中学英语语法精典总结

学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载中学英语语法精典总结1.宾语从句：1.主句若是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况用适当时态。Hesays(that)hewillhaveawalksoon.Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.2.主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhadgotwell.ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.3.无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.4宾语从句无论有何引导词，都要用陈述句语序。CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?（不是willyou）Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe)2.状语从句：1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if(如果),unless(除非)，when(当…的时候),assoonas(一…就…)，before,after,until,till,as(当…的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek.Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.2而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时，如：IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.3.定语从句：关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”，when指“在那时”。Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautilandkind-hearted.Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell.Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.(所属)Thegirlwhoistallismysister./Iownabikewhosepriceishigh.Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.（指物）Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.IpreferaplacewhereIcanliveaquietlife.（在这儿）Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.4.wish和hope:1wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that从句.IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.2hope接todosth.或that从句.但不接sbtodosth.Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.5.thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.(表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。)Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn’tmakesuchmistakes.(表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，出现了后面的结果。)6.感官动词用法之一：see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形/动词ing,分别表示全过程和正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正进行)Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(听的是全过程)Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(频率词)若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式：Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.→Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.7.感官动词用法之二：look,sound,smell,taste,feel可当系动词，后接形容词。Helooks

.Itsoundsgood.Theflowerssmellbeautil.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.这些动词不用于被动语态。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是错误的。注意：如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词：Helookslikehismother.

Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.Itsmellslikeaflower.

Ittasteslikesalt.8.find和think部分用法:

+宾语+宾语补足语。(代替宾从)宾补有以下情况：1.名词短语，Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.2.形容词短语，Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式，Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.9.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike，和want类似：

都可接名词短语：Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.

都可接带to不定式：Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.

都可接sb,然后再跟带to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.2feellike:

后也可接名词短语：Doyoufeellikesometea?

后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?

Idon’tfeellikedrinkingtea.【feellike常用于疑问句或否定句中。】10.词序易错的短语：1形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge?Nothingserious.

Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.Iwanttogosomewherewarm.2else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?

Whoelseisintheroom?Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?

Whereelsecanyouseeit?3enough修饰形容词和副词，enough放在后面。Thissweaterischeapenough.

Nemoisoldenoughtowork.Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：1Whatdoyouthinkof…?=Howdoyoulike…?“你对…怎么看？”(How…?句中有like，是动词。)

2What’stheweatherlikein…?=Howistheweatherin…?“…的天气什么样?”(What…?句中有like，是介词“像”。)12.take,cost,pay,spend区别：1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.2物+cost+sb+钱:

Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.(cost,cost,cost)若cost后无sb,则译作“价钱是”：Thebagcosts30Yuan.3人+pay+sb+钱+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,paid,paid).(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。)4人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/(in)doingsth.Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.spend有时可指“度过”：spendholiday/weekends/winter13.双宾结构：pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/ask/tell/build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb+sth.其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.buy,build等可接sth+forsb.另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Pleasepassittome.14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词）Keepcarelwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.（连词）Keepcarelwhenlisteningtotheteacher.（介词）类似的，while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。如：I’llwaituntilIhearfromher.（连词）I’llwaituntilnextFriday.（介词）15.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一:1.动词ed作形容词：表示被动或已发生,常作定语。TheboynamedPeterismyfriend.那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用，下同。He’seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸鸡。Thereisnotimeleft.IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.2.动词ing作形容词：表示正进行或功能，常作定语。the

ingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboy

inginthecorner

(正进行)asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit

(功能)16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二：和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.Howexcitingthefilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语：Tobeateacherismydream.

Workinghardbringsyousuccess.Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.（谓语用单数）Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(谓语用单数)Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(谓语用复数)18.later/after/ago/before:1later“…时间后”结构：时间段+later常用于一般过去时。TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.(later单独在句尾，常用于将来时：I’llseeyoulater.)2after“…时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和1相同。TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays.(after也可加句子：I’llsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.

HefoundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetforthirtyminutes.)3ago“…时间前”结构：时间段+ago,用于一般过去时。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago.(since+时间段+ago，主句用现在完成时)4before单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前”IhavebeentoLondonbefore.

Hehasseenthefilmbefore.(若是时间段+before,则常用过去完成时，译为“…时间前”：Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.

Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.)19.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季20.月：January,一月；February,二月；March,三月；April,四月；May,五月；June,六月；July,七月；August,八月；September,九月；October,十月；November,十一月；December,十二月。21.星期：Sunday,星期日；Monday,星期一；Tuesday,星期二；Wednesday,星期三；Thursday,星期四；Friday,星期五；Saturday,星期六。Sunday为第一天，Saturday为最后一天。22.“也”：either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾，前常有逗号。aswell,只用于句尾。注意：后三个词都不用于否定句。23.带to不定式用法之一：带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词，不及物时需加介词。Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach./Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.24.(a)little/(a)few:1few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数,little加不可数名词。2afew“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数;alittle“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。3另外，在too,very,so等词后用few,little;在only,just,still等词后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/alittle译为“很多”25.及物动词+副词：puton/off/away/up/down/out;

breakoff/down;turnon/off/up/down;

getback;

useup;

giveaway/out/up/back;

thinkup;

handin/out;

fixup;

workout;

;dressup;pickup;

helpout;keepoff/out/down

cutdown;

writedown;

wakeup(叫醒);takeoff/away;

sellout;

lookup/over;

eatup;

throwaway/off宾语是名词时，可放在中间或后边，是代词时只放在中间。26.as……as用法：1和…一样…Hisroomisasbigasmine.HerunsasfastasI/me.

2as…aspossible/sbcan“尽可能…”Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。

Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.

3有些短语有几个意思：assoonas和…一样快；一…就…；asmuchas和…一样多；多达；aslongas和…一样长；长达；只要；aswellas和…一样好；和…一样；asfaras远达；就…来说；27.prefer用法：prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜欢…prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿…也不愿…prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜欢做某事28.some-,any-,every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陈述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.

Maybesomebodyhastakenit.

若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?

Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?

Whataboutsomemilk?

Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?

2any-,在疑问句中仍译为“某～，一些～”Doyouhaveanythingtosay？Isanybodyinthehouse？在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何～”Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.

Heistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass.

Wedon’thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.

3every-“每～”，强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere？-No，TomandLucyhave29.动词时态和形式：八个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are+v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shall/begoingto+动词原形)、一般过去时、过去进行时(was/were+v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has+v.过去分词)、过去完成时(had+v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would+v.原形)

六个形式：原形；过去式；过去分词；第三人称单数(加s/es)；现在分词(v.ing)；带to不定式。30.if/whether区别：if如果(引导条件状从)/是否(引导宾从)whether无论(引导让步状从)/是否(引导宾从)都译为“是否”时，whether可接ornot,也可接带to不定式。if则不可。另外，if可接any-单词，常不接some-单词。Ifyouhaveanywater,pleasegivemesome.31.因为：because,常是对why的回答，语气最强。since,位置：Since…，….

Sinceit’salreadylate,Imustgonow.for,位置：…，for….语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,forit’ssnowing.as有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。32.表推测：must,may,might,can,could,can’tmust“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom.may/might“也许”一般用于肯定句，may比might可能性大。Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.can/could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。Youcouldberight,butIdon’tthinkyouare.Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan’tbetherenow.33.so与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，sotall/slowly…such是形容词，后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews…;suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone…;suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies…;若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时，不用such,而用so.somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater…也常有“so/such…that…”句型，译为“如此…以致于…”。34.so的另两个用法：1so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语，“…也”上下文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.以及对话形式：A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.

B:SodidI.2so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词，“的确…是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.

B:Soyoudo.又如：A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.

B:Sohecan.35.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语“…也不”上文是否定句。Shedidn’tgetwell,nordidherbrother.或对话形式：A:Jimhasn’thadbreakfast.

B:NeitherhaveI.36.keep,make,get,have用法：1keep+sb/sthdoingsth“让…一直做…”I’msorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.

keep+doingsth“坚持做某事”2make+sb/sthdosth让…做某事I’lltrytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.

IfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.3get+sb/sthtodosth.让…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.4have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词Havehimdoit,please.让他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.我们让那台机器一直工作着。Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让那台机器被修理了）。5也都可接形容词：keepsafe/busy,

keepthedoorclosed/open,makeushappy,

getthedoorclosed,

haveeverythingready.37.used短语：usedto+动原，“过去常常”Heusedtosmoke.beusedto译为“被用来…”，后接动原。Itisusedtocutthings.beusedto译为“习惯于…”，后接动词ing或名词/代词.如：He’susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.beusedfor+目的（名词或动词ing）如：Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.38.through/past/across:都可作介词，“穿过”前常有位移动词。Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.Heswamacrosstheriver.【through,内部;past,旁边;across,表面。】位移动词+past相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的数量”；后者“许多的”都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用单数is.Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用复数have.40.延续性动词：Howlong，since，for，(以上见84）until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?

