高中英语语法讲解与练习-动词不定式

高中英语语法讲解不定式（TheInfinitive）定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,无人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语。E.g.Hewanthisstudentstoreadthebookaloud.A．1不定式的构成（以动词do为例）主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing无完成进行式tohavebeendoing无2不定式的形式不定式的一般式(todo)一般式表示的动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后Mywishistobecomeadoctor.Heseemedtobetired.Shestoppedtohavearest.不定式的被动式(tobedone)当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式.Thebuildingtobefinishednextmonthisforourteachers.IamgoingtoBeijing,Ihavesomethingtotaketomyparents,doyouhavesomethingtobetakentoyourparents?如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时,不定式表示动作正在进行,这时候不定式就要用进行式.（tobedoing）Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrossthestreet.Theyseemedtobetalkingaboutsomethingimportant.WhenIwenttohishome,hehappenedtobetravelingaroundtheworld.如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式(tohavedone);若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式(tohavebeendone).HeissaidtohavewrittenanovelabouttheLongMarch.Hethoughtitapitynottohaveinvitedus.Theassistantseemedtohavebeenfired.HeissaidtohavebeentaughtFrenchwhenhewasachild.Einsteinissaidtohavebuiltuphistheorywhenhewasinhistwenties.如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行的动作，就要用完成进行式.TheyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksonginXinjiang.We’rehappytohavebeenworkingwiththeexpertsallthemonth.B.用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。一、不定式做主语：1、不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。动名词doing表示习惯的，经常的动作。egTofinishthebuildinginamonthisdifficult.Toseeistobelieve.注:1).不定式作主语时,谓语用单数2).当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。it做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：(1)Itis/was+adj.+ofsb.todo…(性格、品质:clever/foolish/silly/kind/nice/careless/dishonest/honest/good/wrong/right)(2)Itis+adj.+forsb.+todo…Itiseasy/difficult/hard/foolish/unwise/right/wrong/unnecessary(3)itis(+a)+名词+todo... Itisapity/apleasure/apleasantthing/one’sduty/turn/anhonor/ashame/acrime/noeasyjob…todoIttakes(sb.)sometime/courage/patience…todo…Itrequirescourage/patience/hardwork…todo…*注意:probable和possible均可作表语，但possible可以用不定式作真实主语，而probable不能用不定式作真实主语。Itisprobableforhimtocometothemeeting.(错）Itispossibleforhimtocometothemeeting.Itispossible/probablethathewillcometothemeeting.二、不定式做表语主语是以aimdutyhopeideaintentionplanjobsuggestionwishpurposetask等为中心词的名词词组或以what引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容,不定式作表语常表示将来或现在的动作或状态。egMyideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Yourmistakewasnottowritethatletter.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.三.不定式作宾语只能用不定式作宾语的动词：agree,aim,attempt,care,choose,demand,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage(设法做到),offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise(答应),refuse,undertake(同意，答应)want,wish,bedetermined/willing/ready/sure/certain/likely,wouldlike,afford,claim,dare(to)(敢，还可做情态动词+原形),determine(决心,决定=bedeterminedtodo),long(渴望)四．动词不定式做定语1不定式作定语需要后置。2.作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着两种主要的逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语（逻辑上的主谓关系）或逻辑宾语（逻辑上的动宾关系）1）不定式前的名词是它的逻辑主语。Heisthedoctortodotheoperation.2)不定式和它所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系。Ihavealotofthingstodo.3）不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象。Thisistherighttimetostart.注意．如果不定式所修饰的词是way或place,介词可省略。Hehasnowaytogo(by).Thisisthebestplacetowork(at)五．宾语补足语Hewantedyoutobehisassistant.Isawhercrossthestreet.Theybelieve/think/considerhim(tobe)right.Theyarebelieved/thought/consideredtohavediscussedtheproblems.[注1]如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词，则作宾补的不定式不可带to，这些动词有see,hear,feel,watch,notice;have,make,let等。