2024-2025学年新教材高中英语Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld泛读技能初养成学案含解析牛津译林版必修第三册

PAGEUnit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld阅读教材P53－54的材料，选出最佳选项1．What'sthemainideaofthepassage?A．Ittellsusscienceisofgreatvalueinourlives.B．Ittellsusscienceonlymakesgoodthingsforpeople.C．Ittellsussciencerepresentsthedestructionofpeopleandoftenputsusatrisk.D．Ittellsussciencecan'tbemeasuredbybeinggoodorevil.2．Whichvalueofscienceisnotmentionedinthepassage?A．Scientificknowledgeenablesustoinventsomething.B.Sciencecanprovidepeoplewithintellectualenjoyment.C.Sciencecanmakepeoplefeelignorant，doubtfulanduncertainaboutsomething.D.Sciencemakespeopleformahabitofthinkingfreelyandeffectively.3．Accordingtothepassage，what'sthescientists'responsibility?A．Declaringthevalueofthefreedomofthought.B.Teachingthatdoubtisn'ttobefearedbuttobewelcomed.C.Knowingtheprogressisthefruitoffreedomofthought.D．Ensuringthefreedomofthoughtisforallcominggenerations.[答案]1－3ADCWordsandPhraseseq\a\vs4\al(学问要点1)surroundvt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关(教材P48)Heobservedthatthebacteriasurroundingthemouldweredead.他视察到霉菌四周的细菌都死了。[例1]Theoriginalbuilderssurroundedthecitywithawall.最初的建设者们在该城的四周修起了城墙。[例2]Tosome，happinessisbeingsurroundedbyfamilyandfriends.对一些人来说，华蜜就是有家人和挚友陪伴在自己身边。[造句]一群运动员围着教练。Thecoachwassurroundedby/withagroupofplayers.[学问拓展](1)surroundsb./sth.(with...) (以……)围绕，包围besurroundedby/with... 被……环绕/包围(2)surroundingadj. 四周的，旁边的(3)surroundingsn. 环境；四周的事物[即学即练]单句语法填空①Surrounded(surround)bybeautifulrivers，thecountryhasattractedalotofvisitors.②Thepolicemendecidedtosearchthesurrounding(surround)area.③WhenMr.Browngotoffthetrain，hefoundhimselfsurrounded(surround)byhisstudents.④Therearealotoffanssurrounding(surround)theyoungstaroverthere.[小片段助记]Onceuponatime，akingwhowasverypolitetosurroundingcountrieslivedinacastlesurroundedbytalltreesandwithwonderfulsurroundings.eq\a\vs4\al(学问要点2)byaccident偶然，意外地(教材P48)OnemightthinkFlemingdiscoveredpenicillinbyaccident，butactuallythisisfarfromthetruth.有人可能会认为弗莱明发觉青霉素是出于偶然，然而事实上，这远非事实。[例1]Asamatteroffact，IlandedinBritainbyaccident.事实上，我在英国上岸是偶然的。[例2]Successinlifedoesn'thappenbyaccident.生活的胜利并不是偶然发生的。[造句]我只是碰巧找到这些老照片的。Ionlyfoundtheseoldphotosbyaccident.[学问拓展]byaccident＝bychance 偶然；无意中；不当心bymistake 错误地bydesign＝onpurpose 有意地[即学即练]单句语法填空①Ican'tfindmybook.Someonemayhavetakenitbymistake.②YourwordssoundasifIdiditbydesign!③ItwasbyaccidentthatImetoneofmyoldfriendsinthestreet.④Hediditonpurpose，knowingitwouldannoyher.eq\a\vs4\al(学问要点3)favourvt.较喜爱；偏袒；有助于n.帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒(教材P48)AsLouisPasteursaid，“Fortunefavoursthepreparedmind.”正如路易斯·巴斯德所说：“幸运垂青于有打算的人。”[例1]I'llaskStevetotakeit.Heowesmeafavour.我要请史蒂夫接受。他欠我一个人情。[例2]Themanaskedmetodohimafavourtheotherday.不久前的一天，那个人让我帮他一个忙。[造句]你支持这个确定吗？Areyouinfavourofthedecision?[学问拓展](1)infavourof 支持，赞同insb.'sfavour 对某人有利showfavourto 对……偏爱/偏袒dosb.afavour/doafavourforsb. 帮某人一个忙asksb.afavour/askafavourofsb. 请某人帮个忙(2)favourableadj. 给人好印象的；赞同的；有利的[即学即练]单句语法填空①Thetermsoftheagreementarefavourable(favour)tobothsides.②Theexchangerateisinourfavouratthemoment.③Themotheriscarefultoshownofavourtoanychild.④Mostpeopleareinfavourofbringingdownthehousingprices.eq\a\vs4\al(学问要点4)chargevt.&vi.充电；收费；控告；指责；使担当责任；使充溢n.收费；控告；指责；掌管(教材P49)Whenathunderstormapproached，thelightningwouldchargethekey.当雷雨来临时，闪电就会给钥匙充电。[例1]Howmuchdoyouchargearoomwithabath?一间带浴室的房间多少钱？[例2]Therestaurantcharged￡20fordinner.