I’velivedheresince2002.Let’swaituntilhecomesback..

但否定句中可用短暂性动词：Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime.41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:1Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina.

all接可数复数，谓语也用复数。Allofthewaterispolluted.若接不可数，谓语用单数。2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.

each接名词单数或接of+限定词+复数，后谓语都用单数。3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面谓语用复数。4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.none+of+限定词+复数,谓语用单、复数都可。另见885-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.

谓语用单数。6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherofthedaysisOK.

谓语用单数。all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一个”/“没有一个”。both/either/neither42.计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.It’sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.It’satwo-monthholiday.

(此处计量中的形容词long可省略。)43.MustI/MayI/NeedI…?用法：1MustI…?我必须…吗？A:MustIfinishthework?

B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.2MayI…?我可以…吗？A:MayIgooutforawalknow?B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn’t/can’t.3NeedI…?我有必要…吗？A:NeedIcleanthehouse?

B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具体数字，不加s及of.否则加s,加of.如：thousandsoftrees;

manymillionsofpeople.ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of：severalmillionpounds45.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主语，QT主语用it.Somethingiswrong,isn’tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,can’tshe?Idon’tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?QT要结合think后的从句而定。3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?

而Let’s…用shallwe?Getupnow,willyou?

Don’tbenoisy,willyou?Bequiet,willyou?

Pleasedon’ttalk,willyou?Letusdoitnow,willyou?

Let’sdoitnow,shallwe?4Therebe句型，QT主语用there.Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn’tthere?ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn’tthere?Therewon’tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?46.puton,wear,dress,in:

1puton,“穿上”后接物。表行为，是短暂动词。Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.2wear,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter./Ilikewearingbeautifulclothes.3dress,“给…穿衣”后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.bedressedin后常接具有某种特征的衣物。Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white.可直接加表颜色的词。4in,“穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?

I’veseentheboyinyellow.47.虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即if从句中用一般过去时，而主句动词用would/should+动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意：虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.）Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(与现在事实相反)IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很小)48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:1如果不特定指出哪一个，是泛指，“另一个”要用another,后加可数名词单数。Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.（没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是单数。）another也可+数字+可数复数：Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanothersixdesks.2如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另一个或另一部分是特指(other前有the.)，有如下用法：第一种，所说内容只有两个：Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)isgoodatscience.【只有两个，用theother,不加s,后面名词可省略。】

又如：Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.

这双鞋子很怪，一只蓝色，而另一只绿色。第二种，只有两部分：此种情况下theother后接可数名词复数，或不接名词而只在theother后加s.

Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudentsaregirls/theothersaregirls.

Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.（其他孩子都留下了。）3如果没有显示出只有两部分，未给出范围，则是泛指，不加the.LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.Haveyouanyotherquestions?Alicedidn’tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers.4other的另一用法：用比较级的形式，体现最高级的含义。Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.(划线中boy用单数)=Heistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass.(划线中boy用复数)他比班里任何男孩都高（他是班里男孩中最高的）。49.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:1howlong是对长度或时间段提问。Howlongistheriver?

-It’s5,000kilometerslong.Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?

-Forfivemonths./Since20022howoften是对频率提问，如：never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday等。HowoftendoyouwatchTV?

-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek.【若只有次数，则用howmanytimes提问：HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?

-Twice./onlyonce.】3howsoon是对“in+时间段”提问：HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?

-Inaweek./Intwodays.4howfar是对时间段’s+walk/ride/drive或计量表达提问。-Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?-Fiveminutes’walk./Anhour’sride./Thirteenminutes’drive.或者说：It’sabout20kilometers(far)away.（问和回答不同。）50.分数表达：二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如：halfanhour=ahalfhour半小时

It’shalfpastseven.(省略冠词)以下情况中，分子(基数词)若超过一，分母(序数词)需加s：三分之一:a/onethird

三分之二:twothirds四分之一:a/onefourth或a/onequarter四分之三:threefourths或threequarters.五分之一:a/onefifth

五分之二:twofifths

其它类推。若分数所在of短语作主语，谓语依of后的名词而定：Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.

(指名词复数时，谓用复)Twofifthsofthelandispolluted.

