高考英语高中英语语法之 虚拟语气

学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载虚拟语气第一节基本知识与基本概念【语气和语气的分类】语气也是动词的一种形式变化。这和汉语中的语气是不一样的，它表示说话者对所指的动词或状态所持的态度，而且，在谓语动词上有所体现，而汉语没有体现。英语中的语气可分为三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。1）陈述语气表示讲话人认为他所说的话是一个事实。例如：Therearetwosidestoeveryquestion．每个问题都有两个方面。Wecanfinishtheworkintime.我们可以按时完成工作。2）祈使语气表示讲话人对对方的请求或命令。例如：Don'tbelateforclass．上课不要迟到。Mary,don’tstayunderthetree.玛莉，别呆在树底下。3）虚拟语气是一种特殊的谓语动词形式，如：Iwere，Hebe，Shereturn等，表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，或用来表示一种假设、愿望、建议、请求、命令、猜测、可能、空想等。例如：IfIwereabird,Iwouldflyfreelyintheair.如果我是一只小鸟的话，我就会在天空中自由的飞翔。Histeachersuggestedthathe(should)applytoHarvard他老师建议他申请哈佛大学。Thecommander-in-chieforderedthatshereturntotheheadquarteratone.总指挥命令她立刻回总部。【考试说明的变化】由于本章知识有难度，所以在２００７年以前的《考试大纲》或《考试说明》中，必考的语法项目表内都没有虚拟语气这一块儿。所以，以前的老师和学生都不太重视虚拟语气的讲解和学习。但是，由于虚拟语气在英语中的大量应用，导致许多学生在篇章理解方面因为知识上的欠缺而遇到不少困难。可能是由于这个原因，２００７年的山东省高考英语《考试说明》中，明确将虚拟语气这一章列入了考查范围。笔者认为，这个变化非常值得我们重视，并在未来的几年内不会再有变动。所以，我们必须补上这一课。【虚拟语气的分类】根据不同的标准或从不同的视角，虚拟语气可以被分为多个种类。但是，为了方便同学们的学习，笔者在这里从两个视角把虚拟语气分开。视角一、根据虚拟语气使用的目的分1、虚拟派虚拟派指的是句子所述的情况与事实明显不相符的虚拟语气。例如：HetalksabouttheUSAasifhehadbeenthere.他谈论起美国来就和去过似的。(其实说话人知道他并没有去过美国)IfonlyKevinwerehere.要是凯文在这里就好了。（可惜凯文不在这里）Ifyouhadcometomyhouseyesterday,youwouldhaveseenthepresident.要是你昨天到我家来了的话，你就看到总统了。（可惜你没有来）2、语气派与虚拟派不同的是，语气派的句子所述的情况与事实没有明显不相符。或者根本不涉及所述情况的真假与否，更多的是表达某种语气，如建议、请求、命令、坚持、决定、要求等。例如：Headvisedthatweshouldtakemorevegetablesonourtrip.他建议我们在旅途中多带些蔬菜。Theteacherinsistedthattheyoungshouldrespecttheold.老师坚持年轻人应该尊敬老人。Thegovernmentrecommendedthatallyoungmenshouldjointhearmyandservethecountry.政府建议所有男青年参军报国。视角二、根据虚拟语气的表现方式分1、结构型结构型虚拟语气的表现形式主要通过改变句子谓语的结构来实现。例如：Mysuggestionisthateveryoneshouldstayinthehotelbeforehelpcomes.我的建议是在援助到来之前，我们都应该呆在宾馆里。（这个虚拟语气的表现方式就是通过should+动词原形）来实现的。2、时态型时态型虚拟语气主要通过改变句子谓语的时态来实现。例如：IwishIwereabillionaire.我真希望自己是个亿万富翁。I’dratheryoudidtheworkbyyourself.我希望你能独立完成工作。以上两个例子中的虚拟语气就是通过改变句子谓语的时态来实现的。第二节具体考点解析【考点一、虚拟语气在条件句中的使用】1）条件句的从句和主句的谓语动词形式表及几点说明①条件句的从句和主句的谓语动词形式表如果假设的情况与事实相反，或是根本不可能发生或是发生的可能性很小，这就是非真实条件句，即虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句的谓语动词的形式是不同于真实条件句的谓语动词形式的。虚拟条件句有三种情况。虚拟条件句主句例句与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+动词的过去式（be动词用were）主语+should,would,could,might+动词原形IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuythehouse.与过去事实相反的假设If+主语+had+过去分词主语+should,would,could,might+have+过去分词Ifyouhadlistenedtomeyesterday,youwouldhavefinishedthework.与将来事实相反的假设①If+主语+动词的过去式②If+主语+wereto+动词原形③If+主语+should+动词原形主语+should,would,could,might+动词原形Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thesportsmeetingwouldbeputoff.②特殊结构的条件句：“Ifitwerenotfor…”或“Ifithadnotbeenfor…”,前者与现在事实相反，后者与过去事实相反。相当于butfor或without。例如：Ifitweren'tforyourhelp，hecouldnevergotocollege．要不是你的帮助，他绝不可能上大学。Ifithadn’tbeenforthecaptain’sefforts,theshipcouldhavesunken.