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20XX年高考英语第二轮复习经典语法讲解及试题集(02)名词▲一、考点聚焦1.可数名词单、复数变化形式(1)规则变化。①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如:boy-boys,pen-pens。②以s、x、ch、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如:glass-glasses,box-boxes,watch-watches,brush-brushes。特例:stomach-stomachs③以"辅音字母+y"结尾的变"y"为"i"再加"-es"。如:baby-babies,lady-ladies,fly-flies。④以"o"结尾的多数加-es。如:tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes,hero-heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。如:radio-radios,zoo-zoos,photo-photos,piano-pianos,kilo-kilos,tobacco-tobaccos。
⑤以"f"或"fe"结尾的名词复数形式变"f"或"fe"为"v",之后再加-es。如:wife-wives,life-lives,knife-knives,wolf-wolves,self-selves,leaf-leaves等。特例:handkerchief-handkerchiefs,roof-roofs,chief-chiefs,gulf-gulfs,belief-beliefs,cliff-cliffs。⑥改变元音字母的。如:man-men,mouse-mice,foot-feet,woman-women,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,ox-oxen。特例:child-children。⑦复合名词的复数形式。(A)在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如:armchair-armchairs,bookcase-bookcases,bookstore-bookstores。(B)man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时,前后两个名词都要变成复数。如:mandoctor-mendoctors,womandriver-womendrivers。(C)与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如:brother-in-law-brothers-in-law,passer-by-passers-by。
⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。如:zero-zeros、zeroes;penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同:pence(便士的钱数),pennies(便士的枚数)。(2)不规则变化。①单、复数同形。如:means,aircraft,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,sheep,works(工厂),cattle。②合成名词的复数。如:boy-friend-boy-friends,go-between-go-betweens(中间人),grown-up-grown-ups。③有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surroundings环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle家畜,congratulations祝贺,havewordswithsb.同某人吵架,inhighspirits以很高热情地,giveone'sregardstosb.向某人问侯,inrags衣衫破烂,Itisgoodmannerstodosth.有礼貌做某事。④集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如:people,cattle,police;有些名词只用作单数,如:machinery,furniture,mankind,jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看做整体,复数看做集体的各个成员。如:Thecrewislarge.船员人数很多(指整体);Thecrewarealltired.船员们都累坏了(个体)。2、不可数名词的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如:抽象名词(不可数)
具体化(个体名词,可数名词)insurprise惊讶地
asurprise一件令人惊讶的事winsuccess获得成功
asuccess一个(件)成功的人(事)winhonor赢得荣誉
anhonor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Failure(失败)isthemotherofsuccess
失败是成功之母。
afailure失败者byexperience靠经验
anexperience一次经历youth青春
ayouth一个青年人havepityonsb.怜悯某人
apity可惜的事情withpleasure乐意
apleasure乐事②抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如:AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?Itiswasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.(2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。如:①物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单、复数。如:somecoffee一些咖啡,acoffee一杯咖啡,threecoffees三杯咖啡,somedrink一些饮料,adrink一杯饮料,threedrinks三杯饮料,hishair他的头发,afewgreyhairs几根白发,glass玻璃,aglass一只玻璃杯。②物质名词有前置后置修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。havebreakfast
Theroadiscoveredwithsnow.haveawonderfulbreakfast
Theyhaveaheavysnoweveryyear.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Wehadawonderfultimelastnight.(3)有复数形式的不可数名词①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现,起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如:Useyourbrains,please.Theyhavesmoothedawaythedifficulties.Haveyoumadepreparationsfortomorrow'smeeting?Manythanksforyourkindness.Nopains,nogains.Aftermanyfailures,theyfinallysucceeded.②有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。如:Theboyburstintotearsatthebadnews.Therisingwatersdidalotofharmtothecrops.Thestonebridgebrokedowninheavyrains.3.名词所有格(1)"'s"所有格的特殊表示形式有:①用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后,如:today'snewspaper,fiveminutes'walk(drive),fivepounds'weight,tendollars'worthofcoffee