（指不可数时，谓用单）51.到达：1getto+地点gettoShanghai/London/China接地点副词时，不带to.

getthere/home/here.2arrivein+大地点(Beijing/Zhengzhou)，arriveat+小地点(school/hospital)，arrive只作不及物动词。所以也可单独用：Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.reach只作及物动词，后直接加地点：reachBeijing/England但常不说reachhome/there/here.52.感叹句：What+名词短语+主语+谓语！Whatlazyboys(theyare)!

Whathardwork!

Whatgoodnews!Whatagoodidea!

Whatbadweather(itis)!

Whatapity!How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！Howhardtheworkis!

Howfastheruns!

Howrudeyouare!Howcarefullytheyarelistening!

Howbadtheweatheris!53.because/instead/out等与加of的区别：1because后接句子，becauseof接名词或代词。Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.2instead是副词，单独在句尾。insteadof还要接名词或代词。Wedidn’thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.3out副词，可单独用，但若接地点，先加of.（也可作介词，“向…外”，可不加of.一般不要求掌握。)Hewentoutearly.或Hewentoutofthehouseearly.54.toomuch,toomany与muchtoo:muchtoo“过于”，加形容词或副词原级。muchtoobig/slowly等。toomuch“太多的”，加不可数名词。toomuchwork/rain等。toomany“太多的”，加可数复数。toomanybooks/people等。55.alone/lonely:1alone,“独自一人；单独”不含感情色彩。可当形容词，但只在系动词后作表语：Jackisalone.杰克是单身。Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老妇一个人在屋里。可当副词，修饰动词：Shelivesalone.她独居。Canyoumovethestonealone?你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗？Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。（注意：不可说veryalone.但可说verymuchalone.是特例）2lonely,“孤独的；寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。可在系动词后作表语：Theoldmanislonely.这位老人是孤独的。Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多亲戚，但感到孤独。（lonely和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感受无关。）也可在名词前作定语：alonelyperson一位孤独的人alonelyvillage一个偏僻的村庄

（alone不可作定语）56.belongto与be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.(人)Thissuitismine/Lucy’s/mybrother’s/hers.（某物是某人的）57.by常见用法：1“通过”IstudyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.

2“截止到”Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow?Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere.3“被”ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun.4“经过”Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.5“在……旁边”Sitbyme.

Theyareplayingbytheriver.58.部分用in的短语：inEnglish,

inagoodway,

inahurry,inpen/ink(见105),

intheday(见92),

indifferentsizes,indifferentshapes,

inadifficultsituation，ingoodhealth,inaredcoat/inred(见46),

instyle,

intheopenair(露天场所)59.比较级与最高级部分要点：1不规则形式或易错形式：much/many→more→most

bad/badly/ill→worse→worstfar→farther/further→farthest/furthest

little→less→leastfew→fewer→fewest

old→older/elder→oldest/eldest以ly结尾的形容词常把-ly换成-lier/-liest.2常见比较级/最高级句型：Herunsfasterthanme.(有than)Hedidbetterthananyotherstudentintheschool.(参照48)Tomisthecleverestboyinhisclass.(某个范围内)Heisthetallerofthetwo(boys).

(两者，此句型中加the)Heisthetallestofthethree(boys).

(三者)Whichisbetter,teaormilk?

(两者选择)Whichisthebest,tea,milkorwater?

(三者选择)It’sthesecondlongestriverinChina.（序数词后用最高级。）3“越来越…”比较级+and+比较级Hecriedharderandharder.

Sheisgettingtallerandtaller.类似：biggerandbigger/happierandhappier/fatterandfatter/strongerandstronger/richerandricher/worseandworse…另一种情况：moreandmorebeautiful/slowly/carefully/…4“越…,越…”“the+比较级”分别置于两句的开头，倒装。ThemoredifficultEnglishis,theharderyoushouldstudy.Theyoungerweare,themoreenergywehave.Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillget.5“越来越多的…”moreandmore+名词Moreandmorepeoplearegettingricherandricher.Weneedmoreandmoredesks/paper/trees/water….6“…得多”much+形容词/副词比较级Thisroomismuchbiggerthanthatone.类似：muchtaller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better…以及：muchmorecareful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious…7“另外的…(个)…”结构：数量+more+名词onemoretowel,

threemoresuits,

manymoretiles,muchmoretruth,

somemoremeat,

alotmorewood,alittlemoreexperience,

oncemore=onemoretime=again.这种结构有时也可用another+数字+名词替代：fivemoretrees=anotherfivetrees

(记住词的位置)60.talk,tell,say,speak:1talk只作不及物动词。Don’ttalkinclass.