要不是船长的努力，船当时可能就沉没了。③虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式表的灵活应用用进行时替换相应的一般时:如用过去进行时代替一般过去时，表示与现在事实相反。例如：Ifyouwerelearningtoswim,Iwouldtakeyoutowatchthematch.要是你在学游泳的话，我就会带你去看这场比赛。IfweweregettingalongwellwithJack,weshouldinvitehimtojoinus.要是我们和Jack关系好些的话，我们就会邀请他加入我们中来了。B．用完成进行时替换相应的完成时:如用过去完成进行时替换过去完成时，仍表示与过去事实相反。例如：Ifithadbeenrainingyesterday，Iwouldnothavecomehere．如果昨天还在下雨的话，我就不会到这里来。Ifyouhadbeenlisteningmoreattentively,youwouldnothavemissedsomuchinformation.假如你当时能好好地听讲的话，就不会落下那么多东西了。④混合型的条件句按照条件句的谓语动词形式表，其主句和从句的谓语动词是相互呼应的，有着固定的搭配关系。但有时主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。例如：Hewouldpassthetestifhehadtakenmyadvice．如果他当时听了我的劝告，他现在就能通过考试了。Ifwehaddriveninturnsyesterday,youwouldfeelbetternow.如果我们昨天轮流开车的话，你现在会感觉好些了。2）虚拟条件句的省略情况①省略if的虚拟条件句：如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去。例如：Hadyounothelpedme，Ishouldhavefailed.要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。Haditnotbeenforthetimelyrain,wewouldhavelosteverything.要不是这场及时雨的话，我们就颗粒无收了。Wereittoraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthegame.如果明天下雨的话，我们就不得不推迟比赛。Shouldtheyrefuseourrequest,wecouldshowthemthispicture.如果他们拒绝我们的请求的话，我们可以给他们展示这张照片。●如果没有were，had和should则不能省略if，当然也不能倒装。②条件从句的省略Hecouldnotfly（ifhetried）．（即使他试的话）他无论如何不能飞。③条件主句的省略IfonlyIhadmoremoney！要是我有更多的钱就好了！IfonlyIwereabird!要是我是一只小鸟就好了！④suppose或supposing=whatifSupposingitwereso？（=Supposingitwereso，whatwouldhappen？）要是这样的话，会怎么样呢？●suppose后也可用陈述语气。3）含蓄的虚拟语气另外，虚拟语气还有其他一些表现方式，没有明显的虚假条件句出现，取而代之的是能表达类似意思的结构或短语。这种情况被称为含蓄的虚拟语气。例如：①用介词without（或withno），butfor等表示“如果没有”。Butforairandwater，nothingcouldlive．要是没有空气和水，也就不能有生命。Humanbeingscouldperishwithouttheotherformsoflives.假如没有了其他的生命形态，人类也会灭绝。②用动词不定式、比较级、连词but等手段来表示虚拟条件，还可以根据内容的需要来应用虚拟语气。Shewouldhavecomehere，butshewastoobusywithherhomework．她本来早就要到这里来，但是她当时太忙于写作业了。Youcouldhavepassedthetest,butyouknewtoolittle.你本来可以通过考试的，但是你懂得太少了。【考点二、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用】1）宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，可用“shoulddo”或“do型”（be原形动词）虚拟语气。这类动词有：suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object等。例如：Thedoctorsuggestedthathenotgothere．医生建议他不要去那里。Thevillagersdemandedthattheirfieldsshouldbereturned.村民们要求返还他们的土地。Thedoctorinsistedthattheoldteachershouldliveinhospital.大夫坚持说这位老教师应该住院。Theofficerorderedthatallthesoldiersshouldn’tfirebeforehegavetheorder.军官命令所有士兵在接到命令以前不许开枪。●注意：有时候，suggest可以不作“建议”讲，而作“表明、解释”等，则后面的从句就不用虚拟语气。例如：Thebigsmilessuggestedthathehadpassedthetest.他脸上的笑容表明他通过了考试。MywifesuggestedthatIcaughtacold.我妻子说我感冒了。同理，insist所“坚持”的内容也有所不同，有时候，坚持的是某种道理，用虚拟语气。而有时候，坚持的是一个事实，不用虚拟语气。例如：Theoldmaninsistedthathewasstrongenoughandthatheshouldbesenttothefront.老头坚持自己的身体没有问题应该被派往前线。Maryinsistedthatthatmanwasherbrother.Mary坚持说那男的是她哥哥。①学习这种句型时，要注意宾语从句的虚拟语气是固定形式，并不随主句谓语动词时态的变化而变化。②“do型”与“shoulddo型”有时可以互换使用，但前者比后者用得更普遍特别在美国英语中。