雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析)

雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.WilliamGilbertandMagnetismA16thand17thcenturiessawtwogreatpioneersofmodernscience:GalileoandGilbert.Theimpactoftheirfindingsiseminent.Gilbertwasthefirstmodernscientist,alsotheaccreditedfatherofthescienceofelectricityandmagnetism,anEnglishmanoflearningandaphysicianatthecourtofElizabeth.Priortohim,allthatwasknownofelectricityandmagnetismwaswhattheancientsknew,nothingmorethanthatthelodestonepossessedmagneticpropertiesandthatamberandjet,whenrubbed,wouldattractbitsofpaperorothersubstancesofsmallspecificgravity.However,heislesswell-knownthanhedeserves.BGilbert’sbirthpredatedGalileo.BorninaneminentlocalfamilyinColchestercountyintheUK,onMay24,1544,hewenttogrammarschool,andthenstudiedmedicineatSt.John’sCollege,Cambridge,graduatingin1573.LaterhetraveledinthecontinentandeventuallysettleddowninLondon.CHewasaverysuccessfulandeminentdoctor.AllthisculminatedinhiselectiontothepresidentoftheRoyalScienceSociety.HewasalsoappointedthepersonalphysiciantotheQueen(ElizabethI),andlaterknightedbytheQueen.Hefaithfullyservedheruntilherdeath.However,hedidn’toutlivetheQueenforlonganddiedonDecember10,1603,onlyafewmonthsafterhisappointmentaspersonalphysiciantoKingJames.DGilbertwasfirstinterestedinchemistrybutlaterchangedhisfocusduetothelargeportionofmysticismofalchemyinvolved(suchasthetransmutationofmetal).Hegraduallydevelopedhisinterestinphysicsafterthegreatmindsoftheancient,particularlyabouttheknowledgetheancientGreekshadaboutlodestones,strangemineralswiththepowertoattractiron.Inthemeantime,Britainbecameamajorseafaringnationin1588whentheSpanishArmadawasdefeated,openingthewaytoBritishsettlementofAmerica.Britishshipsdependedonthemagneticcompass,yetnooneunderstoodwhyitworked.Didthepolestarattractit,asColumbusoncespeculated;orwasthereamagneticmountainatthepole,asdescribedinOdyssey,whichshipswouldneverapproach,becausethesailorsthoughtitspullwouldyankoutalltheirironnailsandfittings?Fornearly20yearsWilliamGilbertconductedingeniousexperimentstounderstandmagnetism.HisworksincludeOntheMagnetandMagneticBodies,GreatMagnetoftheEarth.EGilbert’sdiscoverywassoimportanttomodernphysics.Heinvestigatedthenatureofmagnetismandelectricity.Heevencoinedtheword“electric”.Thoughtheearlybeliefsofmagnetismwerealsolargelyentangledwithsuperstitionssuchasthatrubbinggarliconlodestonecanneutralizeitsmagnetism,oneexamplebeingthatsailorsevenbelievedthesmellofgarlicwouldeveninterferewiththeactionofcompass,whichiswhyhelmsmenwereforbiddentoeatitnearaship’scompass.Gilbertalsofoundthatmetalscanbemagnetizedbyrubbingmaterialssuchasfur,plasticorthelikeonthem.Henamedtheendsofamagnet“northpole”and“southpole”.Themagneticpolescanattractorrepel,dependingonpolarity.Inaddition,however,ordinaryironisalwaysattractedtoamagnet.Thoughhestartedtostudytherelationshipbetweenmagnetismandelectricity,sadlyhedidn’tcompleteit.Hisresearchofstaticelectricityusingamberandjetonlydemonstratedthatobjectswithelectricalchargescanworklikemagnetsattractingsmallpiecesofpaperandstuff.ItisaFrenchguynamedduFaythatdiscoveredthatthereareactuallytwoelectricalcharges,positiveandnegative.FHealsoquestionedthetraditionalastronomicalbeliefs.ThoughaCoper-nican,hedidn’texpressinhisquintessentialbeliefswhethertheearthisatthecenteroftheuniverseorinorbitaroundthesun.Howeverhebelievedthatstarsarenotequidistantfromtheearth,buthavetheirownearth-likeplanetsorbitingaroundthem.Theearthisitselflikeagiantmagnet,whichisalsowhycompassesalwayspointnorth.Theyspinonanaxisthatisalignedwiththeearth’spolarity.Heevenlikenedthepolarityofthemagnettothepolarityoftheearthandbuiltanentiremagneticphilosophyonthisanalogy.Inhisexplanation,magnetismwasthesouloftheearth.Thusaperfectlysphericallodestone,whenalignedwiththeearth’spoles,wouldwobbleallbyitselfin24hours.Further,healsobelievedthatsunsandotherstarswobblejustliketheearthdoesaroundacrystalcore,andspeculatedthatthemoonmightalsobeamagnetcausedtoorbitbyitsmagneticattractiontotheearth.Thiswasperhapsthefirstproposalthataforcemightcauseaheavenlyorbit.GHisresearchmethodwasrevolutionaryinthatheusedexperimentsratherthanpurelogicandreasoningliketheancientGreekphilosophersdid.Itwasanewattitudetowardscientificinvestigation.Untilthen,scientificexperimentswerenotinfashion.Itwasbecauseofthisscientificattitude,togetherwithhiscontributiontoourknowledgeofmagnetism,thataunitofmagnetomotiveforce,alsoknownasmagneticpotential,wasnamedGilbertinhishonor.Hisapproachofcarefulobservationandexperimentationratherthantheauthoritativeopinionordeductivephilosophyofothershadlaidtheveryfoundationformodernscience.Readingpassage1hassevenparagraphsA-GChoosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumberi-xinboxes1-7onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsiEarlyyearsofGilbertiiWhatwasnewabouthisscientificresearchmethodiiiThedevelopmentofchemistryivQuestioningtraditionalastronomyvPioneersoftheearlyscienceviProfessionalandsocialrecognitionviiBecomingthepresidentoftheRoyalScienceSocietyviiiThegreatworksofGilbertixHisdiscoveryaboutmagnetismxHischangeoffocus1．ParagraphA正确答案：V解析：段落开头提到具体时间“16th，17thcenturies”，同时出现人名Galileo和Gilbert，与标题v的“early”和“pioneers”对应，段落主体部分讲述这两个人都是伟大的科学家，且对Gilbert进行了更详细的介绍。其余标题的信息该段落都没有提到，故选择标题v。2．ParagraphB正确答案：i解析：段落明显提到了Gilbert的出生、早年教育和旅行经历，与标题i相符。其余标题的信息该段落都没有提到，故选择标题i。3．ParagraphC正确答案：vi解析：该段落虽然提到了Gilbert成为“RoyalScienceSociety”的“president”．与标题vii对应，但是明显这个信息在全段落中只是一个细节信息，是Gilbert诸多成就其中之一，并没有提到成为president的过程，所以该选项应该排除。该段落主要讲述了Gilbert的诸多成就：出色的医生，成为president，被女王指派为个人医生，以及最终被加冕为爵士，对应段落标题vi。其余标题的信息该段落都没有提到，故选择标题vi。4．ParagraphD正确答案：x解析：段落讲述了Gilbert的兴趣从化学转换到物理的过程，对应标题x。虽然段落最后提到了Gilbert的一些著作，但是很明显这个信息只是全段落中的一个细节，且其余标题的信息该段落都没有提到，故选择标题x。5．ParagraphE正确答案：ix解析：段落讲述了Gilbert在物理学上的研究，并出现了大量具体的、细节的研究成果信息，对应标题ix。其余标题的信息该段落都没有提到，故选择标题ix。6．