学术英语论文写作课件

英语写作AcademicWriting学术英语论文写作组织段落Paragraphstructure

对于综述性论文、文献综述以及前言部分非常重要学术英语论文写作Insomepartsoftheworld,countriesarefacedwithproblemsofinadequateandunevenlydistributedwaterresources.Somecountrieshavedevelopedavarietyofstrategiestomeetthewaterneedsoftheirpeopleandtheiragriculture.Suchstrategiesareoftenimplementedinareas….TopicSentence

学术英语论文写作TopicSentence总结了一段落的主要内容，更好地引导读者，作者也应该围绕它展开段落内容。

Topicsentence经常放在一个段落的第一句、第二句或者最后一句。有时为了强调也可以用不同语言在不同位置表述。TopicSentence特点：包含一些特定信息；能有助于展开整个段落；是一个完整的句子，但是意思不能太宽泛也不能太窄。学术英语论文写作PlanningaParagraphOnceyouhavecollectedyourideas,animportantstepinwritingaparagraphistoorganisethemintopoints(themainandsupportingpoints)thatyouwishtoinclude.Youshouldthenorderthepointsinaclearandlogicalway,constructyourparagraphandincludeatopicsentence.学术英语论文写作Title：Identifythedifferentkindsofbenefitsofshoppingonlineforthecustomer.TimesavedBuyingandsendingpresentstofriendsinotherplacesShoppingfromhome学术英语论文写作论文组织学术英语论文写作组织层次科技论文经常要表达非常复杂的问题，所以需要特别注意语言的组织，有时需要用不同层次的组织方式。Generic–基础的（普通的）Macro展示论文大部分内容和观点时采用的层次，根据写作目的有一些组织原则.Micro论文中部分内容可能用到这种层次，特别体现句子间的某种特殊关系或者例证，如对比、因果学术英语论文写作OrganisingatMacroLevel

一般来说，应该首先根据你的写作目的来组织论文层次结构，如为了展示一个事物的两个方面；为了尽力阐述某个观点，使读者信服。希望表述清楚不同观点的重要性，OrderofImportance有很多Topic要阐述清楚，每个Topic可能还有正反不同观点Orderoftopic对于某个Topic可能有很多观点，作者可能对不同的观点进行argue，然后证明自己的观点是正确的，Argument-driven对于某个topic的阐述涉及到四个基本因素：在某种特定的情况下，有一些问题存在，提出解决问题的方法，最后评估这种解决方案的效果，SPSE(SituationProblemSolutionEvaluation)希望清楚地展示topic的两个方面，Two-sidedapproach

学术英语论文写作OrganizingatMicroLevel

在科技论文写作中，尤其在表述不同事物或者观点之间的关系时，这是最常见的一种组织方式。主要包括：DescribinglocationClassifying/CategorisingLinkingcausesandeffects,reasons,explanationsandresultsDescribingaprocessorprocedureGivingexamplesDefiningtermsComparingandcontrastingDescribingobjects/apparatusNarratingDescribinghierarchicalstructures学术英语论文写作Despitethefactthatitisincreasing,computercrimeisstilloftenperceivedasbeinglesssignificantthanothertypesofcrime.Consequently,itdoesnotalwaysreceivethepublicattentionandpoliceresourcesthatitshould.Theonlinesalesprocessislargelyautomated.Acustomeristakenthroughaseriesofinteractivesteps,whichallowsthemtoselectandplacetheirorderforgoods.Inthenextstage,thecustomer‘saddress….Thecustomeristhen

askedto……Shortlyafterwards,thecustomer….OtherformsofidentificationsuchasvoicerecognitionandDNApromayalsohavearoleinmaintainingsecurityinthefuture.学术英语论文写作Outsourcingcanbedefinedasusingoutsidesuppliersof….Ifacompanydoesnotoutsource,itcanexpecttohavehigherrecruitmentcostssinceitwillneedtoprovidethenecessarystafffornon-coreareasaswellasforcost-effectivecoreones.Incontrast,ifworkisoutsourced,…Theelectronicswitchiscomposedof

theswitchitself,whichcontrolstheflowofanelectriccurrentaroundacircuitpathway.Theswitchcan….学术英语论文写作OrganisingforAcademicDescriptions

