2024-2025学年新教材高中英语课时作业8Unit2MoralsandVirtuesDiscoveringUsefulStructures习题含解析新人教版必修第三册

Unit2MoralsandVirtuesⅠ.阅读理解BarbaraMcClintockwasoneofthemostimportscientistsofthetwentiethcentury.Shemadeimportantdiscoveriesaboutgenes(基因)andchromosomes(染色体)．BarbaraMcClintockwasbornin1902inHartford,Connecticut.HerfamilymovedtoBrooklynareaofShestudiedscienceatCornellUniversityinIthaca,BarbaraMcClintockdecidedtostudybotany,thescientificstudyofplants,atCornellMcClintockstayedatCornellaftershecompletedhereducation.Shetaughtstudentsbotany.The1930swerenotagoodtimetobeayoungscientistintheUnitedStates.ThecountrywasinthemiddleofthegreateconomicDepression.MillionsofAmericanswereunemployed.Malescientistswereofferedjobs.Butfemalegeneticistswerenotmuchindemand.AnoldfriendfromCornell,MarcusRhoades,invitedMcClintocktospendthesummerof1941workingattheColdSpringHarborLaboratory.ItisaresearchcenteronLongIsland,nearNewYorkCity.McClintockstartedinatemporary(临时的)jobwiththegeneticsdepartment.Ashorttimelater,sheacceptedapermanent(永久的)positionwiththelaboratory.Thisgaveherthefreedomtocontinueherresearchwithouthavingtoteachorrepeatedlyaskforfinancialaid.Bythe1970s,herdiscoverieshadhadaneffectoneverythingfromgeneticengineeringtocancerresearch.McClintockwontheNobelPrizeforPhysiologyorMedicinein1983forherdiscoveryoftheabilityofgenestochangepositionsonchromosomes.ShewasthefirstAmericanwomantowinanunsharedNobelPrize.这是一篇人物传记类阅读。文章主要讲解并描述了闻名女科学家BarbaraMcClintock的经验以及她在基因和染色体探讨方面取得的重大成就。1．WhendidMcClintockreceiveadoctoratedegree?A．In1921.B．In1923.C．In1925.D．In1927.答案：D解析：推理推断题。答案定位在第四段Shecompletedamaster'sdegreein1925.Twoyearslater,shefinishedallherrequirementsforadoctoratedegree.可知BarbaraMcClintock在1925年获得了硕士学位。两年之后，她获得了博士学位。故可推知BarbaraMcClintock在1927年取得了博士学位，故选D。2．DuringthegreateconomicDepressionintheUS,________.A．youngscientistshadtroublefindingajobB．femalegeneticistswerenotwantedatallC．malegeneticistswereingreatdemandD．malescientistswereoutofjob答案：A解析：推理推断题。答案定位在第五段The1930swerenotagoodtimetobeayoungscientistintheUnitedStates.ThecountrywasinthemiddleofthegreateconomicDepression.MillionsofAmericanswereunemployed.Malescientistswereofferedjobs.Butfemalegeneticistswerenotmuchindemand.由此可知，在二十世纪三十年头，经济萧条，许多美国人失业，年轻科学家很难找到工作，男科学家能找到工作，但是女性遗传学家的需求量不大。由此可推知，年轻的科学家在经济大萧条时期找工作可能是困难的，故选A。3．McClintockwasawardedaNobelPrizebecauseof________.A．herresearchinbotanyB．hercontributiontogeneticengineeringC．herdiscoveriesaboutgenesandchromosomesD．herunsharedworkinthelaboratory答案：C解析：细微环节理解题。答案定位在最终一段McClintockwontheNobelPrizeforPhysiologyorMedicinein1983forherdiscoveryoftheabilityofgenestochangepositionsonchromosomes.可知McClintock因发觉基因在染色体上变更位置的实力，而于1983年获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，故选C。4．Thetextislikelytoappearin________.A．abiographyB．ahistorypaperC．anewspaperD．aphilosophytextbook答案：A解析：推理推断题。本文主要讲解并描述了闻名女科学家BarbaraMcClintock的经验以及她在基因和染色体探讨方面取得的重大成就。由此可知文章可能来自一本人物传记，故选A。Ⅱ.七选五Whenthingsgowrong,manypeopleturntotheirfriendsforcomfortandsupport.Areyouthekindofpersonyourfriendstrusttobethereforthemwhenthey'refeelingdown?