ParagraphF正确答案：iv解析：段落主要讲述了天文方面的内容，并出现了大量天文学术语，对应标题iv。其余标题的信息该段落都没有提到，故选择标题iv。7．ParagraphG正确答案：ii解析：段落主要讲述了Gilbert在研究方法方面的创新，对应标题ii。其余标题的信息该段落都没有提到，故选择标题ii。DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Inboxes8-10onyouranswersheetwriteTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis8．Heislessfamousthanheshouldbe.A．TRUEB．FALSEC．NotGiven正确答案：A解析：根据顺序性原则，定位于段落A最后一句“Heislesswell-knownthanhedeserves．”题目是原文的同义表达，所以选择True。9．HewasfamousasadoctorbeforehewasemployedbytheQueen.A．TRUEB．FALSEC．NotGiven正确答案：A解析：利用细节词“doctor”和“Queen”，定位于段落C开头部分“Hewasaverysuccessfulandeminentdoctor．．．appointedthepersonalphysiciantotheQueen．”这里是一个顺序描述，所以他是在被雇佣前就已经famous(对应原文eminent)。题目是对这个原文信息的简单归纳与总结，所以选择True。10．Helostfaithinthemedicaltheoriesofhistime.A．TRUEB．FALSEC．NotGiven正确答案：C解析：原文中没有提到Gilbert对当时“medicaltheories”的任何信息，只在D段落提及他丧失了对化学的兴趣。题目出现了原文未提及的细节信息或概念，所以选择NotGiven。ChooseTHREElettersA-F.Writeyouranswersinboxes11-13onyouranswersheet.WhichTHREEofthefollowingarepartsofGilbert’sdiscovery?AMetalcanbetransformedintoanother.BGarliccanremovemagnetism.CMetalscanbemagnetized.DStarsareatdifferentdistancesfromtheearth.ETheearthwobblesonitsaxis.FTherearetwochargesofelectricity.11．正确答案：C解析：选项A，金属转变为其他金属“metalcanbetransformed”对应炼金术“alchemy”，定位于段落D开头，但是文中明显说到Gilbert因为不相信炼金术转而投入对物理的研究。所以不可能属于他的研究发现，排除。选项B，利用细节词“garlic”定位于段落E第三句话，但是原文明显提到这是迷信(“superstition”)，所以也不属于他的研究发现。排除。选项C，金属被磁化对应段落E中间部分“Gilbertalsofoundthatmetalscanbemagnetizedbyrubbingmaterials…”，明显属于他的研究发现(对应单词“found”)，为正确答案。选项D，根据选项天文学内容定位于段落F，利用细节词“star”和“earth”定位与该段落第三句话“hebelievedthatstarsarenotequidistantfromtheearth”，明显属于他的研究发现(对应单词“believe”)，为正确答案。选项E，与选项D相同，也定位与段落F，根据细节信息“wobbleonitsaxis”定位与该段落倒数第二句话“healsobelievedthatsunsandotherstarswobblejustliketheearthdoes…”，明显属于他的研究发现(对应单词“believe”)，为正确答案。选项F，利用细节信息“twochargesofelectricity”，定位于段落E最后一句话。原文明显提到这是法国人duFay的发现，所以不属于Gilbert的研究发现，排除。12．正确答案：D13．正确答案：EYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.ITWASthesummer,scientistsnowrealise,whenglobalwarmingatlastmadeitselfunmistakablyfelt.Weknewthatsummer2003wasremarkable:BritainexperienceditsrecordhightemperatureandcontinentalEuropesawforestfiresragingoutofcontrol,greatriversdryingtoatrickleandthousandsofheat-relateddeaths.Butjusthowremarkableisonlynowbecomingclear.ThethreemonthsofJune,JulyandAugustwerethewarmesteverrecordedinwesternandcentralEurope,withrecordnationalhighsinPortugal,GermanyandSwitzerlandaswellasinBritain.Andtheywerethewarmestbyaverylongway.OveragreatrectangularblockoftheearthstretchingfromwestofParistonorthernItaly,takinginSwitzerlandandsouthernGermany,theaveragetemperatureforthesummermonthswas3.78°Cabovethelong-termnorm,saidtheClimaticResearchUnit(CRU)oftheUniversityofEastAngliainNorwich,whichisoneoftheworld’sleadinginstitutionsforthemonitoringandanalysisoftemperaturerecords.Thatexcessmightnotseemalotuntilyouareawareofthecontext—butthenyourealiseitisenormous.Thereisnothinglikethisinpreviousdata,anywhere.ItisconsideredsoexceptionalthatProfessorPhilJones,theCRU’sdirector,ispreparedtosayopenly—inawayfewscientistshavedonebefore—thatthe2003extrememaybedirectlyattributed,nottonaturalclimatevariability,buttoglobalwarmingcausedbyhumanactions.Meteorologistshavehithertocontentedthemselveswiththeformulathatrecenthightemperaturesare“consistentwithpredictions”ofclimatechange.Forthegreatblockofthemap—thatstretchingbetween35-50Nand0-20E—theCRUhasreliabletemperaturerecordsdatingbackto1781.Usingasabaselinetheaveragesummertemperaturerecordedbetween1961and1990,departuresfromthetemperaturenorm,or“anomalies”,overtheareaasawholecaneasilybeplotted.Asthegraphshows,suchisthevariabilityofourclimatethatoverthepast200years,therehavebeenatleasthalfadozenanomalies,intermsofexcesstemperature—thepeaksonthegraphdenotingveryhotyears—approaching,orevenexceeding,2°C.Buttherehasbeennothingremotelylike2003,whentheanomalyisnearlyfourdegrees.”Thisisquiteremarkable,”ProfessorJonestoldTheIndependent“It’sveryunusualinastatisticalsense.Ifthisserieshadanormalstatisticaldistribution,youwouldn’tgetthisnumber.Thereturnperiod[howoftenitcouldbeexpectedtorecur]wouldbesomethinglikeoneinathousandyears.Ifwelookatanexcessabovetheaverageofnearlyfourdegrees,thenperhapsnearlythreedegreesofthatisnaturalvariability,becausewe’veseenthatinpastsummers.Butthefinaldegreeofitislikelytobeduetoglobalwarming,causedbyhumanactions.”Thesummerof2003has,inasense,beenonethatclimatescientistshavelongbeenexpecting.Untilnow,thewarminghasbeenmanifestingitselfmainlyinwintersthathavebeenlesscoldthaninsummersthathavebeenmuchhotter.Lastweek,theUnitedNationspredictedthatwinterswerewarmingsoquicklythatwintersportswoulddieoutinEurope’slower-levelskiresorts.Butsoonerorlatertheunprecedentedhotsummerwasboundtocome,andthisyearitdid.Oneofthemostdramaticfeaturesofthesummerwasthehotnights,especiallyinthefirsthalfofAugust.InParis,thetemperatureneverdroppedbelow23°C(73.4°F)atallbetween7and14August,andthecityrecordeditswarmest-evernighton11-12August,whenthemercurydidnotdropbelow25.5°C(77.9°F).Germanyrecordeditswarmest-evernightatWeinbietintheRhinevalleywithalowestfigureof27.6°C(80.6°F)on13August,andsimilarrecord-breakingnighttimetemperatureswererecordedinSwitzerlandandItaly.The15,000excessdeathsinFranceduringAugust,comparedwithpreviousyears,havebeenrelatedtothehighnight-timetemperatures.Thenumbergraduallyincreasedduringthefirst12daysofthemonth,peakingatabout2,000perdayonthenightof12-13August,thenfelloffdramaticallyafter14Augustwhentheminimumtemperaturesfellbyabout5°C.Theelderlyweremostaffected,witha70percentincreaseinmortalityrateinthoseaged75-94.ForBritain,theyearasawholeislikelytobethewarmesteverrecorded,butdespitethehightemperaturerecordon10August,thesummeritself—definedastheJune,JulyandAugustperiod—stillcomesbehind1976and1995,whentherewerelongerperiodsofintenseheat.Atthemoment,theyearisoncoursetobethethird-hottesteverintheglobaltemperaturerecord,whichgoesbackto1856,behind1998and2002,butwhenalltherecordsforOctober,NovemberandDecemberarecollated,itmightmoveintosecondplace,ProfessorJonessaid.The10hottestyearsintherecordhaveallnowoccurredsince1990.ProfessorJonesisinnodoubtabouttheastonishingnatureofEuropeansummerof2003.