考研英语王国清语法课讲义

考研英语_王国清语法课讲义.txt12思念是一首诗，让你在普通的日子里读出韵律来；思念是一阵雨，让你在枯燥的日子里湿润起来；思念是一片阳光，让你的阴郁的日子里明朗起来。2010年考研英语语法班讲义主讲：王国清一、概述：虽然在研究生英语考试中并不直接涉及语法，但阅读理解，写作和翻译等试题无不体现出它的重要性。然而，语法又是广大英语爱好者最难掌握的问题之一，市场上种类繁多的语法书籍，大凡都是内容多而不精，即次重点不分，对于在学习过程中，大家共同反映的较有难度的语法，如非谓语动词、虚拟语气、定语从句都未能作出精辟分析，使读者看后仍不知所云。本着这个目的，我们再次相聚西安人信，希望通过两天的深入学习使广大考生对语法有个彻底的了解，，在今后考试中遇到相应问题能游刃有余。二、重点语法再现：非谓语动词是动词的一种形式，就其定义而言，它在句中不能单独作谓语，非谓语动词包括动名词、分词和不定式，非谓语动词是语法学习中的重点也是难点，在历年的四、六级及其它考试中占有一定的分值，本单元将逐一重点说明。I．分词（Participles）分词是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独作谓语，它包括现在分词（presentparticiple）和过去分词（pastparticiple）两种形式，这两种形式在句中的基本功能相同，主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语、状语、表语和补语，请看例句：Allflights__becauseofthestorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.A．werecanceledB.hadbeencanceledC．havingcanceledD.havingbeencanceled分析：此题多次在考研、四、六级考试中出现，是一个十分有难度的题，它所涉及到的语法也是方方面面，首先排除B选项，因为过去完成时出现在主从复合句中，这个句中无连接词，从句意判断，“飞机取消应该是我们决定乘坐火车的一个原因”，所以句中allflights…thestorm在整个句中作一成份，即作状语表原因，既然是一成份就不是一句子，因而不能出现谓语动词，随之排除A选项，飞机取消应该是被取消，所以排除C选项（表主动），答案为D选项（（表被动），选项中C、D分别为现在分词完成式的主动和被动式，动名词和现在分词形式相同，所以C、D也可称为动名词完成式的主动和被动动式，但由于动名词和现在分词最大区别在于动名词在句中不能作状语，因而排除动名词的可能性，由此引申出分词的时态。(1)分词的时态和语态（TenseandVoice）（以动词do为例）主动被动一般式doingbeingdone现在分词完成式havingdonehavingbeendone过去分词done从上表中可看出，现在分词的一般式和完成式各有主动式和被动式，而过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词和过去分词在用法上的区别为前者表示正在进行的主动动作，后者表示已经完成的被动动作，而现在分词一般式和完成式的被动式则表示分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语与句子主语之间的关系（这一点将在分词的用法中讲到），现在分词一般式表示动作与谓语动词动作几乎同时发生，而现在分词完成式则表示动作在谓语动词之前已经发生，如上述例句中“飞机取消在我们决定乘坐火车之前”，即havingbeencanceled的动作在decided之前，另外分词在作状语前提下，现在分词完成式的被动式即havingbeendone等同于过去分词done，所以上述例句中也可以增加一选项canceled也为正确选项(等同于D选项having