Ifeltmybloodruncold.Whatmadeyouthinklikethat?但如果句子是被动语态，则to不可省略。Hewasmadetocleanthewindowsasapunishment.Someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.[注2]1.谓语动词help后可接带to或不带to的不定式作宾补。用不带to的不定式表示帮助者直接参与动作；用带to的不定式表示主语没有直接参与动作。Theyhelpedmecarrytheboxes.Thiskindofsoapwillhelpyoutowashtheclothesmoreeasily.2.在美式英语或非正式文体中，help后用作宾补的不定式均不带to。3.help后可以直接用带to或不带to的不定式作宾语。Theyhelped(to)carrythefurnitureupstairs.[注3]lookat及listento后用作宾补的不定式不带to（这主要是美式英语）。Wehavebeenlisteningtotheradiotellalongstory.六．表语补足语当不定式与主语存在逻辑上动宾关系的时候，用主动表被动。Thatishardtosay.Thechairiscomfortabletositin.七．不定式做状语不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。1、表目的egTolearnaforeignlanguagewell,youmusttryyourbest(主语一致)Hecameheretoattendanimportantmeeting.HecamehereinordertoseeCharlie.Iturnedtheradiodownsoasnottodisturbhim注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。*但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式可以是to,inorderto，但却不可以是soasto.”,”Todrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.Inordertodrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.Togetthebestresults,usecleanwater.Tobeelectedmonitorofourclass,hegavemoneytous.*放在句末时，todo表示目的，不可有“，”若有用doing表示伴随,有无“，”皆可egHebowedtoustothankusforhelpinghimfindtheway.Heworkeddayandnight,hopingtofinishtheworkbeforehand.2、表结果不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型①so…asto…Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/tellmethetime?②such(…)asto…I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.③adj./adv.+enoughto…Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.④too…to…Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.=5\*GB3⑤onlytodo(却,反而)Iarrivedattheshoponlytofind(却发现)I’dleftallmymoneyathome.3．表原因不定式可以用于动词、形容词或-ed分词后表示原因。Hewastooexcitedtogethighmarks.八．同位语Isthisyourpurpose,toavoidbeingpunished?九．独立成分Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlikeyou.Theyarrivedhereat11:55a.m.,tobeexact（确切地说）.类似的有：tobefrank坦率地说，tohearhimtalk听他说话的口气，tocutalongstoryshort长话短说，等等。C不定式的各种结构1．宾格词+不定式1）普通结构此结构中的宾格词为名词或代词的宾格，宾格词是谓语动词的宾语，同时又是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式和宾格词一起构成复合宾语。IwantHenrytocome.Sheexpectsthistobetrue.Iheardthemsingyesterday.2)“theretobe+宾格词”结构此结构的宾格词仍是不定式的逻辑主语，只是它位于不定式tobe的后面。Idon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstanding.3)各种形式的不定式都可以用于此种结构中。Thejudgewantedthemantobepunished.Heexpectedeachofhisstudentstobeworkinghardforthecomingexam.2．主格词+不定式当上一种结构变为被动语态时，就出现了此种结构，此结构中，不定式都要带to，主格词是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式在句中作主语补足语。Theyareallowedtogo.←Weallowedthemtogo.Hewasseentoenterthestore.←Isawhimenterthestore.3．for+宾格词+不定式此结构中，宾格词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种结构在句中可作：主语Itisdifficultforustolearnasecondforeignlanguage.2）宾语IconsideritnecessaryforhertolearnFrench.3）表语Thebestthingisforustomakeourowndecision.4）定语Thereisalotofworkforustodo.5）状语Heopenedthedoorforthecartoenter.Thebookistooeasyforthemtoread.4．with/without+宾格词+不定式此结构在句中常作原因状语，宾格词是不定式的逻辑宾语。Withsomuchworktodo,Ishallnotbeabletowatchthematchwithyou.Withoutanythingtoeat,hediedofhunger.5．疑问词+不定式此结构相当于名词词组，在句中可作：主语Whentovisitthefarmshasnotbeendecidedyet.宾语Wemustknowhowtooperatethismachine.表语Theproblemnowishowtocollectenoughmoney.同位语Theproblemwhattodonextisunknown.注意intend(打算；想要；意指),plan,hope,expect,mean,promise,want,think,wish,were(was)(打算),wouldlike,shouldlike+不定式完成式，可表过去没有实现的愿望，期待和计划。 Heintendedtohavecome.=Heintendedtocome,buthedidn’t. Shewishedtohaveboughtacar.=Shewishedtobuyacar,butshedidn’t. Imeanttohavecalledonyou,butIwastoobusy. Shehopedtohavepassedtheexam.(butshedidn’t) Iwouldliketohavegoneabroad.(butIdidn’t)D不定式的否定式通常是在不定式前加not，表示较强的否定意义时可用never。Itoldhimnottotouchtheequipment.Youmustpromisenevertodothatagain.E特殊动词不定式的“省略与保留”一、不定式符号的省略与保留