2）宾语从句用在动词wish之后①过去式用来表示现在的愿望；“could（would，might）+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望，虽实现的可能性不大，但仍有实现的可能。Iwishitweretrue．我但愿这是真的。IwishIcouldliveonthemoononeday.我希望有一天我能住在月亮上。②“had+过去分词”或“could（would，might）+have+过去分词”都是用来表示无能为力的过去愿望。Iwishyouhadcalledyesterday．我希望你昨天来过电话。Iwishyouhaddonetheworkyourself.我真希望你是单独作的这工作。Iwishwehadtreatedthechildrenbetter.我真希望我们当时对孩子们好一些。●注意wish与hope的区别。wish后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，而hope后的宾语从句要用陈述语气。但如果不定式做宾语时，则意思上无区别。Ihopetoseeyou．（Iwishtoseeyou．）我希望看见你。3）宾语从句在动词would，would／hadrather，would／hadsooner，would／hadassoon等后面，表示与事实相反的虚拟语气要用“did”型，表示现在和将来的含义，用“haddone型”表示过去的含义。例如：I’dratherwedidn’tknoweachother.我宁愿我们不认识。I’dratherIhadn’tgivenherthemoneyyesterday.我真希望我昨天没给她钱。【考点三、虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用】1）“It+is+形容词+that引导的主语从句”句型，与用动词原形或“should+动词原形”虚拟语气。用于本句型的形容词有：necessary，important，surprising,shocking,natural,essential，reserved，urgent，impossible等；还有与表示提议、要求、命令等动词有关的形容词，如desirable（←desire），urgent（←urge），advisable（←advise），preferable（←prefer）等。Itisnecessarythathelistentotheradiofrequently．他很有必要常听收音机。Itissurprisingthatheshouldmarryagainsoonafterhisex-wifedied.很令人惊讶，他前妻刚去世，他就结婚了。Itisimpossiblethattheyshouldfeeluncomfortabletolivewithus.他们跟我们住在一起不舒服，这不可能。2）用于“it+is+过去分词+that引导的主语从句”句型，可用“（should）+动词原形”虚拟语气。用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议、要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如suggested，required，requested，demanded，urged，proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。Ithasbeensuggestedthatthemeeting（should）beputoff．有人建议推迟会议。Itisrequiredthatyoushouldwearpropersuitstotakepartintheparty.参加这个晚会要着装适当，这是规定。Itisdesiredthatthepricesofhousesshouldbestoppedfromincreasing.大家都渴望房子的价格能停止增长。ItisproposedthatweshouldpayavisittotheConfucius有人推荐我们去参观一下孔庙。【考点四、虚拟语气在“Itistimethat…”句型中的应用】在“It+is+（high或about）time+（that）主语从句”句型中，可用“did型”虚拟语气，表示“做某事的时间早完了或早该做了”。例如：It'stimeyouwenttobed.你该睡觉了。ItisabouttimethatIwentandpickedupmylittlesonfromschool.到了我去接儿子放学的时间了。Itishightimethatyougotdowntowritingyourpapers.到了你好好写论文的时候了。Itistimethatthatwetalkedaboutourbusiness.我们该谈谈生意了。【考点五、虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的应用】在proposal，suggestion，order，requirement，desire，decision，advice，plan，necessity等表示提议、要求、命令等名词的后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，可用“动词原形”或“should+动词原形”虚拟语气。例如：Hissuggestionisthatthemeetingbeputoff．他的建议是推迟开会。Myteacher’sadvisewasthatIchoosethelessfamousuniversitybutthemoresuitablemajor.我老师的建议是我选择那所不太知名的大学但更适合我的专业。Theirfinaldecisionwasthattheymoveoutofthebuilding.他们的最后决定是搬出这座大楼。【考点六、虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的应用】以be开头的让步状语从句Betheproblemeasyordifficult，thismethodworks．不管问题容易还是难，这种方法都起作用。Betherobbersmenorwomen,theyhavetobepunished.不管抢劫犯是男是女，都应受到惩罚。第三节巩固练习一、【基础巩固】1.IfI___tenyearsyounger,I______veryhappy.A.were,wouldbe