beencanceled)(2)分词的用法(Usage)①定语：分词常用来修饰名词或代词，单个分词作定语放在所修饰词之前，分词短语作定语放在所修饰词之后，但有些过去分词也可放在所修饰词之后：adevelopingcountry（发展中国家）adevelopedcountry（发达国家）aboystandingbythedoor（站在门旁的男孩）amanmovedbythefilm（一个被电影感动的人）注意：分词短语作定语置于句中时相当于一定语从句，如：Doyouknowthatboystandingbythedoor?(相当于whoisstandingbythedoor)Amanmovedbythefilm(相当于whowasmovedbythefilm)ismyfather.②表语：分词或分词短语放在系动词be,become,get,remain,seem,stay后作表语，现在分词作表语表示主语的性质或正在进行的动作，过去分词作表语则表示主语所处的状态：Thenewsisveryexciting.（性质）HeisreadingEnglishloudly.（正在进行的动作）Thegirlinredwasdeeplymovedbywhatshehadseen.（状态）③补足语：a宾语补足语现在分词常放在感官动词:see,lookat,hear,listento,feel,smell,notice,observe,watch,find和使役动词：get,have,keep,set,send,leave后作宾语补足语。过去分词常放在see,hear,watch,get,keep,leave,have,like,want,wish,order等词后作宾语补足语。Isawhimcomingintotheclass.Thescrewsaresomewhereloose.I’llhavethemtightened..b.主语补足语：把主动语态转换成被动语态，原先主动语态中的宾语补足语也相应地转变为主语补足语：HewasseencomingintotheclassYouwerenotnoticedwaiting.④状语分词作状语是分词一重要用法，表示时间、原因、方式、条件、让步、结果和伴随情况，分词作状语时，其逻辑主语（表示分词动作发出者是隐含的））与句子主语保持一致，否则就会产生悬垂和荡空结构，另外分词作状语相当于一相应状语从句：如：Lookingupatthesky,abirdwasflying.应改为：Lookingupatthesky,Isawabirdflying.(WhenIwaslookingupatthesky…)（表时间）另外，为了表示明确时间或条件，有时可在分词前加when,while,if等连词：Whencomparedwiththesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesnotseemhighatall.(CET4-90.1.47)（3）分词否定式分词或分词短语表示否定意义时，将not置于分词之前，不能放在分词之后：Nothavingreceivedherletter,hedecidedtowriteanother.

（4）独立主格结构(AbsoluteStructure)分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语要与句子主语保持一致，即句子的主语便是它的逻辑主语，否则就会出现悬垂或荡空结构（前面已讲过），但有时分词有它独立的的逻辑主语，即分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，这就是独立主格结构。①独立主格结构公式：逻辑主语+分词（短语）+主谓AB在上述公式中，其中（逻辑主语+分词短语）属于独立主格结构，主谓是一完整句子，A、B两主语不一致（A、B由名词或代词充当），如前面所述例句：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthestorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.(Allflights…thestorm是独立主格结构部分，wedecided…为一完整句子，allflights和we不属于同一主语，另外公式中分词短语也可用不定式、形容词等来代替。)②独立主格结构具体构成：a.逻辑主语+分词（现在分词和过去分词）Anewtechniquehavingbeenworkedout,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percent.Allthingsconsidered,theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.b.逻辑主语+介词短语Mr.Wangcamein,(with)abookinhand.c.with/without+逻辑主语+分词Withherhairdyedgreen,shelookslikeaclown.（小丑）Withoutanythingleftinthecupboard,shewentouttogetsomethingtoeat.d.逻辑主语+不定式ThefootballgameendedwithPortugalteamwon,thedetailstobereportedthisevening.e.逻辑主语+形容词/副词Theteacherstaredatthestudent,hiseyesfullofdoubt.Hewentout,nohaton.③独立主格结构用法：a.表时间：Theshowerbeingover,wewentonourway.(Whentheshowerwasover,we…)b.表原因：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthestorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.(Becauseallflightshadbeencanceledbecauseofthestorm,we…)c.表条件：Weatherpermitting,I’llcometoseeyou.(Ifweatherpermits,I’ll…)d.表伴随：Alargefishwasslowlyswimmingthroughthewater,itstailswingingbackandforthlikethependulumofaclock.(钟摆)（Alargefish…,anditstailwasswinging…）e.同位语（表示对前面名词作进一步解释）Ihavetwosisters,onebeingateacher,theother(being)anurse.(Ihave…,oneisateacher,andtheotherisanurse.)由此可见，独立主格结构和状语从句可互相转换，方法是首先在独立结构前加上相应的连

