharenaturallytemporary.Rather,itshouldaspiretothepermanenceandtimelessnessofthecosmicphenomena.共五十一页Thethirdstanzarevealsanewaspectoftheartofpoetry:thepopularthemesofloveandgrief.共五十一页Apoemshouldpresentitsowntruthinitsownway:nottrytostatewhatistrue,butusesymbolswhichcommunicatetrueemotions.共五十一页Formismeaning.Itinvolvestheselectionandarrangement,theorderingandemphasis.Thus,thepoemisnotameansofsayinganythingthatcouldbesaidequallywellanotherway.Itssayingisthewholepoem–thequalityoftheimagery,thefeeloftherhythm,thedramaticforce,andtheideas.共五十一页Styleandpointofview

Hispoetryisdistinctiveinitseloquentphrasinganditslyrical,emotionalquality.HewrotemanypoemsexpressinghisfaithinAmerica’sfuture,andhisownradicalviewthatthecapitalistrulingclassmustbegotridof.Hissocialpurposeisexpressedinsymbolsandimageswhicharouseassociationsinthemindofthereader.共五十一页ArsPoetica

诗艺

Apoemshouldbepalpableandmute

一首诗应该可触知，并且哑默

Asaglobedfruit,

如同(rútóng)一只球状的水果，

Dumb

无言

Asoldmedallionstothethumb,

如同拇指间古老的奖章，

共五十一页Silentasthesleeve-wornstone

静寂(jìnɡjì)如同窗台上

Ofcasementledgeswherethemosshasgrown--

被衣袖磨旧的石头，在那里青苔生长——

共五十一页Apoemshouldbewordless

一首诗应该沉默(chénmò)

Astheflightofbirds.

如同鸟群的飞翔。

共五十一页Forlove

对于爱

Theleaninggrassesandtwolightsabovethesea--

是倾斜的草叶，海上的两点灯光——

Apoemshouldnotmean

一首诗不应该象征(xiàngzhēng)

Butbe.

它就是。共五十一页Apoemshouldbemotionlessintime

一首诗应该在时间中静止

Asthemoonclimbs,

如同月亮攀升，

Leaving,asthemoonreleases

离开，像月亮一枝(yīzhī)枝地

Twigbytwigthenight-entangledtrees,

释放开那被夜色缠绕的树木，

共五十一页Leaving,asthemoonbehindthewinterleaves,

离开(líkāi)，像月亮隐身在冬日的树叶后面，

Memorybymemorythemind--

脑海中那一次次的记忆——

Apoemshouldbemotionlessintime

一首诗应该在时间中静止

Asthemoonclimbs.

如同月亮攀升。

共五十一页Apoemshouldbeequalto

一首诗应该等同于：

Nottrue.

并非真实。

Forallthehistoryofgrief

对于所有悲痛的历史

Anemptydoorwayandamapleleaf.

是一个空洞的门口和一片(yīpiàn)枫叶。共五十一页诗艺

1.

一首诗应该是缄默可触摸的

如同一枚圆果

无声

犹如拇指(mǔzhǐ)旁的旧徽章

寂静宛如窗壁上被袖口磨光

长满青苔的石头

一首诗应该是无言

如同鸟群的飞翔

2

一首诗应该在时间中静止

似月亮缓缓升起

离去时，似月亮轻轻掠过

夜影中的树枝(shùzhī)

离去时，似冬季树叶后的明月

一遍遍于脑海中追忆

一首诗应该在时间中静止

好似月亮缓缓升起

共五十一页3

一首诗应该等同于

而非真实(zhēnshí)

空旷的长廊，一片枫叶

勾勒出所有悲戚的历史

低斜的青草，海上的两束光亮

代表着爱情

一首诗不应是表意

而是其本质共五十一页"ArsPoetica"(1926)

Apoemshouldbepalpableandmute

Asaglobedfruit,

Dumb

Asoldmedallionstothethumb,

Silentasthesleeve-wornstone

Ofcasementledgeswherethemosshasgrown--

Apoemshouldbewordless

Astheflightofbirds.

*

Apoemshouldbemotionlessintime

Asthemoonclimbs,

Leaving,asthemoonreleases

Twigbytwigthenight-entangledtrees,

Leaving,asthemoonbehindthewinterleaves,

Memorybymemorythemind--

Apoemshouldbemotionlessintime

Asthemoonclimbs.

*

Apoemshouldbeequalto

Nottrue.

Forallthehistoryofgrief

Anemptydoorwayandamapleleaf.

Forlove

Theleaninggrassesandtwolightsabovethesea--

Apoemshouldnotmean

Butbe.

