1学生版本词义猜测

A1

WhoisthegreatestteacherinChinesehistory?Youcan'tthinkofanyoneelsewhenyouhearpeoplereadConfucius'2,500yearoldwords:"Allstudybutnothinkingmakespeoplepuzzled.Allthinkingbutnostudymakespeoplelazy."

September28thwasConfucius'birthday.HewasbornintheKingdomofLu,intoday'sShandongProvince.Hehadahardchildhood.Hisfatherdiedwhenhewasonly3.Hismotherbroughthimup.Asachild,hehadtoworktohelphismother,butyoungConfuciusdidn'tgiveupstudying.Hevisitedmanyfamousteachersandlearnedmusic,history,poetryandsports.

Later,hebecameateacherandstartedthefirstpublicschoolinChinesehistory.Atthattime,onlychildrenfromrichfamiliescouldgotoschooliftheywantedtolearn.Hehadabout3,000studentsinhislifetime.

ChineselookuponConfuciusasthegreatestthinkerandalsothegreatestteacher.Formorethan2,500years,Confucius'ideashavebeenaroundinpeople'severydaylives.NowtheyhavegonefarintoWesterncountriesandSouthAsia.Peoplecanstillhearthemtoday.

Whyarehisideassopopular?Confucius'mostimportantideasarekindnessandgoodmanners.Confuciussaidyoungpeopleshouldtakecareoftheold.Akindpersonshouldcareforothers.Bestrictwithyourself,butbekindtoothers.Asagreatteacher,Confuciussaidthatallshouldgotoschooliftheywantedtolearn.Peopleusehisideastohelpthemselvesandsociety.Now,morethan100InternetwebsitesareteachingpeopleaboutConfuciusandhisideas.Theunderlinedword"them"inthefourthparagraphrefersto______.A.Confucius'ideas

B.Confucius'students

C.thegreatestthinkerandteacher

D.peopleinWesterncountriesandSouthAsiaB2

Youmayhaveseenthesespecialpersons.Theyaredisabledandtheyareinold,dirtyclothes.Theystand,sitorevenlieattheentranceofashoppingcentrewithdirtybowlsinfrontofthem,hopingthatotherpeoplecanthrowsomecoinsintotheirbowls.

Haveyoubeenaskedformoneybysomedisabledbeggarswhileyouˈreenjoyingshopping?Doyouhaveanypityonthemwhoaresopoorandlonelyordoyoujustfeelafraidoftheirterribleshapes?Asoneofthemostspecialgroups,disabledpeopleˈslivingconditionsnotonlytheirmaterialconditions,butalsotheirmental(精神的)worldreallyneedimprovement.

Thetreatmentfordisabledpeopleshouldgolikethis:First,donˈtlookdownuponthem.Donˈtbeafraidoflookingattheterribleshapesofthedisabled.Trytotreatthemequally.Becausetheyareapartofthesociety,wecanˈtdiscard(抛弃)them.Thesecondistohelpthemasmuchaswecould.Ifyoucanbeavolunteeranddosomeworkforthedisabledpeople,thatwouldbeverynice.Thatdoeshelpnotonlytothedisabledpeoplebutalsotoyourselfbecauseyouwillfeelgoodafteryourkindaction.

Ifeveryoneofusgivesalittlelove,theworldwillbeeabeautifulwonderland!Theunderlinedword"equally"means"

"inChinese.A.平等地 B.确切地 C.正确地 D.恰当地C3

LaGomeraisoneofafewplacesintheworldwhichhasawhistled(口哨）language.Wedonotknowhowandwhyitbeganbecausewedonotknowthepletehistoryoftheisland.Butwecancertainlyimaginethereasonsforthebeginningofthewhistledlanguage.Therearemanydeepvalleysontheisland.Apersonononesideofavalleycannoteasilyshouttoapersonontheotherside.Buthecanwhistleandbeheard.Someofthebestwhistlerscanbeheardfromfourmilesawayandtherecordissevenmiles.Thepeoplewholiveontheislandusuallyhavegoodteeth，andthishelpsthemtowhistlewell.Theymustalsohavegoodearssothattheycanheartheotherwhistlers.

Wecanunderstandwhythewhistledlanguagecontinues.Itisveryusefulontheisland,andquiteeasytolearn.Whensomebodyishurtorill,thewhistledlanguagetakestheplaceofthetelephone.Ifthesickpersonisquitefarawayfromthetown,peoplepassthemessagefromonetoanother.Aboyguardingcattleonahillsidewhistlestoamanfishingfromhisboat.Thelastoneisabletodescribethetroublefullyandexactlytothedoctorintown.Peoplehelponeanotherinthesamewaywhenacarbreaksoracowislost.