这家餐馆收了20英镑的餐费。[造句]他们收了多少修理费？Whatdidtheychargefortherepairs?[学问拓展]inchargeof 主管；负责；掌管in/underthechargeofsb.＝inone'scharge 在某人的掌管下；由某人管理takechargeof 负责；掌管；接管chargesb.withsth./doingsth. 控告某人犯某罪；指责某人做某事charge...for... 就……向某人索取……费用[即学即练]单句语法填空①Hewaschargedwithstealing(steal)acarlastweek.②Hechargedme50yuanforrepairingthemobilephone.③ThecompanyisinthechargeofMissGreen.④Hewaschargedwithmurder.eq\a\vs4\al(学问要点5)involvevt.牵涉，影响；包含；(使)参与(教材P53)Ihadtoaskmyself，“Istheresomeevilinvolvedinscience？”我不得不问自己：“科学里是不是有罪恶？”[例1]Manyofthecrimesinvolveddrugs.很多罪案都与毒品有关。[例2]Therewasaseriousincidentinvolvingagroupofyouths.有一起涉及一群年轻人的严峻事务。[造句]这次撞车事故涉及多少辆汽车？Howmanyvehicleswereinvolvedinthecrash?[学问拓展]involvesb.in(doing)sth. (使)某人参与(做)某事beinvolvedin 包含在……；与……有关； 被卷入；用心地(做)beinvolvedwith 涉及becomeinvolvedin 卷入，陷入getinvolvedwith 给……缠住[即学即练]单句语法填空①Whatkindoforganizationswillbeinvolvedinsetting(set)uptheseprojects?②Hewasinvolved(involve)inreadingthenovelallmorning.③Therewasalotofworkinvolved(involve)insettingupthefestival.④Parentsshouldinvolvethemselvesintheirchildren'seducation.eq\a\vs4\al(学问要点6)letsb.down使某人悲观(教材P54)Neverconcernedthattheanswermayletusdown，withpleasureandconfidenceweturnovereachnewstonetofindunimaginedstrangenessleadingontomorewonderfulquestionsandmysteries.我们从不担忧答案可能会令人悲观，总是欢乐而自信地起先每一次新探究，发觉一些意想不到、稀奇怪异的东西，随之而来的是更加奇异的问题和奇异。[例1]We'lltryourbesttodoitwell.Wedon'twanttolethimdown.我们会尽全力做好这件事。我们不想让他悲观。[例2]Don'tworry.Xiao，Iwon'tletyoudown.不要担忧。肖，我不会让你悲观的。[造句]我会努力工作。我不想让老板悲观。I'llworkhard.Idon'twanttoletthebossdown.[学问拓展]letoff 排放；不惩处，宽恕letout 泄露；发出叫声letsb.alone 不要管某人，不打搅某人letalone 更不用说，更谈不上letsth.down 使某物降低letin 让……进来[即学即练]单句语法填空①I'lllethimoffthistimebutnexttimehe'llbepunished.②I'mcountingonyoutomakeit—don'tletmedown．③Itremainsunknownwholetoutthesecret.④Whenmyfatherisupset，hewouldratherwelethimalone．eq\a\vs4\al(学问要点7)ignorancen．无知(教材P54)Thescientisthasalotofexperiencewithignoranceanddoubtanduncertainty，andthisexperienceisofverygreatimportance.科学家常常会经验无知、怀疑和不确定。而这种经验是非常重要的。[例1]Theyfoughtalongbattleagainstprejudiceandignorance.他们同偏见与无知进行了长期的斗争。[例2]Iambeginningtofeelembarrassedbymycompleteignoranceofworldhistory.我起先为自己对世界历史的一窍不通感到尴尬。[造句]贫困和愚昧阻碍进步。Povertyandignorancearetheenemiesofprogress.[学问拓展](1)beinignoranceofsth. 不知某事；对某事不了解(2)ignorevt. 忽视；对……不予理睬(3)ignorantadj. 无知的；愚昧的beignorantof/aboutsth. 不知道某事beignorantthat... 不知道……[即学即练]单句语法填空①Sometimeschildrendodangerousthingsoutofignorance(ignore).②Weareignorantof/aboutyourplan.③Thesingerheldhisheadandwalkedpast,ignoring(ignore)hisfans.④Sheignored(ignore)himandcarriedonwithherwork.eq\a\vs4\al(学问要点8)takeitforgranted想当然地认为，认为……是天经地义(教材P54)Now，wescientiststakeitforgrantedthatitisperfectlypossibletoliveandnotknow.现在，我们科学家天经地义地认为，人类生而有所不知是完全有可能的。[例1]Ijusttookitforgrantedthathe'dalwaysbearound.我还想当然地以为他总能随叫随到呢。[例2]Heseemedtotakeitforgrantedthatheshouldspeakasarepresentative.他好像天经地义地认为他应当作为代表发言。[造句]这位男士想当然地认为他是最好的。Themantookitforgrantedthathewasthebest.[学问拓展]take...seriously 仔细对待……takeone'stime 不用急，渐渐来takepridein 以……骄傲take...forgranted 认为……天经地义takechargeof 负责，掌管takeadvantageof 利用[即学即练]单句语法填空①Hebegantotakescienceseriously(serious)onlywhenhedidsomeresearchinfarming.②Wetakeitforgranted(grant)thateveryoneshouldhavethechancetobeeducated.③I'mgoingtotakeadvantageofthistourtoexplorethehistoryofthecastle.④Wetakeprideinofferingyouthehigheststandards.eq\a\vs4\al(学问要点9)permitvt.&vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能n．