__1__.Youmightfeelawkwardornervousaboutcomfortingasadfriendatfirst,butwithalittlepractice,youwon'thavetoworryaboutsayingthewrongthingormakingthesituationworse.Whenoneofyourfriendsisupset,helphim/herbybeingthereforhim/her,findingtherightthingstosay,andavoidingcommonmistakes.1．__2__.Comfortyourfriendaccordingtohowupsethe/sheseemstobe.Ifhe/sheseemstobeverytroubled,itmaytakemoreeffortonyourparttohelphim/her.Ifsomethingisbotheringhim/her,buthe/sheisn'ttooupset,bethereforhim/herwithoutoverreacting.2．Findoutwhat'swrong.Beforeyousayanythingtrytofigureoutwhattheproblemis.__3__.Ifyoutrytotalktoyourfriendwithoutknowingthesituationfirst,youcouldendupwithputtingyourfootinyourmouth.3.Giveyourfriendahug.Akindtouchwilldowondersforyourfriend,evenifyoudon'tknowwhathe/sheisupsetabout.__4__.Youcanalsopathim/hergentlyontheshoulder.4．Letyourfriendvent(发泄).Ifyourfriendneedstogethis/hersadnessorangerout,lethim/herdo.Payattentionanddon'tinterrupt.Encouragehim/hertoexpresshimself/herselffully.5．Justlisten.Yourfriendneedssomeonetolistencompassionatelytohim/herrightnow,sofocusondoingthat.Bepatientandnon­judgmental.__5__.Don'tactboredortrytochangethesubject.A．YoumayfindyourselfwrongB．UnderstandhowupsetyourfriendisC．YoucanputyourarmaroundyourfriendD．Encouragehim/hertokeeptalkingaslongashe/sheneedstoE．ThiswillhelpyouknowwhattosayandwhatnottosayF．UseyourimaginationandgetclosetothetruthofwhathastakenplaceG．Ifyouaren'tsure,don'tworry—comfortingpeopleisaskillthatyoucanlearn这是一篇说明文。介绍了五点来劝慰寻求支持的挚友的方法。1．G解析：依据下文Youmightfeelawkwardornervousaboutcomfortingasadfriendatfirst,butwithalittlepractice,youwon'thavetoworryaboutsayingthewrongthingormakingthesituationworse.一起先，你可能会因为劝慰一个哀痛的挚友而感到尴尬或惊慌，但只要稍加练习，你就不用担忧说错话或让状况变得更糟。可知劝慰别人是一种你可以学习的技能。故选G。2．B解析：依据下文Comfortyourfriendaccordingtohowupsethe/sheseemstobe.可知你须要了解你的挚友有多难受，再依据你的挚友看起来有多难受来劝慰他/她。故选B。3．E解析：依据上文Beforeyousayanythingtrytofigureoutwhattheproblemis.可知在你说话之前，试着找出问题所在。后文再说明这一做法的缘由是：这将帮助你知道什么该说，什么不该说。故选E。4．C解析：依据下文Youcanalsopathim/hergentlyontheshoulder.你也可以轻轻地拍他/她的肩膀。可推想此处表示肢体接触，如你可以搂着你的挚友。故选C。5．D解析：依据下文Don'tactboredortrytochangethesubject.不要表现得很无聊或者试图转移话题。可知上文应为激励挚友始终说下去只要他须要，不要打断他。故选D。Ⅲ.语法填空ABriefIntroductiontoGandhiMohandasGandhi(1869—1948),anIndiannationalhero,washonored__1__thefatheroftheIndiannation.HehasbeenrespectedandbelovedbytheIndians.HewasborninIndiain1869.Followingthelocalcustom,hegot__2__(marry)attheageof13.In1888hesailedtoEngland,__3__hestudiedlawforthreeyearsandbecamealawyer.OnhisreturntoIndia,hewassenttoSouthAfricatoworkonalawcase.InSouthAfricahe__4__(surprise)tofindthattheproblemofracialdiscrimination(种族卑视)wasserious.Thereheformedanorganizationandstartedamagazinetofight__5__equalrights.GandhireturnedtoIndiain1915,__6__IndiawascontrolledbytheBritish.HeledtheIndianstofightforanendtotheBritishruleand__7__(depend)forhiscountry.Inthepoliticalmovement,manyIndiansincludingGandhiwereputinprison.__8__，thestrugglesneverstopped.TheBritishgovernmenthadtogive__9__andIndiawonitsindependencein1947.__10__(fortunate)GandhiwasshotbyanIndianwhoopposedhisviewsanddiedonJanuary30th,1948.本文为人物传记。甘地(1869—1948)，印度民族英雄，被尊为印度民族之父。他始终受到印度人的敬重和爱戴。1．as解析：考查介词。句意：甘地(1869—1948)，印度民族英雄