“Thetemperaturesrecordedwereoutofallproportiontothepreviousrecord,”hesaid.“Itwasthewarmestsummerinthepast500yearsandprobablywaybeyondthat.Itwasenormouslyexceptional.”HiscolleaguesattheUniversityofEastAnglia’sTyndallCentreforClimateChangeResearcharenowplanningaspecialstudyofit.“Itwasasummerthathasnotbeenexperiencedbefore,eitherintermsofthetemperatureextremesthatwerereached,ortherangeanddiversityoftheimpactsoftheextremeheat,”saidthecentresexecutivedirector,ProfessorMikeHulme.”Itwillcertainlyhaveleftitsmarkonanumberofcountries,astohowtheythinkandplanforclimatechangeinthefuture,muchasthe2000floodshaverevolutionisedthewaytheGovernmentisthinkingaboutfloodingintheUK.“The2003heatwavewillhavesimilarrepercussionsacrossEurope.”Questions14-19DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes14-19onyouranswersheetwriteYESifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationNOifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis14．Theaveragesummertemperaturein2003isalmost4degreeshigherthantheaveragetemperatureofthepast.A．YesB．NoC．NotGiven正确答案：A解析：利用细节信息“4degrees”定位于第四段最后一句话“…whentheanomalyisnearlyfourdegrees”，题目与原文是同义表达，所以选择Yes。15．Globalwarmingiscaused.byhumanactivities.A．YesB．NoC．NotGiven正确答案：A解析：利用细节信息“globalwarming”和“humanactivities”，定位于第五段最后一句话“…globalwarming，causedbyhumanactions”。题目与原文是同义表达，所以选择Yes。16．Jonesbelievesthetemperaturevariationiswithinthenormalrange.A．YesB．NoC．NotGiven正确答案：B解析：利用细节词“Jones”，定位于第五段开头，“It’sveryunusualinastatisticalsense．Ifthisserieshadanormalstatisticaldistribution，youwouldn’tgetthisnumber.”题目说这个温度变化正常，而原文说不正常(“unusual”)，题目与原文直接相反，所以选择No。17．Thetemperatureismeasuredtwiceadayinmajorcities.A．YesB．NoC．NotGiven正确答案：C解析：原文中没有提及任何关于“measuredtwiceinmajorcities”的信息。题目中出现原文未提及的细节信息或概念，所以选择NotGiven。18．Thereweremilderwintersratherthanhottersummersbefore2003.A．YesB．NoC．NotGiven正确答案：A解析：利用细节信息“milderwintersratherthanhottersummers”定位于第六段第2行“thewarminghasbeenmanifestingitselfmainlyinwintersthathavebeenlesscoldthaninsummersthathavebeenmuchhotter”。题目与原文是同义表达，所以选择Yes。19．Governmentsarebuildingnewhigh-altitudeskiresorts.A．YesB．NoC．NotGiven正确答案：C解析：利用细节信息“skiresorts”定位于第六段倒数第二句话“…wintersportswoulddieoutinEurope’slower-levelskiresorts”。原文只说低海拔的滑雪胜地的冬季运动会消失，但是是否会修建高海拔的滑雪胜地并没有提及。题目中出现原文未提及的细节信息或概念，所以选择NotGiven。AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes20-21onyouranswersheet.20．WhataretheothertwohottestyearsinBritainbesides2003?正确答案：1.9762e+007解析：题目要求填写两个年代，利用反向思维，如果原文某个段落有答案则该段落必须出现两个或以上的年代(且不能是2003)和细节词“Britain”，由此可以定位与倒数第三段第一句话“ForBritain…thesummeritself．．．stillcomesbehind1976and1995”，所以答案为1976，1995。