②用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如:theearth'splanet,theword'spopulation,China'sindustry,NewYork'sparks。(2)"of"所有格的特殊表示方式有:①表示"部分"时,一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词(a、two、several、some、no、many等),如:SomestudentsofMisterZhang'shavegonetocollege.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。②表示"其中之一,其中一部分"的意思时,用:afriendofTom's汤姆的一个朋友(许多朋友中的一位)。③表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时,应该用:that/this/these/those+名词(单、复数)ofMary's/yours/his/hers。如:Thatinventionofhersbelongstotheworld.她的那项发明是属于全世界的(表赞赏)。4、名词作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词,这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。(1)分类意义。airpollution空气污染
boyfriend男朋友coffeecup咖啡杯
incometax所得税tennisball网球
songwriter歌曲作家bodylanguage身体语言
roadaccident交通事故NobelPrize诺贝尔奖
(2)时间、地点、称呼等。DoctorJack杰克医生
ProfessorLi李教授eveningschool夜校
wintersleep冬眠streetdance街舞
countrymusic乡村音乐villagepeople村民
schooleducation学校教育Chinaproblem中国问题(3)表目的、手段、来源,所属意义。receptiondesk接待台
sportsfield田径场stonetable石桌
colorTV彩电weatherreport天气预报★二、精典名题导解选择填空1.Itisgenerallybelievedthatteachingis___________itisascience.(NMET
2001)A.anartmuchas
B.muchanartasC.asanartmuchas
D.asmuchanartas解析:答案为D。当名词前有what、so、as、too、quite等词修饰时,其形容词被这些词修饰,组成下列结构,如:Whatanicebook!Thisistooheavyaboxformetocarry.HeisnotashonestaboyasMike.等,应采取too/how+形容词(副词)+a(an)+名词的形式。要记住一些类似的特殊结构,并加以分析。2.Thepoliceareofferinga__________toanyonewhocangiveinformationaboutthelostkey.(NMET
1999)A.price
B.prize
C.reward
D.money解析:答案为C。price价格,价钱;prize奖金。D项是钱,属不可数名词,题中所要填的是"酬金,报酬"。注意正确理解名词的含义及其搭配是活用语言的基础,在复习备考中要熟练掌握考纲中一些名词的词义、搭配、习惯等,才能更好辨析名词,从而选择最符合句意的选项。3.You'llfindthismapofgreat_____________inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon(NMET
1998)A.price
B.cost
C.value
D.usefulness解析:答案为C。本题考查特定语境中名词的词义及"beof+抽象名词"结构。Price(价格),cost(价钱,费用,成本)不符合题意,value作"qualityofbeingusefulordesirable"解时,常与of搭配,在句中作表语或补语,意为"有用,有价值"。故选择value。注意名词词义辨异及惯用法表达,题中"of+抽象名词"相当于该名词的形容词形式。练习.名词1.The____oftheroomwerecoveredwith____.A.roofs,leafs
B.roofs,leaves
C.rooves,leafs
D.rooves,leaves2.Therearethree____inourfactory.A.womandoctors
B.womendoctors
C.womandoctor
D.womendoctor3.Whichdoyouprefer____or____?A.potatos,tomatos
B.potatos,tomatoesC.potatoes,tomatosD.potatoes,tomatoes4.Theyare____ofdifferentpresses(出版社).Nowtheyarehavingameetinginoneofthe____office.A.editor-in-chiefs,editors-in-chief's
B.editors-in-chief,editor-in-chief'sC.editors-in-chiefs,editor's-in-chief's
D.editors-in-chief,editors-in-chief's5.Theanthastwo____.
A.stomaches
B.stomacks
C.stomach
D.stomachs6.Hedoesn'tlike____forsupper.
A.chick
B.chickenC.chickensD.chicks7.Itwas____hotweatherthatmanyofuswentswimming.A.so
B.such
C.soas
D.sucha8.____wonderfulspacetheysawontheroom!A.How
B.Howa
C.What
D.Whata9.Weknow____travelsnotsofastaslight.A.sound
B.sounds
C.thesounds
D.asound10.Myfamilyraisealotof____,includingtwo____.A.cattle,cows
B.cows,cattle
C.cattles,cows
D.cow,cattles11.Anumberofsoldiers____athecampgate(军营门口).A.havegathered
B.hasgathered
C.is
D.was12.TheBrownshavespentalarge____ofmoneyontheirnewcar.A.deal
B.amount
C.number
D.size13.____workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople'slivingstandard.A.Many
B.Agreatmany
C.Agreatdealof
D.Anumberof14.MrLishook____warmlywithafriend.A.hand
B.ahand
C.hands
D.thehands15.Two____,please.A.coffee
B.coffees
C.cupofcoffee
D.cupscoffee16.Ican'tpayas____asheaskedfor.A.highpricea
B.highprice
C.ahighprice
D.highaprice17.____knowledgeofspacedevelopsrapidly.A.Man's
B.Men's
C.Mens'D.Person's18.Istayedat____.