科技论文中经常需要描述一个地方，一个设备等；Outsideinwards–如描述一个大学或者一个城市，从主线到特定的地方或者特定的建筑

；Wholetoparts–如描述一个特定的机械设备，先整体描述再分部分介绍；Leftsidetorightside–如组装一个复杂的科学设备，从左到右描述；Toptobottom–如描述一个沉积的地层。

学术英语论文写作文字风格、形式Patternsintexts

先介绍（引入）一个topic或者theme，然后详细展开或者解释Topic-Elaboration研究者以atheoryorbeliefonatopic开始，然后尽力给出factsorevidence，最后drawsaconclusion，如研究者说明某个化学物质和癌症有关；大量用于描述研究行为Hypothesis–Evidence–Conclusion描述一项研究或者一个实验的过程，suchas'first','then','afterthat',and'finally'thatshowtheorderofthestagesinvolvedSequential学术英语论文写作首先给出overallorgeneralidea，然后是aparticularexampleorillustration，如General–Specific；首先abrief(perhapsonesentence)summaryoftheeventorpoint

，然后furtherdetailedinformationthatsupportsthemainpoint，以此证明观点是正确的Mainfacts–SupportingdetailsNote：通常一篇论文可能采用多种组织方式，如一篇研究论文整体结构是Hypothesis-Evidence-Conclusion，在hypotheses部分采用‘Topic–Elaboration’，在evidence部分采用'Sequential'pattern学术英语论文写作

Paraphrasingandsummarising

解释和总结

用于文献综述等学术英语论文写作写科技论文时经常需要引用其他文献中的主要思想，但是又不能总是“直接引用”，这时就需要Paraphrasingandsummarising；例：Welsh(1994:424)statesthatcostscanbekeptdownandqualityincreasedbyusingpreviouslydevelopedsoftwareagain.Eitherthewholesoftwarepackagecanbeusedagainorpartofitcanbeusedtomakeadifferentproduct.When？Why？How？学术英语论文写作避免太多的直接引用；更加精确、简短、合适地支撑自己论文的观点；更加适合自己论文的风格；不是大量copy原文的语句，而是用自己的语言更明确、简短地说明原文的思想；一般步骤包括：仔细阅读原文，弄明白原文的主要意图，根据你论文的目的选择相关信息，用自己的语言完整描述原文思想（不同观点之间可能需要加上不同关联词如’‘however’,‘although’,‘since’），最后检查自己的综述是否与原文相符。学术英语论文写作Expressingcauseandeffect

学术英语论文写作连接词as,consequently,so,dueto

(1)Consequently,manycompaniesnowhavesophisticatedfirewallsandfulltimecomputerprogrammerstodealwithvirusattacksandensureafullyfunctioningnetwork.

(2)Newvirusesappearinthewildalmosteverydayandsonewvirusidentificationfilesneedtobedownloadedandinstalledbyusersregularly.

(3)Anetworkcrashdueto

thefactthatitcannotcopewiththesheervolumeoftraffic.学术英语论文写作thecause,aresult

(1)Thecauseofmanyvirusattacksisperhapsrogueprogrammerstryingtooutwitlargercorporations.(2)Aresulthasbeenaproliferationofanti-virussoftwareprograms.hasledto,haveresultedin(1)Thewidespreaduseofintegratednetworksystemsforbothbusinessandleisurehas

ledtoincreasedopportunitiesforhackerstoexploittheweaknessesofsuchhighlyintegratedsoftware.(2)Theseattackshavealsoresultedintheregularreleaseofnewpatchesbysoftwarewritersthatrepairthesecurityweaknessesinexistingproducts.学术英语论文写作AffectandEffect

Affectisalwaysaverb.

Effectcanbeaverboranoundependingonitsmeaning;(1)TheDirectorwantedtoeffectachangeinresearchproposalprocedures.

(2)Thecutinfundingwillaffecttheamountofresearchthatiscarriedout.学术英语论文写作Grammarinwriting

学术英语论文写作Articles以下规则TrueorFalseIngrammar,THEiscalledtheDEFINITEARTICLEandAandANareknownastheINDEFINITEARTICLE;ANisusedinfrontofwordsspelledwithavowel(A,E,I,O,U)atthebeginning;Theindefinitearticleisusedwhenapersonorconceptismentionedforthefirsttimeandsubsequentreferencestothenoun,onceithasbeenidentified,usethedefinitearticle,forexample:Centraltotheuseofanotebookasadesktopcomputerisadockingstation.Thedockingstationconsistsofahardwareframewithasetofelectricalconnections.