B.am,shallbeC.were,shallbe

D.am,wouldbe2.---Youcanaskyourbrotherforhelp.---Heisnotathome.Ifhe______,I______.A.is,would

B.were,wouldC.is,will

D.were,will3.Ifyou_____thedoctorsadvice,youwouldhavealreadyrecovered.A.follow

B.followedC.wouldfollow

D.hadfollowed4.Ifhehadnotmissedthetrain,he______therebythen.A.mightget

B.mighthavegotC.got

D.hadgot5.Whatwouldyouhavedonelastnight,ifyou______towriteyourhomework.A.hadn't

B.haven'thadC.didn'thave

D.hadn'thad6.---Didyoucatchtheplane?---No,ifIhadhurried,I______.A.would

B.wouldhaveC.could

D.did7.Whydidn'tyoutellhimthetruth?IfI______you,Iwouldhave.A.were

B.hadbeenC.am

D.wouldbe8.---Howdoyouliketheparty?---Wonderful.Ifyouhadcomewithus,you______agoodtime.A.had

B.hadhadC.wouldhave

D.wouldhavehad9.IfI______outofmyink,Iwouldhavefinishedwritingthepaper.A.didn'trun

B.shouldn'trunC.haven'trun

D.hadn'trun10.Ifyou______earlytomorrowmorning,youwouldbetherebynoon.A.havestarted

B.werestartC.weretostart

D.hadstarted11.Ifyou______tothemoononeday,youwouldfinditquitedifferentfromtheearth.A.travel

B.hadtravelledC.shouldtravel

D.havetrarelled12.What______yesterdayifyou______TVprogramme.A.wouldyoudo,hadn'twatchB.wouldyouhavedone,hadn'twatchedC.couldyoudo,didn'twatchD.wouldyouhavedone,didn'twatch13.----AreyouthinkingaboutgoingtoDalianforthevacation?----No,butifI______time,I______verygladtogothere.A.have,willbeB.hadhad,wouldhavebeenC.had,wouldbeD.hadhad,wouldbe14.----Mybossoftenmademeworkdayandnight.----IfI______

you,I______thejob.A.am,willgiveupB.hadbeenyou,wouldhavegivenupC.were,wouldgiveupD.hadbeenyou,wouldgiveup15.Ifyoutellmeallaboutit,I______abletodecide.A.wouldbe