词，其次把独立结构中的分词转变为谓语动词，反之亦然。④独立主格结构特点：a.不是句子（因为它由逻辑主语+分词短语构成，分词短语属于非谓语动词）b.在句中作状语（是分词作状语的一个特例）c.两边主语不一致（即分词逻辑主语和句子主语不一致）⑤独立主格结构的做题步骤先看例题：__,wehavetoadoptnewmeasurestosolvetheproblem.A．SoisthesituationB.ThatbeingthecaseC.ThatisthecaseD.Thesituationisso分析：由题干可看出，横线中要填的句子内容和句子we…似乎为两并列句，但从句意上判断，表面上的两并列句其实隐含着某些方面的主从关系，表原因或条件，但却没有表原因的连词because,since,as或so,也没有表条件的if，所以横线上要填的应是一成份，不是句子，故选B选项。(相当于Because/Ifthatisthecase,we…)所以独立主格结构作题步骤a.表面上看似并列句；b.从语意上判断却有着某些方面的主从关系；c.没有表示主从关系的连词；II.动名词（Gerund）动名词是一种非谓语动词，它的形式与现在分词相同，具有名词和动词的某些特征，它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语，在句中不能单独作谓语。(1)动名词时态(Tense)(以动词do为例)主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone上述表格可看出，动名词和现在分词的时态相同，非谓语动词之间的区别主要是用法上的区别，动名词和现在分词形式相同，用法却不同，动名词一般式表示的一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词动作同时发生，而动名词的完成式表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前已发生：Besidesskating,helikesplayingbasketball.(skating与playingbasketball同时发生)Headmittedhavingdonethat.(havingdone在admitted之前发生)(2)动名词用法(Usage)①主语：Findingajobinsuchabigcompanyhasalwaysbeenbeyondhiswildestdream.②表语：

Herhobbyiscollectingstamps.③宾语：.Peter,whohadbeendrivingallday,suggestedstoppingatthenexttown.④定语Theworkersarebusybuildingalisteningroom.（语音室）(3)动名词的逻辑主语动名词前可发有自已的逻辑主语，表明动名词动作发出者，能作动名词逻辑主语的词类有：物主代词、名词所有格（即名词所加“’s”，复数名词后以“s”结尾的，在其后加“’”），名词通格（主格）或人称代词宾格。Wouldyoumindmyclosingthewindow?HeobjectedtoTom’sdelaying.注意：①当逻辑主语是无生命名词或较长名词词组时，通常用名词通格（即主格）：Wearelookingforwardtoourteamwinningthematch.Idon’tlikeTomandJackspeakingillofeachother.②当逻辑主语是someone,somebody,none,nobody,anyone,anybody等不定代词或this,that指示代词时，通常用名词通格（即主格）：Hewasinterruptedbysomebodyknockingonthedoor.③当动名词在句中作主语时，逻辑主语用属格（即物主代词或名词所有格）：His/Tom’sdrinkingresultedintheaccident.(4)动名词的否定形式与分词否定形式一样，动名词否定式在动名词前加not构成：Ican’tstandyournottellingmethetruth.Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.(5)下列动词及动词词组常接动名词作宾语，常见的动词有：admit,advise,avoid,appreciate,acknowledge,allow,anticipate,consider,complete,contemplate（预期、企图）,defer,delay,deny,detest（憎恶）,dread,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,endure,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,facilitate（促进）,imagine,include,miss,mind,mention,permit,postpone,practise,prevent,propose,quit,recall,resent（怨恨）,resist,risk,suggest,understand;动词词组有：can’thelp,giveup,leaveoff（停止）,lookforwardto,objectto,putoff,succeedin,aimat,insiston,persistin,stickto,begoodat,dowellin,dependon,feellike（想要做）,betired(afraid/capable)of,accustomedto,agreeto,confessto（承认）,ubmitto,seeto（照料）,be(get/become)usedto,devoteoneselfto,prefer…to,adapt(adjust)to,applyto.（致力于）Thematchwascanceledbecausemostofthemembersobjectedtohavingamatchwithoutastandardcourt.（场地）Theteacherdoesn’tpermitsmokinginclass.(6)动词need,want,require,deserve,worth,like（想要）,bear后接动名词的主动式表示被动概念，除bear外，这些动词也可接不定式的被动式。