1.在hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldrather...than=wouldsooner...than,cannotbut(不得不，只好),why(not)等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。如:

You’dbettertellherthetruth.你最好告诉她真相。

2.动词不定式短语作介词but,except,besides的宾语,且介词之前有行为动词do或它的其它形式时,不定式符号to通常被省略。如:

Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?

除了游泳,你还喜欢干什么?

Mymothercoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctortoarrive.

妈妈只好等着医生的到来。

Nowhehadgivenhimselfnochoicebuttotellher.(本句中不定式符号to不可省略)

当时他毫无选择的余地,只好告诉她了。

3.两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略;如果表示对比关系,则不定式中的不定式符号to通常要保留。如:

Theydidn’ttellmewhethertogoonortostop.(对比关系)

他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停止。

Shetoldthechildtostaythereandwaittillshecameback.(并列关系)

她让孩子待在那里等她回来。

4.在某些感官动词或使役动词(如hear,listento,notice,observe（观察，注意到）,see,watch,make等)之后充当宾语补足语的不定式中,不定式符号to总是被省略,但在被动语态的句子中,不定式符号to通常要保留。如:

Theymadethatmanworkallthemorning.Thatmanwasmadetoworkallthemorning.

5.不定式短语作表语,不定式符号to常常要保留,但当what引导的名词性从句作主语,或all,everything等后接定语从句作主语,从句谓语部分含有动词do或do的其他形式时,作表语的不定式可以保留也可省略不定式符号to。如:

Thegreatesthappinessistoworkforthehappinessofall.

最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。

TheonlythingIcandonowis(to)goonbymyself.

我现在唯一能做的就是靠自己继续进行下去。二、不定式符号后面动词的省略与保留

1.为了避免重复,在hope,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,mean,prefer,want,haveto,beableto,begoingto,usedto,oughtto等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号to,而把其它部分省略。如:MsKingliedtousbecauseshehadto.金女士跟我们撒了谎,因为她不得不这样做.-Iheardyou’dgotoDalianonholiday.-Iplannedto,butIhavesomeimportantbusinesstodealwith.

2.当不定式在ask,advise,persuade,wish,allow,permit,tell,expect,force,invite,beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时,为了避免重复,常保留不定式符号,而把后面的动词省略。如:

Shewantstocomebutherparentswon’tallowherto.

Ifhedoesn’twanttogothere,don’tforcehimto.Hedidn’tcome,thoughwehadinvitedhimto.

-

Didyourhusbandgiveupsmoking?－No.Hewasadvisedto,buthewouldn’tlisten.

没有。有人劝过他,但他就是不听。

3.在特定的上下文中,为了避免重复,如果不定式为一般式tobe...或完成式tohavedone时,则不定式符号to和be或have常一并保留,be或have之后的部分通常要省略。如:－Aren’tyoutheheadmaster?

－No,andIdon’twanttobe.-Hasn’thefinishedwritingthereport?－No,butheoughttohave.F4.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim______.

A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto

5.MrsSmithwarnedherdaughter________afterdrinking.

A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive

6.Thepatientwaswarned_______oilyfoodaftertheoperation.

A.toeatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating

8.Theywouldnotallowhim________acrosstheenemyline.

A.toriskgoingB.riskingtogoC.forrisktogoD.riskgoing9.Isawhim_______outoftheroom.

A.goB.hadgoneC.hasgoneD.goes

10.Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher_______upfromchildhood.

