高中语法讲解与练习之直接引语与间接引语

直接引语与间接引语定义引语：将人所说的话进行引用。直接引语:直接引述别人的话，不做任何改变，用双引号括起来。间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话，它构成宾语从句。例：Johnsaid：“Ilikereadingnovels.”→Johnsaidthathelikedreadingnovels.注意：存在几种直引变间引？既然引语是人所说的话，那么我们大致可以将人所说的话分为陈述句，一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，祈使句，感叹句，反义疑问句，选择疑问句这几种，所以，也就存在这几种的直引变间引，这几种类型的直引在变间引时也存在过程中的不同。一、如何变人称：下面有一句顺口溜“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”。即：出现在从句中的第一人称相关的词根据主句主语是第几人称进行变化出现在从句中的第二人称相关的词根据主句宾语是第几人称进行变化出现在从句中的第三人称相关的词不需要变化1.“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：Shesaid."Mybrotherwantstogowithme."→Shesaidherbrotherwantedtogowithher.2.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：HesaidtoKate."Howisyoursisternow?"→HeaskedKatehowhersisterwasthen。3.“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：MrSmithsaid。"Jackisagoodworker。"→MrSmithsaidJackwasagoodworker。二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。直接引语 间接引语一般现在时 一般过去时一般过去时 过去完成时一般将来时 过去将来时现在进行时 过去进行时现在完成时 过去完成时过去完成时 过去完成时（不变）过去进行时 过去进行时（不变）注意：现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：1)Shesaid."Ihavelostapen."→Shesaidshehadlostapen2)Shesaid."Wehopeso."→Shesaidtheyhopedso.3)Shesaid."Hewillgotoseehisfriend。"→Shesaidhewouldgotoseehisfriend。1.主句时态为一般现在时，从句时态不变看主句例：Hesays,“Ihavefinishedmyhomework.”看主句

→Hesaysthathehasfinishedhis2.主句时态为一般将来时，从句时态不变例：Shewillsay,“I'lldoittomorrow.”

→Shewillsaythatshe'lldoitthenextday.从句时态不变1.从句是客观真理，名人名言，谚语，科学事实时，从句时态不变时态不变例：“Theearthgoesaroundthesun.”saidtheteacher.

→Theteachersaidtheearthgoesaroundthesun.2.从句含有具体的过去的年，月，日，时态不变例：XiaoWangsaid.“IwasbornonApril21,1980.”

→XiaoWangsaidhewasbornonApril20,1980.3.从句为一般现在时(表示一种反复出现或习惯的动作)，时态不变看从句例：Hesaid,“Igetupatsixeverymorning.”看从句

→Hesaidhegetsupatsixeverymorning.4.从句为一般现在时(表示所述事实在当时和目前同样生效)，时态不变例：Hesaid,“I’maboy,notagirl.”

→Hesaidthatheisaboy,notagirl.5.从句为过去进行时，时态不变例：Jacksaid,“John,wherewereyougoing?”

→JackaskedJohnwherehewasgoing.6.从句为过去完成时，时态不变例：Shesaid,“TheyhadleftwhenIarrivedthere.”

→Shesaidtheyhadleftwhenshearrivedthere.1.一般现在时倒为一般过去时例：Thegirlsaid,“I'msorryforbeinglateforclass.”

→Thegirlsaidthatshewassorryforbeinglateforclass.从句时态要变主句为一般过去时，从句时态往后倒一个2.一般过去时倒为过去完成时从句时态要变主句为一般过去时，从句时态往后倒一个例：Hesaidtome,“Imetyourfather.”

→Hetoldmethathehadmetmyfather.3.一般将来时倒为过去将来时例：Shesaid,“Hewillgotoseehisfriend.”

→Shesaidhewouldgotoseehisfriend.4.现在进行时倒为过去进行时例：Shesaidtome,“I’mstudyingJapanese.”

→ShetoldmethatshewasstudyingJapanese.5.现在完成时倒为过去完成时例：Shesaid.“Ihavelostapen.”