学术英语论文写作Ifthereisonlyoneexampleofaconceptinexistenceweusetheindefinitearticle,e.g.Aninternet,asuninoursolarsystem；Whenanadjectiveisusedasanountorepresentaagroupofpeopleorexamplesofatype,thedefinitearticleisalwaysusede.g.Theunexpectedmayoccur;Itisnecessarytoaddresstheproblemoftheunemployed.Similarly,nationalitiescanbereferredtousingthedefinitearticletogetherwiththeadjective,e.g.theBritish;theChinese；Thedefinitearticleisusedwhenmakingageneralstatementusinganuncountablenounbutnoarticleisusedwhenmakingaspecificpointaboutanuncountablenoun,e.g.Thetimemanagementisanecessaryskillforaresearchertodevelop;softwarethatthecompanyhasproducedhasprovedunsatisfactory.

学术英语论文写作Ageneralstatementcanbemadewhichreferstoallexamplesofakindofcountablenounusinganindefinitearticleandthesingularformofthecountablenoun,e.g.APCcardisaninsertablepieceofhardwarefornotebooks.Itisalsopossibletomakethiskindofstatementusingthepluralformwithnoarticle,e.g.PCcardsareinsertablepiecesofhardwarefornotebooks(noticethatinthiscase,othercountablenounsinthesentencearegenerallyputinthepluralformtoo).Bothcountablenounsintheirpluralformanduncountablenounsrequirethedefinitearticleinfrontofthemwhenbeingusedinaspecificcontext,e.g.Eightypercentofthecustomerswhowereinterviewedrespondedpositively;Thecompany'sturnoverthisyearhasbeenexceptional.

学术英语论文写作Noarticleisneededinfrontofthesuperlativeform,'first','second'etc,and'next'e.g.ItislargestdamofitskindinAsia;Itwasfirstproblemtobesolvedbytheteam;Nextconsiderationistheimplementationofthescheme.Thedefinitearticlecanbeusedwithasingularnountomakeageneralstatementaboutthatgroup.Thestatementreferstothewholeclassandnottotheindividualsintheclasse.g.Thefastfoodoutlethasbecomeanestablishedpartofurbanlife.Heretheuseoftheindefinitearticlewouldnotbepossiblebecausethestatementreferstoallthemembersofthegroupratherthanthegroupitselfsothefollowingsentencewouldbewrong:Afastfoodoutlethasbecomeanestablishedpartofurbanlife.

学术英语论文写作Modals

May,might,andcouldareallusedtoadduncertaintytoastatement.Inotherwords,nofirmconclusioncanbedrawnaboutthepointexpressed.Forexample:Allthreeofthestudiesshowthatthevaccinemay/might/couldleadtounpleasantsideeffects.Canisusedforstraightforward,factualpossibility.Thestatementdoesnotincludeanywriterjudgementaboutthematter.Forexample:Afirewallcanstophackersfromaccessingthenetwork.学术英语论文写作May,mightandcouldcanbeusedtosuggestafutureoutcomewithoutevidence–andwhenusedlikethistheyoftencarryasenseofthewriterhopingorfearingitwillhappen.Forexample:Theimplementationofthepolicymay/could/mightincreasejobopportunitiesinthenorthofthecountryandevenboostconsumerspending;Globalwarmingandthespreadofthemosquitomay/could/mightleadtothousandsofdeathsfrommalariainEuropethiscentury.学术英语论文写作Itmightbeconcludedthatfurtherresearchintothisdiseaseisunnecessary,sincenowadaystheconditioniseasilytreatedbyoralmedication.SuchaviewwouldbemistakenbecauseItcouldbeclaimedthatsoftwareprogramsofthiskindareoflittleuseagainstdeterminedhackers.However,thisisunlikelytobethecasesince...Thewaytomanagerialeffectivenessliesindelegation.Thismightbetheviewofsomemanagementconsultantsbutitcouldbearguedthat...作者使用might、could实际上是为了弱化这种观点，然后再更加容易批判并提出不同观点

学术英语论文写作Nouns学术英语论文写作NounPhrases(Article)(adjective)Noun

(singular)+Noun

(singularorplural)