Thisroomissodirtythatitwantscleaning(tobecleaned).Thepooroldwomandeserveslookingafter(tobelookedafter).(7)动名词的基本句型：①feellike+V-ing（想要做……）Doyoufeellikegoingtoconcertsonweekends?②can’thelp+V-ing（禁不住……）Icouldn’thelpcryingatthesightofmysickgrandmother.③on+V-ing（一……就）Onhearingthebadnews,sheburstedintotears.④Itisnouse+V-ing(做……是无用的)(nouse也可用nogood,useless,waste,worthless,dangerous等来替换)Itisnouseaskingherforadvice.⑤go+V-ing(表示游戏或运动)Hisfatherfrequentlygoeshuntingintheforestafterhisretirement.III.不定式(TheInfinitive)动词不定式是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独作谓语。(1)不定式时态(Tense)以动词do为例主动被动一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing上述表格：①不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时发生，前后发生或在谓语动词的动作或状态之后。Isawherenterthehall.(saw和enter两动作同时发生)Wejumpedtohearofyoursuccess.(jumped与tohearof前后紧接发生)Ihavesomethingtodo.(todo在have之后发生)②不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示动作之前。I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.(tohavekept发生在am表示动作之前)在句型Itissaid/believed/reportedthatsth/sb…中,可以用不定式完成式来相互转换；Itissaidthathisbookhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages.(=Hisbookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.)(tohavebeentranslated发生在issaid之前)

③不定式进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动作的动作同时发生。Theyaresaidtobedirectingthetraffic.(tobedirecting与aresaid同时发生)（2）不定式用法①主语Toconsiderthecostandthesupplyofamaterialisimportant.(Itisimportanttoconsiderthecostandthesupplyofamaterial.)②宾语Ourcompanydecidedtocancelthecontractbecauseanumberoftheconditioninithadnotbeenmet.另外：如果不定式作宾语，其后又接补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，而将真实宾语（即不定式）置于补足语之后，同样如果动名词作宾语，其后再接宾语补足时，要用it作形式宾语，而将真实宾语（即动名词）置于补足语之后。Theydidnotfinditworthwhiletopreparefortheworstconditionstheymightmeet.Doyouconsideritanygoodtryingagain?③表语（在系动词be,seem,appear）之后Theyseemtobegettingalongverywell.Wereshetoleaverightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.④定语（做后置定语，即位于被修饰名词之后，与所修饰的名词逻辑上是动宾关系，如果不定式是不及物动词，后面应加介词）Theoldmanwastootiredandfoundarocktositon.⑤状语(表示目的、结果、原因)Tobecomeateacherinauniversity,itisnecessarytohaveatleastamaster’sdegree..（表目的）Yesterdayhehurriedtogotoschool,onlytofinditwasweekend.（表结果）I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.（表原因）⑥补足语a.宾语补足语有些及物动词宾语后常接不定式作宾语补足语，构成复合宾语，如ask,advise,allow,command,compel,enable,encourage,expect,invite,tell,force,wish,want,like,oblige,order,permit,prefer,persuade,remind,request,require,send,warn,cause,trouble,urge,instruct,help,lead,press（催促）Iwarnedhernottobelateagain.TheteacheradvisedustoreadEnglishloudlyinthemorning.另外下列动词不定式作宾语补足语时常省略不定式符号to。QQ:185742166感官动词：see,watch,observe,notice,feel,hear,perceive,smell,lookat,listento使役动词:have,make,let词组：wouldrather,wouldyouplease,would/hadbetter,hadrather,mayjustaswell但以上动词用于被动语态时，却要加上to。Hewaslettocomeinandsitwithotherstudendswhohadalreadycompletedtheirworks.不定式在介词except,but后作宾语时，其前有动词do的某种形式要省去to，反之加上to。Ihavenothingtodoexcept/butwaitforhim.