→Shesaidthatshehadlostapen但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。①直接引语是客观真理。"Theearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth,theteachertoldme.→Theteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth。②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jacksaid."John,wherewereyougoingwhenImetyouinthestreet?"→JackaskedJohnwherehewasgoingwhenhemethiminthestreet。③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：XiaoWangsaid."IwasbornonApril2l,1980。"→XiaoWangsaidhewasbornonApril20,1980。④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：Hesaid,"Igetupatsixeverymorning。"→Hesaidhegetsupatsixeverymorning。⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：oughtto，hadbetter,usedto)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could,should,would,might）不再变。如：Petersaid."Youhadbettercomehavetoday。"→PetersaidIhadbettergotherethatday。三、如何变状语和连接词：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then,yesterday。变为thedaybefore）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this改为that),如：Hesaid,"Thesebooksaremine."→Hesaidthosebookswerehis.1.连接词转述他人的陈述→陈述句---连接词that转述他人的疑问→一般疑问句/反义疑问句---连接词if/whether转述他人的问题→特殊疑问句---特殊疑问词转述他人的命令、劝告或要求→祈使句---不需连接词转述他人的感叹→感叹句---连接词how/what/that转述他人的选择疑问→选择疑问句---whether...ornot注：连接词的功能：1）将主句和从句连接起来；2）连接词之后为从句，使句子层次分明；3）告知读者间引原来是什么句式2.指示代词，时间状语、地点状语，动词的变化直接引语间接引语直接引语间接引语now现在then那时；当时nextweek下周thenextweek第二个星期today今天thatday那天nextmonth下个月thefollowingmonth第二个月tonight今晚thatnight那天晚上thismorning这个早晨thatmorning那个早晨thisweek本周thatweek上周ago/last以前/最后before之前yesterday昨天thedaybefore前一天this这that那thedaybeforeyesterday前天twodaysbefore前两天these这些those那些threedaysago三天以前threedaysbefore前三天here这里there那里lastweek上周thelastweek前一周come来go去tomorrow明天thenextday/thefollowingday第二天bring带来take带去四、如何变句型：①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：Shesaid,"Ourbuswillarriveinfiveminutes."→Shesaidthattheirbuswouldarriveinfiveminutes.②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：Hesaid,"Canyouswim,John?"→HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim."Youhavefinishedthehomework,haven‘tyou?"mymotherasked.→MymotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedthehomework."Doyougotoschoolbybusorbybike?"→HeaskedmeifIwenttoschoolbybusorbybike.③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。Sheaskedme,"Whendotheyhavetheirdinner?"→Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner.④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask,order,beg等)sb(not)todosth."句型。如："Don’tmakeanynoise,"shesaidtothechildren.→Shetold(ordered)thechildrennottomakeanynoise."Bringmeacupoftea,please,"saidshe.→Sheaskedhimtobringheracupoftea.⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动句词（或从句）。”如：Hesaid,"Let’sgotothefilm."→Hesuggestedgoingtothefilm.或Hesuggestedthattheyshouldgotoseethefilm.6.直接引语是感叹句时，间接引语为what或how引导，也可以用that引导。Shesaid,"Whatalovelydayitis!"→Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.Practice:1．Hesaid:“I’veleftmybookinmyroom.”→2．Shesaid:“Hewillbebusy.”→3．ShesaidtoTom,“Canyouhelpme?”→4．Sheasked,“Isthisbookyoursorhis?”→5．Theteacherasked,“howdidyourepairit?”→6．Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Don’twasteyourtime.”→7．Themothersaid,“Tom,getupearly,please.”→8．Theteachersaid,“Theearthgoesroundthesun.”→9．Myfathersaid,“Practicemakesperfect.”→10．Theboysaidtous,“Iusuallygetupatsixeveryday.”→11．Hesaid,“Wearestillstudents.’→12．Hesaidtome,“Iwasbornin1978.”→13．Theengineersaid,“Iwasatcollegein1967.”→14．Hesaid,“IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwasaboy.”→15．Shesaid,“IreadthebookwhileIwaswaitingforabus.→16．Mr.Greensaidtothem,“Joetoldmeallabouthisstorywhenheaskedforajob.”→17．Hesaid,“Weinsistedthatshestartimmediately.→18．Shesaid,“Hedemandedthatthegirlleaveatonce.”→19．Isaidtohim,“Ihavefinishedit.”→20．Shesaidtous,“I’llcomeheretomorrow.”→21．“Wheredoesyourchemistryteacherlive,Karen?”theyoungmanasked.→22．“Ihavegainedthefirstplaceinthemathematicscompetition,”thelittleboysaidhappily.→23．“Lighttravelsfasterthansound,”thephysicsteachersaidtotheboysandgirls.→24．“Willyougototheconcertwithmethisevening?”Maryaskedme.→25．“Whatdidyoudohereyesterday?”theoldmanaskedmybrother.→单项选择：1.Ourteacheraskedus_____ourdictionariestoschool.A.bring