Examples:computertechnology,computerviruses,internalsecuritymatters,telephonecalls,identitytheft,Spammail,productcomponents,awebprogrammer,automaticcostcomparisonsthee-commercesector(Article)(adjective)Noun+'s(ors')+Noun(singularorplural)Examples:children’sInternetactivities,acompany’sactivity,customers’creditcards,theoutsourcer’scontrol(Article)(adjective)+Noun(singularorplural)+preposition+Noun(singularorplural)Examples:anincreaseincomputercrime,hugesumsofmoney,formsofidentification,advocatesofcensorship,scopeforfreedomofexpression,theneedforadjustments学术英语论文写作Nounsandcountability

Countable(C)

program|interface|byte|database|system|motherboard|device|project|network|circuit|appliance|modelUncountable(U)

multitasking|storage|compatibility|image|information|engineering|equipment|circuitry|research|spamBoth(C)and(U)

application|memory|resolution|protocol|technology|architecture|software学术英语论文写作Passiveform

学术英语论文写作Thepassive

ExpressinggeneralbeliefsTotalworldpopulationisestimatedtobeabout6billion.

AIDSisbelievedtohavestartedinAfrica.

Itisassumedthatpoliticianswillrepresentthepeople.*FocusingontheresultofanactionratherthantheagentcarryingitoutInanyresearchstudy,somethingisinvestigated.IntheMethodssectionofaresearcharticle,anexplanationwillbeprovidedofhowthedatawascollectedortheresearchwasconducted.学术英语论文写作Focusingthereader'sattentiononthefirstpartofasentenceExampleA

Scientistsconductedtestsonthesubstancestotrytoascertainlevelsoftoxicity.ExampleB

Testswereconductedonthesubstancestotrytoascertainlevelsoftoxicity.HelpingthewritertosoundmoreobjectiveExampleA

AccordingtoareportbytheDepartmentofTransport(2001),congestiononUKroadshasbeenincreasingoveraten-year...ExampleB

Inmyopinion,roadsintheUKarebecomingmorecongested….学术英语论文写作Alternativestothepassivevoice

注意不能滥用被动语态，有时主动语态更加明确和精炼；ExtractA

Fromthesamplestakenfrompatients,itwasindicatedthatthediseasewasmoredifficulttotacklethanpreviouslythought.ExtractB

Samplestakenfrompatientsindicatedthatthediseasewasmoredifficulttotacklethanpreviouslythought.学术英语论文写作用名词作主语代替被动语态Thesamplewasanalysedtorevealgreatdifferencesbetweenages.Analysisofthesamplerevealedgreatdifferencesbetweenages.主语是具体实物Itwasfoundfromtheexperimentthat…Theexperimentshowedthat…..学术英语论文写作Prepositions

学术英语论文写作Verbs

：agree，aim，comment，DealAdjectives：aware，dissatisfied，accustomed，sympatheticNouns：comparison，reaction，rise，solution学术英语论文写作Reportingverbs

学术英语论文写作Reportingverbsinacademicwriting

CommonreportingverbsSmithdescribedthesituationinAsia.Heobservedthatapplesofthistypeareusuallygreen.Smith'sworkestablishedthatbuyersdislikeunnaturallycolouredapples.Thestudyrevealedthatgreenappleswerelesspopularwiththeconsumerthanredones.TheresearchconfirmedthatbuyersbothinAsiaandtheUKdislikeblueapples.Smith'sstudyaddressedthequestionofmaleandfemalepreferences.

学术英语论文写作ObjectiveorEvaluativeObjective:describe,identify,present,propose,report,state,suggestNegative:claimPositive:identify,establish,show学术英语论文写作criticalreportingverbs并不是批评作者，只是指出他未报道；ThoughJones(1989)discusseshardwarerequirementsatlength,shedoesnotdealwith

systemreliability.Indeedshedoesnotcoversoftwareeither,sayingnothingaboutdatabasedesign.Howard(1991),ontheotherhand,treatsdatabasedesignindetail,butdoesnotconsiderthelimitationsofdatabasesinpractice.Smith(2001)considersseverallimitationsofdatabaseuse,butdoesnotaddressthespecificproblemofgenderpreferences.学术英语论文写作在某些特定的情况下，需要指出某些文献的弱点，或者问题，而提出“批评”；ThoughJones(1989)discusseshardwarerequirementsatlength,shefailstomentionsystemreliability.

Howard(1991),ontheotherhand,treatsdatabasedesignindetail,butignoresthelimitationsofdatabasesinpractice.

Smith(2001)considersseverallimitationsofdatabaseuse,butomitsalldiscussionofthespecificproblemofgenderpreferences.