ThatwassoseriousamatterthatIhadnochoicebut/excepttocallinthepolice.b.主语补足语把带有宾语补足语的谓语动词转变成被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语也转变成主语补足语。HewasallowedtowatchTVafterfinishinghomework.Theyweremadetoworkharddayandnight.(3)不定式的逻辑主语不定式的逻辑主语表明不定式或不定式短语动作发出者，以下三种情况是不定式的逻辑主语。①句子主语Mr.Wilsonsaidthathedidnotwanttotakeonanyfurtherresponsibilities.②句子宾语Didyouinvitehimtocomehere？③由for＋名词（或代词宾格）引出ItisnecessaryforyoutostudyEnglishwell.Theroadiswideenoughfortwobusestopass.(4)不定式的否定式不定式的否定式常在不定式前加否定词not构成Ihopenottokeepyouwaitingsolong.Weshouldpreferthemnottocomenextweek.(5)下列动词接不定式作宾语：afford,agree,arrange,ask,attempt,claim,choose,dare,decide,demand,desire,determine,endeavor,expect,guarantee,pretend,happen,hope,learn,mean,intend,manage,offer（主动做）,plan,prepare,want,refuse,promise,resolve,seek,strive,swear,threaten,undertake,volunteer,help,wish,fail（未能做）Heclaimedtohavebeenbadlytreatedatyesterday’sparty.Themanagerpromisedtokeepmeinformedofhowourbusinesswasgoingon.(6)接动名词又可接不定式的动词：begin,cease,continue,dread,forget,hate,intend,learn,like,dislike,omit,prefer,regret,remember,need,neglect,start,try,goon,chance,stop,mean以上动词接不定式或接动名词在意义上的差别在这里不再辨析，希望大家在学习中多加留意，但如果上述动词前有should一词时，其后只能接不定式，而不能接动名词。Youshouldremembertowakemeupat3o’clock.(7)动词let（出租）,blame（责备）,seek（寻找、追求）以不定式的主动形式表示被动意义：I’mtoblameforthematter.Thehouseistoletfor$150amonth.Thesolutiontothisproblemisnotdifficulttoseek.三、试题精练：QQ:185742166专项练习一非谓语动词、独立主格结构1.Thesecurityofthebabiesissupposedto______bythenurses.

A)seetoB)beseentoC)beseeningtoD)beseen2.Heclaimed______atyesterday’sparty.A)totreatbadlyB)tohavetreatedbadlyC)tobebadlytreatedD)tohavebeenbadlytreated3.“Didyoufindoutwhohadstolenmywatch?”“Thatchilddidn’tadmit______”A)tohavedonethatB)haddonethatC)doingthatD)havingdonethat4.Doyouremember______toProfessorSmithduringyourlastvisit?A)tobeintroducedB)beingintroducedC)havingintroducedD)tohaveintroduced5.Oneofthepropertiesoflightis______travellinginwaveformasitgosefromoneplaectoanother.A)itB)it’sC)itsD)their6.Thevacuumtube,inventednearthebeginningofourcentury,gaveustheuseofradiowaves,anenergysourceneverbefore______,andlateropenedtheroadfortelevision,A)wascapturedB)capturedC)capturingD)hadbeencaptured7.Theheadmaster’sordertohavethewholeplace______atoncewasunreasonablesincehedidnotprovideanytools.A)cleaningupB)tocleanupC)cleanedupD)cleanup8.______neglectingoureducation,myfathersentmybrotherandmetoasummerschool.A)AccusedofB)AccusingofC)ThathewasaccusedofD)Tobeaccusedof9.Susanstoodmotionlessattheendofthedivingboard,handsathersides,heelsslinghtlyraised,everymuscle______action.A)anticipatingB)anticipatedC)toanticipateD)havinganticipated10.Walterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheoffice,butourwork______,wedeclinedtheoffer.A)notbeingfinishedB)nothavingfinishedC)hadnotbeenfinishedD)wasnotfinished11.Helayonastrawmatwithhis______.A)closedeyesandhismouthopenB)eyesclosedandhisopenmouthC)closedeyesandopenhismouthD)eyesclosedandhismouthopen12.______inthecupboardshewentouttogetsomethingtoeat.A)WithsomethingleftB)Withnothingleaving