A.XiaoWang'sB.Wang'shome
C.theWangs
D.homeofWang19.SisterCarrieworksina____factory.
A.shoes
B.shoses
C.shoe
D.shoe's20.Haveyoueverread____?A.todaynewspaper
B.newspapertoday
C.newspaperoftodayD.today'snewspaper21.Two____walkdidn'tmademetired.A.hour
B.hours
C.hour's
D.hours'22.Themotheroverthereis____mother.A.JuliaandMary
B.JuliaandMary's
C.Julia'sandMary'sD.Julia'sandMary23.LiMing'shandwritingisbetterthan____intheclass.A.anyone's
B.anyoneelse
C.anyone'selse's
D.anyoneelse's24.Thechildrenareplaying____onthe____.A.sand,sand
B.sands,sands
C.sand,sands
D.sands,sand25.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmaller____.
A.setB.oneC.copyD.pair26.Tomusuallytakesa____inbusonrainydays.
A.walkB.rideC.tripD.travel27.Wehaveno____aboutwhereshehasgone.A.information
B.news
C.message
D.flash28.Foodand____aredailynecessities(需要)forthepeople.A.cloth
B.clothe
C.clothes
D.clothing29.My____ofhearingisnotsogoodasitusedtobe.
A.strength
B.sense
C.powerD.skill30.The____causedbycarelessness____yesterday.Manyworkerswerekilled.A.incident,washappened
B.matter,happened
C.event,wastakenplace
D.accident,tookplace31.Theroomwassoquietthatshecouldhearthe____ofherheart.A.beating
B.ways
C.knocking
D.striking32.____hasbeentoldnottothrowwastethingsanywhere.A.Thepublic
B.People
C.Women
D.Man33.Hewasan____inthegovernment____.A.office,official
B.official,office
C.officer,office
D.official,officer34.Thereareseveral____inthisnovelwhoaredifferentin____.A.character,characterB.characters,charactersC.character,charactersD.characters,character35.Wevisitedhim____whenhewasinhospital.A.everyotherdays
B.eachotherday
C.everyotherday
D.everytwoday36.Myfriendwillreturnin____.A.onedayortwo
B.adayortwo
C.onedayortwo
D.aortwodays37.____isalwaysdifficultforme.
A.Translation
B.Translate
C.Thetranslation
D.Atranslation38.____ofthisnovelisexcellent,quitetomysurprise.A.Translation
B.Translate
C.Thetranslation
D.Atranslation39.Thepolice____lookingintothematternow.
A.beB.is
C.areD.aregoingto40.TheChineseare____braveandhardworkingpeople.
A.the
B.a
C./
D.one41.Nonews____goodnews.
A.is
B.are
C.have
D.has42.Mathsstill____verydifficultforme,thoughIhavedonemybest.A.looks
B.seems
C.is
D.are43."Where____mytrousers?"theboyasked.
A.is
B.was
C.were
D.are44.Howhappytheyare!Obviously,theyare____.A.innicespirits
B.innicespirit
C.inhighspirits
D.inhighspirit45.Isawmany____seatedinthecornerreadingsomething.A.Japanese
B.Japaneses
C.ofJapanese
D.ofJapaneses46.Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor____abouthishearttrouble.A.anadvice
B.advice
C.advices
D.theadvices47.Weare____andtheyare____.
A.Englishmen,Germans
B.Englishmen,German
C.Englishmans,Germans
D.Englishmen,Germen48.____aremadeof____.A.Aglass,aglass
B.Glasses,glass
C.Theglass,theglassD.Glasses,glasses49.I'llhavetobuy____trousers.
A.a
B.two
C.apairof
D.acoupleof50.Therearetwo____inourclass.
A.Liu
B.Lius
C.Liu's
D.Lius'51.____isneededincoldcountries.A.Alotofclothes
B.Muchclothing
C.Manyacloth
D.Lotsofclothes52.Theyare____.
A.mathematicsstudent
B.mathematicstudentsC.studentsinmathematics
D.mathematicsstudents53.Thelaboratoryassistantrecordedthe____reactions(反应).A.mouses'
B.mice
C.mices'
D.mice's54.Thisletterwassentby____.A.myfatherfriend
B.myfatherfriend'sC.afriendofmyfather'sD.afriendofmyfather55.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad____.A.alittlewhitehairB.somewhitehair
C.afewwhitehair
D.afewwhitehairs56.Ihavemade____withBilly.