21．Whatwillalsoinfluencegovernmentpoliciesinthefuturelikethehotsummerin2003?正确答案：2000flood(s)/flooding解析：利用细节词“governmentpolicies”，可以定位于最后一段第一句话“…muchasthe2000floodshaverevolutionizedthewaytheGovernmentisthinkingaboutfloodingintheUK”。原文“revolutionize”对应题目“influence”，原文“thewaytheGovernmentisthinking”对应题目“policies”，所以答案为2000floods。CompletethesummarybelowusingNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassage.Writeyouranswersinboxes22-25onyouranswersheet.Theothertwohottestyearsaroundglobewere【R1】______.Thetenhottestyearsonrecordallcomeaftertheyear【R2】______.Thistemperaturedatahasbeengatheredsince【R3】______.Thousandsofpeoplediedinthecountryof【R4】______.22．【R1】正确答案：1998and2002解析：与21题相似，题目要求填写两个年代，利用反向思维，如果原文某个段落有答案则该段落必须出现两个或以上的年代，再利用细节信息“aroundtheglobe”可以定位于倒数第三段第四行，“theyearisoncoursetothebethird-hottesteverintheglobaltemperaturerecord，whichgoesbackto1856，behind1998and2002”，所以答案为1998and2002。23．【R2】正确答案：1990解析：利用细节词“tenhottestyears”，定位于倒数第三段中间靠后“the10hottestyearsintherecordhaveallnowoccurredsince1990”，所以答案为1990。24．【R3】正确答案：1856解析：这道题对应的细节信息与21题对应的细节信息是同一句话“theyearisoncoursetothebethird—hottesteverintheglobaltemperaturerecord，whichgoesbackto1856，behind1998and2002”，“since”对应“datesback”，所以答案为1856。25．【R4】正确答案：France解析：本题违反顺序原则，但是利用细节信息“thousandsofpeopledied”，同时根据“thecountryof”(可以得知答案应为一国家名)，可以定位于第6页第三段第一句话“The15，000excessdeathsinFrance…”，所以答案为France。26．ChoosethecorrectletterA,B,CorD.Writeyouranswerinbox26onyouranswersheet.Whichoneofthefollowingcanbebestusedasthetitleofthispassage?AGlobalWarmingBWhatCausedGlobalWarmingCTheEffectsofGlobalWarmingDThatHotYearinEurope正确答案：D解析：选项A，如果全文的标题为“GlobalWarming”，则全文应围绕GlobalWarming大做文章，可能要详细描述GlobalWarming现象，提及成因，影响和应对等诸多方面。但是本文显然没有这样写，而是着重强调2003年欧洲酷热这一现象，所以排除。选项B。如果全文的标题为“WhatCausedGlobalWarming”，则全文应通篇讲述各种可能的原因和理论，而本文只在第三段和第五段轻描淡写的提了一下GlobalWarming是“humanactions”导致的，纯属细节，所以排除。选项C，如果全文标题为“TheEffectsofGlobalWarming”，则全文应描述Globalwarming导致的多个结果(“effects”是复数形式暗示多个结果)，例如：2003年酷热、南北极冰川融化、极端气候现象、物种更快灭绝、粮食减产等等，而文章只讲到2003年酷热这一个GlobalWarming导致的结果，与此标题不符，所以排除。选项D，与文章讲述2003年酷热的主要内容符合，所以为正确答案。Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.AmateurNaturalistsFromtheresultsofanannualAlaskanbettingcontesttosightingsofmigratorybirds,ecologistsareusingawealthofunusualdatatopredicttheimpactofclimatechange.ATimSparksslidesasmallleather-boundnotebookoutofanenvelope.Thebook’syellowingpagescontainbeekeepingnotesmadebetween1941and1969bythelateWalterCoatesofKilworth,Leicestershire.Headdsittohisgrowingpileoflocaljournals,birdwatchers’listsandgardeningdiaries.