B.couldbeC.were

D.shallbe16.Ifyou______George,wouldyoupleasetellhimtoringme?A.saw

B.weretoC.haveseen

D.see17.I'msurehehasn'tsenttheletter.Ifhe______it,I______.A.sent,gotB.sent,havegotC.sent,wouldgoD.hadsent,wouldhavegot18.----SallyfinallygotherefromChicago.----Ifshe______

earlier,we______hertothepartythen.A.came,wouldtakeB.hadcome,wouldhavetakenC.comes,willtakeD.hadcome,wouldtake19.Idon'tknowwhethertotakethemedicineatonce.IfI______，I______it.A.knew,wouldtakeB.hadknown,wouldhavetakenitC.knew,wouldhavetakenD.hadknown,wouldtake20.----Didyouneedanyhelpwithyourmathslastnight?----No,If______,I______you.A.had,wouldhavecalledB.had,wouldcallC.hadneeded,wouldhavecalledD.hadneeded,wouldcall二、【能力提高】1.Iwouldbuythatcar，ifI______enoughmoney.A.have

B.hadC.willhave

D.hadhad2.FordmighthavecometoschoolintimeforProfessorSmith'slecture,______.A.ifhegotupearlierB.unlesshehadgotupearlierC.buthegotupratherlateD.buthehadgotupsolate3.______theirhelpinthepastyears,hewouldbelivingahardlifeandmightevenhavestarvetodeath.A.WithB.IfitwerenotforC.IfithadnotbeenforD.Ifnot4.Ifithadnotrainedyesterday,theground______muddynow.A.isnotB.willnotbeC.wouldnotbeD.wouldnothavebeen5.You______anydifficultynow,ifyouhadmadeamorecarefulplan.A.won'tmeetwithB.wouldnotmeetwithC.wouldnothavemetwithD.havenotmetwith6.Hedidhisbestineverything,______hewouldnothavebeenwhathewas.A.and

B.butC.otherwise

D.butthat7.----Whatwouldyouwishtodoifyouweretobeacollegestudentagain?----That'sveryhardtosay,butIwishI______biologywhenIwasacollegestudent.A.hadstudied

B.studiedC.study

D.havestudied8.----Youshouldhavegonetotheshowwithusyeaterday.It'sverygood.----IwishedI______,butIwasbusywithmyreport.A.had

B.didC.wouldhave

D.were9.MrJohnsonsaidangrily,“Don'tordermeabout,asifI______yourwife.I'mnot.Weareboththeboss'smen.”A.were

B.amC.wouldbe

D.hadbeen10.______thethickfence,hewouldhavebeenmorefearful.A.Butfor

B.WithoutC.Ifitwerenotfor

D.bothAandB11.Hetalkedasifhe______toBeijing,butIknewhehadn't.A.went

B.wereC.hadbeen

D.wouldhavebeen12.----Wouldyouhavetoldhimtheawswer,ifpossible?----Yes,Iwouldhave,butI______verybusy.A.hadbeen

B.wereC.was

D.wouldbe13.Ifhe______inEngland,whatlanguagecouldheprobablyspeaknow?A.wereborn

B.hadbeenbornC.wouldhavebeenborn

D.wasborn14.Ifwe______Steven'sadvice,wewouldnotbelostintheforest.A.took

B.hadtakenC.havetaken

D.wouldtake15.Ifthegovenmenthadbuiltmorehousesforthehomelesspeopleaftertheearthquake,thehousingproblemsnowinsomepartsofthecity______soseriousnow.A.wouldn'tbeB.willnothavebeenC.wouldn'thavebeenD.wouldhavenotbeen16.Whataheavyrainitis!Ifwe______theraincoat,wewouldn't______intherain.A.hadputon,bewalkingB.puton,walkC.puton,bewalkingD.shouldputon,walk17.----Whyisthewindowbroken?----IfI______care,it______.A.took,wouldn'thappenB.hadtaken,wouldn'thavehappenedC.took,wouldn'thavehappenedD.hadtaken,wouldn'thappen18.----Doyouthinkthethiefenteredthroughthesidedoor?----No,ifhehad,he______thelivingroomwindow.A.wouldbreakB.wouldhavebrokenC.wouldn'tbreakD.wouldn'thavebroken19.I______oneofTom'spaintings,butifIhad,hewouldhavegivenittome.A.wanted

B.wantC.didn'twant

D.don'twant20.I'veforgottenhistelephonenumber.IfI______itdown,I______younow.A.put,wouldhavetoldB.put,wouldtellC.hadput,wouldhavetoldD.hadput,wouldtell三、【高考真题】1.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English___mucheasier.