A.growB.grewC.wasgrowingD.togrow

11.I’veheardhim_______aboutyouoften.A.spokeB.speaksC.speak

12.Thoughhehadoftenmadehislittlesister_______,todayhewasmade______byhislittlesister.

A.cry；tocryB.crying；cryingC.cry；cryD.tocry；cry

16.There’resomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan’tmakeupmymind_______tobuy.

A.whatB.whichC.howD.where

17.Thereisn’tanydifferencebetweenthetwo.Ireallydon’tknow_________.

A.wheretochooseB.whichtochooseC.tochoosewhatD.tochoosewhich

18.“Haveyoudecidedwhen________?”

“Yes,tomorrowmorning.”

A.toleaveB.tobeleavingC.willyouleaveD.areyouleaving19.LastsummerItookacourseon________.

A.howtomakedressesB.howdressesbemadeC.howtobemadedressesD.howdressestobemade

20.Hedoesn’tknow______tostayornot.

A.whetherB.ifC.eitherD.ifhewill

21.Shepretended___mewhenIpassedby.A.nottoseenB.notseeingC.tonotseeD.havingnotseen

22.---Thelightintheofficeisstillon.-Oh,Iforgot_______.

A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff

23.Weagreed___herebutsofarshehasn’tturnedup(出现)yet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet24.LittleJimshouldlove_______tothetheatrethisevening.

A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking

25.Iwouldlove______tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.

A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone

26.Frankisthekindofpersonwhopeopleliketo________.

A.makefriendwithB.makefriendsofC.makefriendsD.makefriendswith

27.Goon________theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.

A.todoB.doingC.withD.tobedoing

28.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_______onabigrockbythesideofthepath.

A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest

29.Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident________losehisjob.

A.sonotastoB.soasnottoC.soastonotD.notsoasto

30.Ineedadayortwo________.A.tothinkitoverB.tothinkoverC.ofthinking

32.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered________thefirstcomputer.

A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented

33.Hesaidhewouldrathernot_______itrightnow.A.doingB.todoC.doD.tobedoing

34.Ratherthan_______onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers_______abicycle.

A.ride；rideB.riding；rideC.ride；torideD.toride；riding

35.It’sfreezingoutside.You_______putonyourovercoat.

A.hadbettertoB.hadbetterC.wouldbetterD.wouldbetterto

36.Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto_______.

A.sitB.sitonC.besitD.besaton

37.I’mhungry.Getmesomething____.A.eatB.toeatC.eatingD.foreating

38.--Iusuallygotherebytrain.--Whynot____byboatforachange?

A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing

39.Shedidnothing___atthephoto.A.exceptlookB.buttolookC.excepttolookD.butlooking

40.Iaskedhimto_______meafewminutessothatwecouldgooveralltheproblems.

A.spendB.spareC.saveD.share

41.Theywon’tlettheteacher___inthatway.A.tobetreatedB.beingtreatedC.treatedD.betreated

42.Youmustgetyourroom____afterbreakfast.A.tobecleanedB.tocleanC.cleaningD.cleaned

43.Theproblem_______attomorrow’smeetingisaverydifficultone.

A.beingdiscussedB.discussedC.tobediscussedD.todiscuss

44.Hereachedthestation___only___thatthetrainhadjustleft.

A.tired；learnedB.tiring；learningC.totire；tolearnD.tired；tolearn

45.--Didthatbookgivetheinformationyouneeded?--Yes,but___,wehadtoreaditalmostentirely.

A.forfindingitB.tofinditC.findingitD.byfindingit

46.I’msorryIforgot______yourdictionary.Let’sborrowonefromLiMing.

A.totakeB.takingC.tobringD.bringing

47.Shecouldn’tdecidewhichrestaurant____.A.tohavelunchB.toeatC.toeatatD.eatingat48.Thisproblemissaid_____threetimes.

A.tohavebeentalkedB.tohavediscussedC.havingbeendiscussedD.tohavebeentalkedabout

49.Theybelievedtheman___awaythediamondring.A.betakenB.takingC.totakeD.