诗艺

一首诗应该默不出声但可以触摸得到

象一只浑圆的果实

它喑哑无声

象拇指抚摸那古老的圆雕文饰

它静悄悄的象那被衣襟磨损

长出了青苔的窗台(chuāngtái)石

一首诗应该缄默无语

象群鸟飞翔

一首诗应该在时间中凝然不动

象明月攀登天穹

象明月一个枝丫一个枝丫地

解放那被夜色缠住的树林

象明月遗忘残冬

一片记忆一片记忆地从心头离去

一首诗应该在时间中凝然不动

象明月攀登天穹

一首诗应该等同于

虚妄

对于一切悲苦的历史

是一条宽阔的门道和一片槭树叶*

对于爱

是慰籍的绿草和海上的两盏明灯

一首诗不应该说明什么

而是为了存在

共五十一页Notes

Line1—aswellaslines3,5,and7—focusoninarticulation:Apoemshouldbe...mute...dumb...silent...wordless.Here.MacLeishseemstobesayingthatapoemshouldnotcrassly粗鲁的

announcewhatitisabout.Rather,likethesmellofspiceswafting飘送

fromarestaurant,itshouldmerelysuggest.Useofglobedratherthanroundenhanceseuphony谐音(xiéyīn)

whilealsosuggestinglargeness.Perhapstheobjectisamelonorgrapefruit

柚子

Medallionsarelargemedals.Theadjectiveoldsuggeststhatthemedallionshavestoriesbehindthem—aboutwarorathleticaccomplishments,forexample.

共五十一页Onecanimaginehereamanorwomanfromatimepastpropping支撑(zhīchēng)

sleevedarmsorelbowsonaledgewhileheorshelooksoutthewindowonasceneofinterest.Ifthestoneledgecouldspeak,whattalewouldittellabouttheobserverandtheobserved?The“wordlessbirds”canonlysuggestwhatoccupiesthembythedirectionoftheirflightor,inthecaseofvultures秃鹰,theircircularmotion.共五十一页Ifapoemhasuniversalityandtimelessness永恒(yǒnghéng),itcanmovefromonemomenttothenext,orfromoneagetoanother,whileitsrelevanceremainsfixed("motionless").Thus,likethemoontravelingacrossthesky,agoodpoemseemstostandstillatanygivenmoment—asifitweremeantforthatmoment.Itscontentremainsfreshandalivetoeachreaderdownthroughtheyears,downthroughthecenturies.Lines15and16repeatlines9and10,creatingaframefortheimageryinlines11-14.共五十一页Apoemisnotanewspaperaccount,anessay,orahistoricaldocument.Itisaworkoftheimagination;itdiscoverstruthbypresentingimpressionsandinterpretations,nothardfacts.Apoemcanconcentrateanentirestoryintoanimage.Here,theemptydoorwaysuggeststheabsenceofapersonwhooncestoodinit—amother,forexample,asshegreetsasonordaughter.Butnowthemotherisgone,andthegloomofautumn(suggestedbythefallenleaf)hasreplacedthebrightcheerofsummer.

共五十一页Hereisoneinterpretation:Afterdeathseparatedtwolovers,thecemeterygrassgrewtallandnowleansagainstatombstone.Likethetwolightsinthesky,thesunandthemoon,thetwoloverswillremainforeverapart.共五十一页Theme

Thecentralthemeof“ArsPoetica”isthatapoemshouldcaptivatethereaderwiththesameallure魅力(mèilì)

ofamasterly技艺高超的

paintingorsculpture—thatis,itshouldbesostunninginthesubtletyandgraceofitsimagerythatitshouldnothavetoexplainitselforconveyanobviousmeaning."ArsPoetica"isawonderfulpoemthatspeakswiththequieteloquenceofRodin'sThinkeranddaVinci'sMonaLisa.共五十一页StructureandContent

MacLeishdividesthepoemintothreeeight-linesections,eachexplainingwhatapoem“shouldbe.”Thefirstsectioncomparesapoemtofamiliarsights:afruit,oldmedallions,thestoneledgeofacasementwindow,andaflightofbirds.共五十一页Thesecondsectioncomparesapoemtothemoon.Ifapoemhasuniversality,itcanmovefromonemomenttothenext,orfromoneagetoanother,whileitsrelevanceremainsfixed(“motionless,”line9).Thus,likethemoontravelingacrossthesky,agoodpoemseemstostandstillatanygivenmoment—asifitweremeantforthatmoment.Itscontentremainsfreshandalivetoeachreaderdownthroughtheyears,downthroughthecenturies.共五十一页Thethirdsectionstatesthatapoemshouldjust“be”，likeapaintingonawallorasculptureonapedestal基座(jīzuò).Itisnotadisquisition专题论文

orapuzzle,butamood,afeeling,asentiment—aworkofart.共五十一页FiguresofspeechSimile:line1-8Alliteration:silentsleevestoneParadox:line9-16suggeststhatapoemshouldbemotionless,likeaclimbingmoon.Aclimbin