A.willbe

B.wouldhavebeenC.couldhavebeen

D.wouldbe2.Theguardatthegateinsistedthateverybody____therules

A.obeys

B.obeyC.willobey

D.wouldobey3.----“Theexperimenthadfailed!”----“Isuggestyou____again.”

A.try

BtryingC.willtry

D.wouldtry4.----“Heisaverybraveman.”----“Yes.IwishI____hiscourage.”

A.have

B.hadC.willhave

D.wouldhave5.Ifshehadworkedharder,she____.

A.wouldsucceed

B.hadsucceededC.shouldsucceed

D.wouldhavesucceeded6.Theplantisdead.I____it

morewater.

A.willgive

B.wouldhavegivenC.mustgive

D.shouldhavegiven7.IwishI____youyesterday.

A.seen

B.didseeC.hadseen

D.weretosee8.Ifmylawyer____herelastSaturday,he____mefromgoing.

A.hadbeen;wouldhavepreventedB.hadbeen;wouldpreventC.were;wouldpreventD.were;wouldhaveprevented9.He____youmorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.

A.mighthavegiven

B.mightgiveC.mayhavegiven

D.maygive10.Withoutelectricityhumanlife____quitedifferenttoday.

A.is

B.willbeC.wouldhavebeen

D.wouldbe11.Ifit____forthesnow,we____themountainyesterday.

A.werenot;couldhaveclimbedB.werenot;couldclimbC.hadnotbeen;couldhaveclimbedD.hadnotbeen;couldclimb12.We____lastnight,butwewenttotheconcertinstead.

A.musthavestudied

B.mightstudyC.shouldhavestudied

D.wouldstudy13.----Ifhe____,he____thatfood.----Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.

A.waswarned;wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned;hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnottaken14.Ididn'tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe____,shewouldhavemetmybrother.

A.hascome

B.didcomeC.came

D.hadcome15.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit____.

A.breaks

B.hasbrokenC.werebroken

D.hadbeenbroken16.Youdidn'tletmedrive.Ifwe____inturn,you____sotired.

A.drove;didn'tgetB.drove;wouldn'tgetC.weredriving;wouldn'tgetD.haddriven;wouldn'thavegot17.____hehadnothurthisleg,Johnwouldhavewontherace.（07全国II）

A.If B.Since C.Though D.When答案与分析1．选A。从句的意思反映出其愿望是不可能实现的，应该使用虚拟语气。从各选项中分析只有A符合虚拟条件句的语法规则。2．选B。前文已经给出，这是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟条件从句。3．选D。从两个方面分析都应选D。从followthedoctor'sadvice动作本身分析，这是个非延续性动词，所以它只能是要么已经，要么将来，即要么与过去事实相反，要么与将来事实相反。从全句的意思中分析，应是前者。也可以从主句中分析。它是与过去事实相反的wouldhaverecovered。从全句的意思上看，从句也应是与过去事实相反。4．选B。上一题考查从句中时态的选用，而本题则是考查主句时态的选用。从句是与过去事实相反，根据从句的意思，主句也应是与过去事实相反。5．选D。主句与从句都理解为与过去事实要反相才正确。haveto被否定后的意思是“不是不得不”，“不是非得”。have一词作“有”解时，其否定和疑问的形式有两种，youdon'thave,youhaven't，但作除“有”解以外的含义时，只能有第一种否定或疑问形式，所以选项A是错的。B项不是虚拟语气，C项是与现在或将来事实相反故也须排除。6．选B。根据问句，if条件从句及全句的意思，主句只能理解为与过去事实相反，wouldhave是wouldhavecaught的省略。7．选B。从句应理解为与过去事实相反，故选hadbeen。8．选D。问句中虽用现在时，但实际上是询问过去的事，故主从句都是与过去事实相反，所以wouldhavehad是对的。9．选D。与过去事实相反的从句是过去完成时，故选hadn'trun。runoutof意为“用光”。10．选C。从句中的tomorrowmorning已经告知我们，