“We’reuncoveringaboutonemajornewrecordeachmonth,”hesays,“Istillgetsurprised.”AroundtwocenturiesbeforeCoates,RobertMarsham,alandownerfromNorfolkintheeastofEngland,beganrecordingthelifecyclesofplantsandanimalsonhisestate—whenthefirstwoodanemonesflowered,thedatesonwhichtheoaksburstintoleafandtherooksbegannesting.SuccessiveMarshamscontinuedcompilingthesenotesfor211years.BToday,suchrecordsarebeingputtousesthattheirauthorscouldnotpossiblyhaveexpected.Thesedatasets,andotherslikethem,areprovinginvaluabletoecologistsinterestedinthetimingofbiologicalevents,orphenology.Bycombiningtherecordswithclimatedata,researcherscanrevealhow,forexample,changesintemperatureaffectthearrivalofspring,allowingecologiststomakeimprovedpredictionsabouttheimpactofclimatechange.Asmallbandofresearchersiscombingthroughhundredsofyearsofrecordstakenbythousandsofamateurnaturalists.Andmoresystematicprojectshavealsostartedup,producinganoverwhelmingresponse.“Theamountofinterestisalmostfrightening,”saysSparks,aclimateresearcherattheCentreforEcologyandHydrologyinMonksWood,Cambridgeshire.CSparksfirstbecameawareofthearmyof“closetphenologists”,ashedescribesthem,whenaretiringcolleaguegavehimtheMarshamrecords.Henowspendsmuchofhistimefollowingleadsfromonehistoricaldatasettoanother.Asnewsofhisquestspreads,peopletiphimofftootherhistoricalrecords,andmoreamateurphenologistscomeoutoftheirclosets.TheBritishdevotiontorecordingandcollectingmakeshisjobeasier—onemanfromKentsenthim30years’worthofkitchencalendars,onwhichhehadnotedthedatethathisneighbour’smagnoliatreeflowered.DOtherresearchershaveuneartheddatafromequallyoddsources.RafeSagarin,anecologistatStanfordUniversityinCalifornia,recentlystudiedrecordsofabettingcontestinwhichparticipantsattempttoguesstheexacttimeatwhichaspeciallyerectedwoodentripodwillfallthroughthesurfaceofathawingriver.ThecompetitionhastakenplaceannuallyontheTenanaRiverinAlaskasince1917,andanalysisoftheresultsshowedthatthethawnowarrivesfivedaysearlierthanitdidwhenthecontestbegan.EOverall,suchrecordshavehelpedtoshowthat,comparedwith20yearsago,araftofnaturaleventsnowoccurearlieracrossmuchofthenorthernhemisphere,fromtheopeningofleavestothereturnofbirdsfrommigrationandtheemergenceofbutterfliesfromhibernation.Thedatacanalsohintathownaturewillchangeinthefuture.Togetherwithmodelsofclimatechange,amateurs’recordscouldhelpguideconservation.TerryRoot,anecologistattheUniversityofMichiganinAnnArbor,hascollectedbirdwatchers’countsofwildfowltakenbetween1955and1996onseasonalpondsintheAmericanMidwestandcombinedthemwithclimatedataandmodelsoffuturewarming.Heranalysisshowsthattheincreaseddroughtsthatthemodelspredictcouldhalvethebreedingpopulationsattheponds.“ThenumberofwaterfowlinNorthAmericawillmostprobablydropsignificantlywithglobalwarming,”shesays.FButnotallprofessionalsarehappytouseamateurdata.“Alotofscientistswon’ttouchthem,theysaythey’retoofullofproblems,”saysRoot.Becausedifferentobserverscanhavedifferentideasofwhatconstitutes,forexample,anopensnowdrop.“Thebiggestconcernwithadhocobservationsishowcarefullyandsystematicallytheyweretaken,”saysMarkSchwartzoftheUniversityofWisconsin,Milwaukee,whostudiestheinteractionsbetweenplantsandclimate.