B.brought

C.bring

D.tobring2.Theteachertoldtheboystudents______footballonthegrass.A.notplay

B.nottoplay

C.played

D.playing3.____Tomdidn’tgotoschool?A.Doyouknowhow

B.Whydoyouknow

C.Howyouknowwhy

D.Doyouknowwhy4.Shelookssad.Couldyoupleasetellme_____thatpreventsherfrombeingashappyasbefore?A.whatitis

B.itiswhat

C.howitis

D.itishow5.Bettyaskedhersister____totherailwaystationtoseeheroff.A.nottocome

B.nottogo

C.tonotcome

D.tonotgo6.Thepupilaskedhisteacher_____roundtheearth.A.weatherthemoongoes

B.thatthemoonwentC.whetherthemoongoes

D.whetherthemoonwent7.Mr.Li____WangLing____ataxitotheairport.A.asked;take

B.asked;taking

C.told;take

D.told;totake8.Sheaskedhim____.A.whosedictionarythisis

B.whosedictionarythatwasC.whosedictionaryisthis

D.whosedictionarythatis9.Mary’smotheraskedher_____.A.thatwhethershehadfinishedherhomeworkB.ifshehasfinishedherhomeworkC.ifshehadfinishedherhomework

D.thatifshehadfinishedherhomework10.Doyouknow____?A.whatishedoing

B.whathedoingC.whatheisdoing

D.whatdoeshedonow11.Idon’tknow____tolearnEnglish.A.whendidhebegin

B.whenhebegan

C.hewhenbeganD.whenhebegins12.Heaskedme____.A.howwouldtheweatherbeliketomorrow

B.whattheweatherwouldbelikethenextdayC.howtheweatherwouldbeliketomorrow

D.whatwouldtheweatherbelikethenextday13.Youcan’timagine____whentheyreceivedtheseniceSpringFestivalpresents.A.howexcitedtheywere

B.howexcitedweretheyC.howtheywereexcited

D.theywerehowexcited14.Shetoldmethatshe____byherrelativesatthebusstop.A.hadbeenseenoff

B.haveseenoff

C.havebeenseenoffD.hadseenoff15.Doyourememberhowmanytimes____toAustralia?A.hadyoubeenB.didyougo

C.haveyoubeenD.youhavebeen16.Canyouguess____?A.whatisthatman

B.whothatmanis

C.whomthatmanis

D.whoisthatman17.Moreandmorestudentsandteachershavebegantoknow____.A.howimportanttheforeignlanguageare

B.howtheforeignlanguageisimportantC.howimportanttheforeignlanguageis

D.howimportantistheforeignlanguage18.Thehostesssaidthatit___timethatthey___supper.A.was;had

B.was;hadhad

C.is;have

D.is;havehad19.Thebossaskedhissecretary____hehadfinishedtypingthereport____.A.if;ornot

B.if;not

C.whether;ornot

D.whether;not20.Iwonderhowmuch_____.A.doeshespendonhiscar

B.didhespendonhiscarC.hespentonhiscar

D.hespentinhiscar附答案：1．Hetoldmethathehadlefthisbookinhisroom.2．Shesaidthathewouldbebusy.3．SheaskedTomif/whetherhecouldhelpher.4．Sheaske