A.friends
B.friend
C.afriend
D.thefriend57.ThepopulationofBeijingis____thanthatofXi'an.A.moreB.largerC.fewerD.small58.Therearethirty-two____inourschool.A.womanteacher
B.womenteacher
C.womenteachers
D.womanteachers59.Hehadtriedeverythingbutitmadelittle____.A.use
B.good
C.difference
D.result60.Youmustgettherewithinhalfanhour.Thereshouldbeno____insendingthebloodtothedyingman.A.wait
B.delay
C.time
D.hurry61.Enoughofit!Nobodyherethinkswhatyouaresayingshouldmakeany___.A.excuse
B.sense
C.use
D.value62.-Howdareyouplayonsuchthinice?-Playingoniceisnotmy___ofsparetime.A.idea
B.thought
C.mind
D.intention63.HelensaidshewouldliketogotoAtlantabyair,butIwonderifshehasenoughmoneytopayforthe____.A.travel
B.tourism
C.journey
D.course64.Onesplendidmountain____followedanotherduringourjourneyfromMieheelmoretoRurunz.A.view
B.glance
C.screen
D.scene65.Thenewlawwillcomeinto___onthedayitispassed.(1999上海)A.effect
B.use
C.service
D.existence66.Whenyouplay'football,what______doyouplay?A.situation
B.place
C.part
D.position67.It'simportantforustoemployawordoraphraseaccordingtothe______inlanguagestudies.A.situation
B.expression
C.condition
D.translation68.Iwrotehimalettertoshowmy______ofhisthoughtfulness.A.achievement
B.agreement
C.view
D.appreciation69.Oneoftheadvantagesoflivingonthetopfloorofahigh-riseisthatyoucangetagood______.A.sight
B.scene
C.view
D.look70.Nowadaysnaturalgas,windandotherformsof______arewidelyusedinthecountry.A.energy
B.force
C.power
D.materials71.______withforeigncountriescanbringusmuchinformationabouttheworld.A.Contrast
B.Competition
C.Contact
D.Combination72.Weallknowthat______speaklouderthanwords.A.movements
B.performancesC.operations
D.actions73.Wehaveworkedouttheplanandnowwemustputitinto___.(NMET199738)A.fact
B.reality
C.practice
D.deed74.We'vemissedthelastbus.I'mafraidwehaveno____buttotakeataxi.(Met1993,33)A.way
B.choice
C.possibility
D.selection75.Hedroppedthe___andbrokeit.(Met1993,38)A.cupofcoffeeB.coffee'scupC.cupforcoffeeD.coffeecup76.Here'smycard.Let'skeepin____.(NMET1994,33)A.touch
B.relation
C.connectionD.friendship77.Hegainedhis___byprinting___offamouswriters.(NMET1995,40)A.wealth;work
B.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works78.I'lllookintothematterassoonaspossible,justhavealittle___.(MET1996,10)A.wait
B.time
C.patience
D.rest79.Ifbyanychancesomeonecomestoseeme,askthemtoleavea____.(NMET1997,18)A.message
B.letter
C.sentence
D.notice80.Thesefootballplayershadnostrict___untiltheyjoinedourclub.(1997.上海20)A.practiceB.education
C.exercise
D.training81.Manycountriesareincreasingtheiruseofnaturalgas,windandotherformsof___.(1996.上海.15)A.energy
B.source
C.power
D.material82.You'llfindthismapofgreat__inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.(NMET199821)A.price
B.cost
C.value
D.usefulness83.Weallknowthat___speaklouderthanwords.(1999.上海24)A.movements
B.performancesC.operations
D.actions84.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemyown____ofliving.(1999.上海25)A.way
B.method
C.manner
D.fashionKey:1~5BBDDD
6~10BBCAA
11~15ABCCB
16~20DAACD
21~25DBDCD
26~30BADBD
31~35AABDC
36~40BACCB
41~45ABDCA
46~50BABCB
51~55BDDCD
56~60ABCCB
61~65BACAA
66~70DADCA
71~75CDCBD76~80ADCAD
81~84ACDA2006全国各省市高考试卷中的名词试题:1.(全国卷2)11.Itisno_______arguingwithBillbecausehewillnevercha
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