ShallwetalkaboutourEnglishstudy?Heistalkingwithhisteacher.

MayItalktoyou?(talkwith/tosb

talkaboutsth)2tell只作及物动词,“告诉；讲”。常接双宾结构。Mr.Litoldusaninterestingstory.

Whotoldyouthenews?3say必须接有内容。PleasesayitinEnglish.Hesaidnothing.“Idisagreewithyou.”saidTom.

Whatwillyousay?say若接sb,则需先加to:

Imustsaysorrytoyou.“Ioversleptthismorning.”hesaidtome.4speak“说话”不及物动词。Hespoketoofastformetofollow.接人时先加介词to.

MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?可表说话的能力。Thebabycanspeaknow.Thereissomethingwrongwithhisthroat,hecan’tspeak.“演讲，发言”Whowillspeakinthemeeting?“说”可作及物动词。61。sometimes/sometimes/sometime/sometime:sometimes:“有时”=attimes.Heisimeslateforschool.sometimes:“几次”IhavebeentoNanjingsometimes.sometime:“某一时刻”Iboughtitsometimelastspring.We’llmeetagainsometimenextweek.sometime:“一段时间”Wehavetostayhereforsometime.62.need的用法：1need可当情态动词（和can等用法类似，但need只用于疑问句或否定句中）：NeedIgonow?(need在一般疑问句的开头)

Ineedn’ttellyoutheanswer.(否定句中直接在need后加not)

【当情态动词时，need无时态变化。】2need可当行为动词（和want等用法类似）：Heneedsabike.(后可直接加名词)Ineedtogoovermylessons.(后接带to不定式)Doyouneedtohavearest?（一般疑问句中do,does,did在句首）Wedon’tneedtowaitforhercoming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)【注：need后接表被动的内容时，可表达为：TheTVneedstoberepaired.=TheTVneedsrepairing.】63.dowith与dealwith:都译为“处理，对付，安排，应付”Whathaveyoudonewiththemilk?

用what提问。Howshallwedealwiththisproblem?

用how提问。下面两句由此而来：Couldyoutellmewhattodowiththemilk?Couldyoutellmehowtodealwiththisproblem?64.就近原则：常见的有：EitheryouorLucyiswrong.Thereisadogandtwocatsintheyard.

(therebe句型)Notonlyyoubut(also)Iamstrictinthework.NeitheryounorLucyhasseenthefilmbefore.65.主谓一致：One/Neitherofyouisright.

（单数谓语）Tom,withhisfriends,hasgone.

(主语是Tom,单数谓语)Thispairofshoeslooksbeautiful.

（主语是pair,单数谓语）Theshoeslookbeautiful.

（主语无pair,复数谓语）Everyboyandeverygirlhasachancetodoit.

（单数谓语）(the加形容词表一类人，谓语用复数)Mr.andMrsGreenarefromAmerica.指格林夫妇

(复数谓语)BothyouandIareexcitedaboutthenews.

（复数谓语）thenumberof与anumberof参见39.

（分数表达见50）当“each(every)+单形名词+and+each(every)+单形名词”结构应分做两个单独结构来看时，应用单形动词。

例如：

Eachbookandeachpaperisfoundinitsplace.每本书，每一份文件，都可在一定的地方找到。

Everyhourandeveryminuteisimportant.每一小时，每一分钟，都很宝贵。

有时可省去第二个each或every,例如：

Everymanandwomanhasgoodreasontobeproudoftheworkdonebytheirfarhers.

注：可参阅薄冰主编的《高级英语语法》中“数的一致”一章。66.quite/such/really用法之一：如果出现不定冠词时，常放在后面。It’squiteaneasyquestion.

Heisquiteacleverboy.It’ssuchanimportantlesson.(另见33)

Lilyisreallyalazygirl.67.部分用what提问的句型：Whatsizedoyouwant?

Whatwillyoudowiththeproblem?What’sthepopulationofChina?

Whatdayisittoday?What’sthedatetoday?

What’sthepriceofthisone?68.therebe部分用法：1Thereisonlyastudenttakingnotesnow.Thereisnoneedtoopenthebox.