C)WithoutanythingleftD)Withoutsomethingleft13.______byanAmericanuniversity,IfinallyflewtoSanFranciscoonAugust6,1988A)BeinginvitedB)HavinginvitedC)HavingbeeninvitedD)Hadbeeninvited14.“Whyisn’tRoberthere?”“Itismysecretary’sfault.Heforgotallabout______him.”A)telephoningB)totelephoneC)totelephonetoD)telephoningto15.Thewayhetalksissimplyintolerable.Iobjectto______likeachild.A)treatB)betreatedC)treatingD)beingtreated16.______,wehavetoadoptnewmeasurestosolvetheproblem.A)SoisthesituationB)ThatbeingthecaseC)ThatisthecaseD)Thesituationisso17.Theyoungdoctorcouldnotsleepatnight,histhoughts______himnopeace.A)gaveB)givingC)beinggivenD)togive18.Theroomissodirtythatitwants______.A)cleaningB)beingcleanedC)tocleanD)cleaned19.BeforetheSpringFestival,theleadersofthevillagemadehouse-to-housesurvey,______ineachfamilyabouttheirneedsandproblems.A)toinquireB)tobeinquiringC)inquiringD)inquired20.Alargefishwasslowlyswimmingthroughthewater,itstail______backandforthlikethependulumofaclock.A)swungB)wasswungC)swingingD)wasswinging二倒装、强调、省略1.Notnoly______diffculttolight,butitsmelledofoil.A)itwasB)itmadeC)diditmakeD)wasit2.______youhavebeenlookingforwardto.A)TheletteristhatB)TheletterishereC)HeretheletterisD)Hereistheletter3.Inthescientificstation_______designedtorecordmoonquakesandmeteoriteimpacts.A)instrumentswereB)wereinstrumentsC)standsinstrumentsD)instrumentsstand4.Mostpeoplewouldagreethatonlyinexceptionalcircumstances______theturthfromthepatient.

A)shouldadoctorhideB)adoctorshouldhideC)adoctorwouldhideD)adoctorwillhide5.Asistheteacher,______.A)soisthepupilB)sodoesthepupilC)thepupildoessoD)thepoupilisso6.Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,_______theatomosphere.A)asitisB)thesameisC)soisD)andsois7.Humble______itmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.A)althoughB)asC)howD)that8.Wooddoesnotconductelectricity,______.A)sodorubberB)sodoesrubberC)nordoesrubberD)norrubberdoes9._______youwantmetodo?A)WhoisitthatB)WhatisitthatC)WhereverisitthatD)Wheneverisitthat10.Upwentthepriceand______.A)thelivingstandardcamedownB)camedownthelivingstandardC)downthelivingstandardcameD)downcamethelivingstandard11.NotuntilIshoutedatthetopofmyvoice______hishead.A)thatheturnedB)didheturnC)hedidn’tD)hehadturned12._______AdamSmith’s“TheWealthofNations”thatJimGreenwasfascinatedbyeconomictheory.A)AfterreadingB)ItwasreadingC)ItwasafterreadingD)Havingreading13._______thefirsttousenuclearweapons.A)AtnotimeChinawillbeB)NeverChinawillbeC)AtnotimewillChinabeD)WillChinaneverbe14.Nosoonerhadthebellrung_______.A)whentheclassbeganB)thantheclassbeganC)whiletheclassbeganD)thentheclassbegan15.Onlywhenyouhaveoccupiedsuffcientmaterials_______cometoasoundconclusion.A)canyouB)youcanC)youwillD)youareto16.Little______thathewouldfulfillhistasksorapidly.A)weexpectedB)didweexpectC)doweexpectD)weexpect17.Innoway_______smokeintheair-conditionedbus.A)passengerscanB)arepassengerspermittedto