Williams(2002)inalongreviewofSmith(2001)evaluatestheresearchmethodology,butcompletely

ignoresthesamplesize.

学术英语论文写作Tensesusedwithreportingverbs

所有报道都是过去的事情，是否全部用过去时？通常用哪几种时态？句子中包括时间表达（e.g.by1998,recently,todate），是否影响时态？作者对于报道的态度是否影响时态的选择？学术英语论文写作论文编辑与检查EditandProofread学术英语论文写作StagesPartsofstagesExploringandpreplanningExploreandevaluatealternativeidea,organizationandapproachestodevelopingyourtextPlanningandorganisationPlanextensivelybeforedraftingProduceanoutlineReviseplansdraftingwritethefirstdraftdonotworrytoomuchaboutthegrammarandmechanicsofwritingstopfrequentlytoreread/reflectontheorganizationandcontentofthetext-butdonoteditatthisstagerevisingandeditingViewthedraftasareader-becriticalofyourworkproofreadingreadyourfinalversionveryclosely;checkeveryword,letter,spaceandpunctuationmark学术英语论文写作编辑和修改论文Isthemainideaclearlyexpressed?Isthecontentrelevanttothequestionorthetopic?Aretheresufficientexamplestosupportthemainideas?Isthereaclearstructuretothecontent?Istheinformationwell-linkedtogether?学术英语论文写作EditingforcoherenceDoesthetextmakesense?Aretheideaspresentedinalogicalorder?Doesthetextmakeuseofsignpost/linkinglanguagetoguidethereader?HaveyouputknowninformationBEFOREnewinformation?/generalisationBEFOREexamples?Haveyoumadethelinkbetweenideasclear?学术英语论文写作BusinessProcessRe-EngineeringisoneofthetwoprincipalconceptsinBusinessEngineering,whichisanewapproachtohelporganizationstocopewiththechangingenvironmentinwhichtheyare.Itisaviewoftheentirebusinessintermsofwhy,whatandhowprocesses-aseriesofstepsdoneinordertoaccomplishadefinedtaskwithintheenterprise-areperformed,andtheotherisBusinessImprovement.Oncetheenterprisehasbeenre-engineeringprocessesneedtobemaintainedandimprovedinordertosurviveinthechangingenvironment.学术英语论文写作PROOFREADING