许可证(教材P54)Permitustoquestion—todoubt—tonotbesure.允许我们质疑、怀疑、不确定。[例1]Nooneispermittedtogointothebuildingatpresent.现在不允许任何人进入这座大楼。[例2]Theguardspermittedmetobringmycameraandtaperecorder.保卫允许我带上相机和录音机。[造句]假如天气允许，午饭时尽量出去散漫步。Trytogooutforawalkatlunchtime，iftheweatherpermits.[学问拓展](1)permitsb.todosth. 允许某人做某事permit(doing)sth. 允许(做)某事(2)permissionn. 允许；许可；同意asksb.forpermission＝askpermissionfromsb. 恳求某人许可with/without(one's)permission 得到/未经(某人的)允许[即学即练]单句语法填空①Therulesoftheclubdon'tpermitsmoking(smoke).②Weaskedhimforpermission(permit)tousethecar.③Smokingisnotpermitted(permit)inthecinema.④Youarenotallowedtocampherewithoutpermission(permit).[小片段助记]Strangersarenotpermittedtoentertheschoolduringtheoutbreakofinvestigationwithoutthepresident'spermission.Ifyouhavetogotoschool，youmustaskthepresidentforpermission.eq\a\vs4\al(学问要点10)(教材P54)Itisourresponsibilityasscientist，knowingthegreatprogressthatisthefruitoffreedomofthought，todeclarethevalueofthisfreedom...作为科学家，我们明白巨大进步源于思想自由，因此，我们有责任声明这一自由的价值……(1)responsibilityn．责任，负责；职责，义务[例1]Childhoodactivitieshelpachilddevelopasenseofresponsibility.儿童时期的活动有助于培育孩子的责任感。[例2]Nooneadmittedresponsibilityfortheattacks.没有人对这些攻击负责。[造句]对于一个孩子来说，这责任是太重了。That'stoomuchresponsibilityforachild.[学问拓展](1)take/haveresponsibilityfor 对……负责asenseofresponsibility 一种责任感(2)responsibleadj. 负责任的，对……负责的beresponsiblefor 对……负责[即学即练]单句语法填空①Youhaveresponsibility(responsible)forclearinguptheclassroomafterclass.②Itistheirresponsibilitytoensure(ensure)thattherulesarecarriedout.③Shefeelsastrongsenseofresponsibilitytowardsheremployees.④Hetakestheviewthatchildrenareresponsiblefortheirownactions.(2)declarevt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报[例1]Thegovernmenthasdeclaredastateofemergency.政府已宣布进入紧急状态。[例2]Theareahasbeendeclaredanationalpark.该地区已宣布为国家公园。[造句]他声称他已爱上了她。Hedeclaredthathewasinlovewithher.[学问拓展]declarewar(on/against) (向……)宣战declaresb./sth.(as/tobe)＋n./adj. 宣布某人/物为declaresth./that... 宣布……declarefor/against... 赞成/反对……Itis/wasdeclaredthat... 据宣布……[即学即练]单句语法填空①Theydeclaredhimtobe(be)thewinner.②Thegovernmenthasdeclaredwaron/againstdrugdealers.③Itwasdeclared(declare)thattheplanewouldnottakeoffduetothebadweather.④Thedoctorfinallydeclared(declare)thatthewomanwasdead.主旨大意题主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的实力。通常以概括文章大意、概括段落大意、选择标题的形式出现。思维建模——娴熟3步解题流程解题方法1．文章大意题——不同文体不同解法(1)争论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采纳“总—分”或“总—分—总”的模式，所以主题句常在第一段或最终一段。(2)说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。(3)记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，须要依据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意。但是假如文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。2．标题归纳题——两大技巧(1)正面确定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能精确概括主旨。(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文比照，一一解除不符选项。3．段落大意题——依据逻辑结构精准定位主题句(1)总分依次组织段落：主题句在段首；(2)分总依次组织段落：主题句在段尾；(3)分总分依次组织段落：主题句在段中。[例文]TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight，bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats，fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition，whichflewat1，400feetforeightminuteslastmonth，canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23­gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground，itgets35milespergallon.Around100peoplehavealreadyputdowna$10，000deposittogetaTransitionwhentheygoonsale，andthosenumberswilllikelyriseafterTerrafugiaintroducestheTransit