Thereare20treestobeplanted.2常有以下结构:theremay/will/must/isgoingto/usedto/…be.…3therebe中不可再出现have/has/had(有)的词。另一用法见45。69.常见表否定的词或短语:no,not,hardly,few,little,neither,nor,nothing,nobody,none,nowhere等.有些有时在某些句型中也相当于否定，如without,

too…to…withoutanything,

tootiredtogoanyfurther但前缀如dis--,un--,in--或后缀如--less,并不表否定。70.常见后接动词原形的词或短语:whynot/hadbetter/please/wouldyouplease/let/make/情态动词，等等。【注意否定形式：hadbetter/wouldyouplease/let直接加not+动原；而please加don’t+动原】71.常见后接动词ing的词或短语：finish/enjoy/practice/giveup/endup/putoff/consider/keep/feellike/prefer…to…/can’thelp/bebusy/beworth/taketurns/miss(错过)/spend/havefun/介词等。72.常见后接带to不定式的词或短语：want/hope/wish/allow/encourage/ask/tell/pretend/decide/plan/invite/urge/advise/warn/seem/inorder(为了)/疑问词，等等。

另外，it作形式主语，后也常有带to不定式。

【否定：以上大多词+not+todosth】73.被动语态(be+v.过去分词)用法：Ididit.→Itwasdone.双宾:Hetoldusastory.→Weweretoldastory.→Astorywastoldtous.Shepassedmeapen.→Iwaspassedapen.→Apenwaspassedtome.

情态动词:Wecanmakeaplan.→Aplancanbemade.进行时态:Tomiswritingaletter.→AletterisbeingwrittenbyTom.完成时态：Ihavefinishedthework.→Theworkhasbeenfinished.74.名词或所属格作定语：1强调性别时amandoctor/twomendoctors；

awomanteacher/sixwomenteachers

被修饰词是单数时，性别也用单数；被修饰词是复数时，性别也用复数。2agirlactor/fourgirlactors

aboyplayer/twoboyplayersabusstation/somebusstations

复数只变被修饰的词。3aboys’team/agentlemen’sholiday/theTeachers’Day/theChildren’sDay

“复数+’s”作定语，译为“…的…”4Father’sDay/Mother’sDay

此处“单数+’s”作定语。（附：and连接的名词所属格：Lucy’sandAnn’sfathersareworkers.

分别是两个人的爸爸，所以应分别加“’s”LucyandAnn’sfatherisveryinteresting.两个人共有的爸爸，所以在两人后只加一个“’s”。）75.win与beat区别：win后加物：I’msureJimwillwinthematch.

Wewonthefirstplaceinthesportsmeeting.而beat后加的是人：I’mafraidtheywillbeatus.Ihopewecanbeattheboys’team.

(男子队，相当于人。)76.it/that/one的部分用法：1it指上文的某个事物，和上文是同一个。Thisbookisveryuseful.Iwilltakegoodcareofit.it也可指上文所说的事：Mysonhaslosthimselfinthecomputergames.I’mworriedaboutit.

2that与上文所说是同一类，但不是同一个，常指不可数名词。ThefoodinChinaisquitedifferentfromthatinAmerica.

TheweatherofHainanisbetterthanthatofGansu.

that也可指上文所说的事：A:Ihadanaccidentandbrokemylegs.B:I’msorrytohearthat.

3one指代上文所说的某类可数名词单数，但不是同一个物。Thissweateristooexpensive,doyouhaveanotherone?(也指毛衣，但不是上文那个)77.at/bytheendof,intheend的区别：1attheendof+时间点或地点，“在…的尽头，在…的末尾”TheywillhaveasportsmeetingattheendofMarch.(加时间)Heputsomebooksattheendofthebed.(加地点)2bytheendof+时间点，“截止到…末”若接过去的时间点，常用过去完成时：Theyhadplantedsixthousandtreesbytheendoflastmonth.

若接将来的时间，常用一般将来时：Weshallfinishtheworkbytheendofnextmonth.3intheend“最后”，后不加of短语：Theywantedtofindaplacetorestin,intheend,theysawavillage.78.havegoneto/havebeento/havebeenin:1havegoneto+地点“已去了…（还未回来）”-Ican’tfindthosechildren,wherearethey?-Theyhavegonetothefarm.(去了农场，不在这儿)2havebeento+地点“去过…（原来去过，现在已回）”句尾常接次数或多个地点或before，或句中常有ever,never等。ShehasbeentoQingdao