英语文章的准确性ACCURACY

GrammarSpellingPunctutation学术英语论文写作Wrongorimprecisechoiceofword;Wrongchoiceofgrammar(especiallytense,preposition,article,subject/verbagreement)Wrongspelling,inconsistentspelling(e.g.amixtureofBritishandAmericanEnglish),mistypedwordsUseofinformallanguage(slang,idiomsandmostphrasalverbs)Misuseofpunctuation(especiallycommas,fullstops,capitalletters)学术英语论文写作verbtensessubject-verbagreementpluralsarticlesprepositionspronounswordformsGrammar:HaveIcheckedforgrammaticalerrors?学术英语论文写作sentencefragmentsrun-onsentencesparallelstructuresspellingandpunctuationisspellingcorrect?Isspellingconsistent?（organize）Ispunctuationcorrect?sentencestructure学术英语论文写作FontsizeandtypeIndentationJustificationofparagraphsMarginsSpacingSectionnumberingPagenumberingHeadersandfootersCapitalizationItalicized,bold-printedorunderlinedwordsWordingandfontoftitlesPresentation:haveIcheckedthepresentation?学术英语论文写作Positionedproperly?Referredtodirectly?Titledandlabeledcorrectly?Citedappropriately?ListedinthelistoftablesorillustrationsHaveIcheckedthattables,graphsandillustration学术英语论文写作REFERENCINGANDCITATIONSAreallsourcesacknowledged?Arecitationsformattedcorrectly?Arequotationmarksusedfordirectquotes?Isthereferencelistcompleteandaccurate?Isreferencingconsistent?学术英语论文写作Subject-verbagreementINCORRECT:Theexperienceoflivingoverseasandlearningthelanguageandcustomsofothercountriesareofgreatbenefittointernationalstudents.CORRECT:Theexperienceoflivingoverseasandlearningthelanguageandcustomsofothercountriesisofgreatbenefittointernationalstudents.Participles:INCORRECT:Studyingtheseexamples,theconclusionswereclear.CORRECT:Whentheseexampleswerestudied,theconclusionswereclear.学术英语论文写作PronounsINCORRECT:Littleresearchexistsonoldermigrants’previouslanguagelearningwhogotoenrolloncourses.CORRECT:Littleresearchexistsonthepreviouslanguagelearningofoldermigrantswhogotoenrolloncourses.SentenceFragmentsINCORRECT:Themorevaluableassetssuchasland,jewelleryorlengthsoffabricrepresentwealth.Whereassmalllivestockhaveamoreutilitarianfunction.CORRECT:Themorevaluableassetssuchasland,jewelleryorlengthsoffabricrepresentwealth,whereassmalllivestockhaveamoreutilitarianfunction.学术英语论文写作Run-onsentencesINCORRECT:Theresultsalsosuggestthattherewerenogenderdifferencesinthepropensitytorecyclewaste,thisisinaccordwiththeliteraturesurvey.CORRECT:Theresultsalsosuggestthattherewerenogenderdifferencesinthepropensitytorecyclewaste.Thisisinaccordwiththeliteraturesurvey.ParallelstructuresINCORRECT:Theprojectisaimedatanticipatingeventsinthisregion,andtoenhanceourlimitedabilitytodiscernandinterpretsignsofunrestinothervolcanicareas.CORRECT:Theprojectisaimedatanticipatingeventsinthisregion,andenhancingourlimitedabilitytodiscernandinterpretsignsofunrestinothervolcanicareas.学术英语论文写作ProblemsGrammarmistakes,colloquialisms,andformattingproblemsWritingextremelylongsentences学术英语论文写作omissionofarticlesa,an,andtheomittedwheretheyarerequiredusedwheretheyarenotneededorcontributetowordinessusedwronglyinplaceofthecorrectarticle学术英语论文写作Examples1.Incorrect:Figure2showsthedistributionofrelativevelocityonsurfaceofmainandsplitterblades.15Correct:Figure2showsthedistributionofrelativevelocityonthesurfaceofthemainandsplitterblades.152.Incorrect:ThesoftwarePowerSHAPEischosentobea3Dmodelingtool;itisgoodatdealingwithfreesurfacesandcurves.4Correct:ThesoftwarePowerSHAPEischosentobethe3Dmodelingtool;itisgoodatdealingwithfreesurfacesandcurves.4学术英语论文写作VerylongsentencesVerylongsentencesareespeciallycommoninChinese-EnglishwritingbecausethewritersoftentranslatedirectlyfromChinesetoEnglish.Although,inChinesewritingitisacceptabletoputseveralsupportingideasinonsentencetoshowtheirrelationshipInEnglish,themainideaandeachsupportingideaistypicallywritteninseparatesentences.Longsentencescanbeavoidedbylimitingeachsentencetooneortwotopics.Semicolonsshouldbeusedwherethewriterreallywantstoemphasizetherelationshipbetweenideas.学术英语论文写作Toolong:Thegeartransmissionisgradeseven,thegeargapis0.00012radians,thegeargaphasdifferentoutputvaluescorrespondingtoanygiveninputvalue,nonlinearityofthegeargapmodelcanbedescribedbyusingthephasefunctionmethod,theexistingbacklashblockinthenon-linearlibraryoftheMatlab/zdimulinktoolboxcanbeused,theinitialvalueofgeargapinthebacklashblockissettozeroCorrect:Thegeartransmissionisgradeseven.Thegeargap,whichis0.00012radians,hasdifferentoutputvaluescorrespondingtoanygiveninputvalue.Thenonlinearityofthegeargapmodelcanbedescribedbyusingthephasefunctionmethod.Theexistingbacklashblockinthenon-linearlibraryoftheMatlab/zdimulinktoolboxcanbeused;theinitialvalueofgeargapinthebacklashblockissettozero.学术英语论文写作Super-longsentenceabulletedlistAnothertypeofsuper-longsentencethatfrequentlyoccursintechnicalpapersisthatofalist.Thewriterwantstogivealargeamountofdata,usuallyparametervalues,andputsthisinformationintoonelong,paragraph-sizedsentence.Thebestwaytogivesuchtypeandquantityofinformationistotabulateit(putitinabulletedlist).学术英语论文写作学术英语论文写作学术英语论文写作BringthemainideatothebeginningChinesewritersoftenprefacethemaintopicofasentencebyfirststatingthepurpose,location,reason,examplesandconditionsasintroductoryelements.Thishastheeffe