“Weneedtoknowprettypreciselywhataperson’sbeenobserving—iftheyjustsay‘Inotedwhentheleavescameout’,itmightnotbethatuseful.”Measuringtheonsetofautumncanbeparticularlyproblematicbecausedecidingwhenleaveschangecolourisamoresubjectiveprocessthannotingwhentheyappear.GOverall,mostphenologistsarepositiveaboutthecontributionthatamateurscanmake.“Theygetattherawpowerofscience:carefulobservationofthenaturalworld,”saysSagarin.Buttheprofessionalsalsoacknowledgetheneedforcarefulqualitycontrol.Root,forexample,triestogaugethequalityofanamateurarchivebyinterviewingitscollector.“Youalwayshavetoworry—thingsastrivialasvacationscanaffectmeasurement.Idisregardalotofrecordsbecausethey’renotrigorousenough,”shesays.Otherssuggestthattherightstatisticscanironoutsomeoftheproblemswithamateurdata.TogetherwithcolleaguesatWageningenUniversityintheNetherlands,environmentalscientistArnoldvanVlietisdevelopingstatisticaltechniquestoaccountfortheuncertaintyinamateurphenologicaldata.Withtheenthusiasmofamateurphenologistsevidentfrompastrecords,professionalresearchersarenowtryingtocreatestandardizedrecordingschemesforfutureefforts.Theyhopethatwell-designedstudieswillgenerateavolumeofobservationslargeenoughtodrownouttheidiosyncrasiesofindividualrecorders.Thedataarecheaptocollect,andcanprovidebreadthinspace,timeandrangeofspecies.“It’sverydifficulttocollectdataonalargegeographicalscalewithoutenlistinganarmyofobservers,”saysRoot.HPhenologyalsohelpstodrivehomemessagesaboutclimatechange.“Becausethepublicunderstandtheserecords,theyacceptthem,”saysSparks.Itcanalsoillustratepotentiallyunpleasantconsequences,headds,suchasthefindingthatmoreratinfestationsarereportedtolocalcouncilsinwarmeryears.Andgettingpeopleinvolvedisgreatforpublicrelations.“Peoplearethrilledtothinkthatthedatathey’vebeencollectingasahobbycanbeusedforsomethingscientific—itempowersthem,”saysRoot.Questions27-33ReadingPassage3haseightparagraphsA-H.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?WritethecorrectletterA-Hinboxes27-33onyouranswersheet.27．Thedefinitionofphenology正确答案：B解析：“phenology”明显是一个专业词汇，在文章中不会出现同义替换，且一个专业词汇的“definition”应该在第一次提到这个词汇的地方，所以可以回原文直接定位于段落B第三行“…thetimingofbiologicalevents，orphenology”，所以phenology就是生物气候学，答案为B。28．HowSparksfirstbecameawareofamateurrecords正确答案：C解析：利用人名细节词“Sparks”和反向思维词“first”很容易定位于段落C第一句话“Sparksfirstbecameawareofthearmyof‘closetphenologists’，ashedescribesthem…”，所以答案为C。29．Howpeoplereactedtotheirinvolvementindatacollection正确答案：H解析：此题难度较高，对应段落H最后一句话“Peoplearethrilledtothinkthatthedatathey’vebeencollectingasahobbycanbeusedforsomethingscientific…”，原文“thrilled”对应题目“reaction”，所以答案为H。30．Thenecessitytoencourageamateurdatacollection正确答案：G解析：此题难度也较高，对应段落G最后一句话“It’sverydifficulttocollectdataonalargegeographicalscalewithoutenlistinganarmyofobservers”，所以答案为G。31．Adescriptionofusingamateurrecordstomakepredictions正确答案：E解析：利用反向思维词“usingamateurrecords”和“predictions”来判断，原文对应信息应出现一些数据或未来的时间。该题对应段落E中部“TerryRoot，anecologistattheUniversityofMichiganinAnnArbor…”之后的所有信息。“birdwatcher’scountsofwaterf