C)passengersarepermittedD)arepermittedpassengersto18.Allanimalsneedairand_______.A)soplantsdoB)soneedplantsC)sodoplantsD)plantsareso19.Itisduringhissparetime______JhonhasbeenstudyingacourseinEnglish.A)whenB)whereC)thatD)as20._______thelighteningwhenIheardaclapofthunder.A)NosoonerhadIseenB)NomorethanIhadseenC)ScarcelyhadIseenD)NotuntilIhadseen三一致关系1.Thisisthebestoftheautomobilesthat______inworkingorder.A)isB)hadC)areD)have2.Fifteenminutes______foraboywhoiseagertoseehisgirlfriend.A)seemalongtimeB)seemedalongtimeC)seemsalongtimeD)seemslongtimeago3.ItisnotIbutyouwho______thefirsttoruntothegoalinthatcompetition.A)isB)wasC)areD)isgoingto4.Withtheelevationofpeople’sstandardofliving,cosmetics______favoritetopic,especiallyamongwomen.A)becameB)becomesC)becomeD)havebecome5.Breathingnormallyinaheavily-pollutedcity_______equaltosmokingapackofcigarettesaday.A)areB)isC)beD)willbe6.Whatthemansaidundertheoath______byseveralotherwitnesses.A)wasdisputedB)weredisputedC)disputedD)bedisputed7.Tobalancethebudgetandtoprovidejobs______twogoalsoftheelectedofficial.A)isgoingtobeB)isC)becomesD)are8.Thecommunity,aswellastheownersoftheland______indevelopment.A)areinterestedB)areinterestingC)isinterestedD)isinteresting9.NotnolyJoanbuthersisters______thecombinationtothesafewhichcontainsthelistofthefamilysecurities.A)haveknownB)knowC)knowsD)isknowing

10.______eitherheorhisaccountantsgoingtoclaimfortheloss?A)AreB)WhereC)IsD)Does11.Manyanairplane______intheexhibition.A)areshownB)hasbeenshownC)hasshownD)showthem12.Aseriesofdebatesbetweenthelecturers______forthenextweekend.A)arescheduledB)wasscheduledC)werescheduledD)havebeenscheduled13.NotonlyTombutalsohiswife______fondofwatchingtelevision.A)areB)wereC)beD)was14.Joe’sfather,alongwithhistwouncles,______inNewYorkonemoreday.A)demandthathestayB)demandsthathestaysC)demandsthathestayD)demandthathestay15._______goingtotheexhibition.A)AllbutheandIareB)AllbutheandIamC)AllbuthimandmeareD)Allbutheandmeam16.Atthemomenteachofthegirlswastoobusythinkingabout______ownpersonalsafetytocaremuchabouttheluggageA)herB)theirC)hisD)our17.Accordingtotheschedule,there-fourthsofthedyke______bytheendofthisyear.A)hadtobefinishedB)aretobefinishedC)havetobefinishedD)hastobefinished18.Manyspeciesofanimalswhichoncelivedontheearth______nolongerinexistence.A)isB)areC)wasD)were19.Myfamily______veryinterestedinplayingbowls,which______verymuchinfashionnow.A)is…isB)are…areC)is…areD)are…is20.ThenumberofstudentsintheoralEnglishprogramtraining______to20.A)limitsB)islimitedC)limitedD)arelimited四虚拟语气、情态动词+完成式1.Everything______ifAlberthadn’tcalledthefirebrigade.A)willbedestroyedB)willhavedestroyedC)wouldhavedestroyedD)wouldhavebeendestroyed2.Ifyouhadstudiedtheproblemcarefullyyesterday,______.A)youwon’tfindanydifficultynow

B)youwouldnothavefoundanydiffficultnowC)youwouldnotfindanydifficultynowD)youhavenotfoundanydifficultynow3.Hewouldbestudyingattheuniversitynowifhe______theertranceexamination.A)passedB)havepassedC)hadpassedD)shouldhavepassed4.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,______allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.A)couldloseB)wouldhavelostC)mightloseD)oughthavelost5.Butthathecametohelpme,I______.A)couldnothavesucceededB)didnotsucceedC)couldnotsucceedD)can’tbutsuc