Thewhistledlanguageishundredsofyearsold,andprobablyitwillcontinuetoliveonforhundredsofyearsmore.RadioandTVoftenkillthespecialwaysofspeakingindifferentpartsofacountry.ButonLaGomerayouarenobodyifyoucannotwhistle.PerhapssoonafterTVarrivesontheisland,thepeopletherewillbewhistlingthenewsandotherfactsandopinions.Theunderlinedword“nobody”inPara.3probablymeans____________.A.anunrealperson B.anunluckyperson

C.anunhappyperson D.anunknownpersonD4

ThetraditionalChineselunarcalendar(农历)dividesayearinto24solarterms(节气).WinterSolstice(冬至)isthe22ndsolartermofayear,somedaybetweenDecember21andDecember23.

OnthedayofWinterSolstice,theNorthernhemisphere(北半球)experiencestheshortestdayandthelongestnightinayear.AndthesunshinesdirectlyattheTropicofCapricorn(南回归线).Fromthenon,thedaysbeelongerandthenightsbeeshorter.

WinterSolsticeFestivalisalsocalledtheDongzhiFestival.ItisoneofthemostimportantfestivalsinChina.Traditionally,theDongzhiFestivalisalsoatimeforthefamilytogettogether.Ontheday,peopleindifferentplaceshavedifferentcustoms.

PeopleinthenorthofChinaofteneatdumplingsonDongzhi.Thereisasayingthatgoes"HavedumplingsonthefirstdayofWinterSolsticeandnoodlesonthefirstdayofSummerSolstice."Thereisalsoastoryabouteatingdumplings.ItissaidthatZhangZhongjingintheHandynastysawthepoorsufferfromchilblains(冻疮)ontheirears.Hemadedumplingstohelpthepoortokeepwarm.Andthedumplingswereintheshapeofears.Sofromthattimeon,eatingdumplingsonthedaybecameatradition.

PeopleinmanyplacesofsouthernChinamakeandeattangyuanorballsofglutinousriceontheday,whichsymbolizereunion.Tangyuanaresometimesbrightlycolored,suchaspinkorgreen.Theyareoftencookedinasweetsoup.Theyarenotonlyeatenbythefamily,butalsosharedwithfriendsandrelativesasablessing.Besidestangyuan,muttonsoupandricecakearealsopopular.Theunderlinedword"reunion"means"______"inChinese.A.结合 B.团聚 C.期望 D.梦想E5

Morethan3,000languagesareonthepointofextinctionandanAmericanpanyistryingtodosomethingaboutit.

Workingwithscholars,researchers,andlanguagemunities,thepanystartedtheEndangeredLanguagesProjectbackedbyaunioncalledtheAllianceforLinguisticDiversity.Throughtheprojectswebsite,peoplecanlearnabouttheworld'sendangeredlanguagesandseewhatkindofrecordisbeingcreatedtoprotectthem.

ThediverselanguagesrangefromNavajo,whichisspokenbyonly120,000peopleintheSouthwestU.S,toKoro,apreviouslyunknownlanguagethatwasrecordedinthenortheast

mountainsofIndia,andtoAragonese,whichisnowspokenbylessthan10,000peopleontheborderofFrenchandSpain.Aninteractivemaponthewebsiteshowsthatnearlyeverycountryintheworldhaslostlanguages,including83inGuatemala,149inMyanmar,and113inSudan.

HereisinformationthatthepanypostedonitsblogabouttheMiamiillinoislanguage:

TheMiamiillinoislanguagewasconsideredbysometobeextinct.OnceitwasspokenbyNativeAmericanmunitiesthroughoutwhat'snowtheAmericanMidwest,anditslastfluentspeakersdiedinthe1960s.Decadeslater,DarylBaldwin,acitizenoftheMiamiTribeofOklahoma,beganteachinghimselfthelanguagefromhistoricalmanuscripts(手稿)andnowworkswiththeMiamiUniversityinOhiotocontinuetheworkofreviving(重新使用)thelanguage,publishingstories,audiofiles,andothereducationalmaterials.Miamichildrenareonceagainlearningthelanguage,andevenmoreinspiring,teachingittoeachother.

AccordingtotheEndangeredLanguagesProject,only50percentoflanguagesspokentodaywillstillbearoundby2100.Thedisappearanceofalanguagemeansthelossofvaluable

scientificandculturalinformation,paredtothelossofaspecies.

Thepanyaimstobringintechnologytohelprecordandprotecttheselanguages.Onceitgetstheballrolling,itwillpassthetorchtolanguageexperts.WhichisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinPara.2?A.Supported B.Discovered C.Questioned D.FoundF6

"ForaslongasIcanremember,momhasbeenamiddleagedwoman,butnoonetoldmesheusedtobeayounggirl."ThisisalinefromthefilmHi,Mom,aswellasthewaydirectorandstarJiaLingoncefeltaboutherownmother.

FirstshownonFeb12,thefilmisthedirectorialdebut(导演首秀)of39yearoldedianturnedfilmmakerJia.Ithasgottenahighscoreof8.1onthemovieratingwebsiteDouban.Manypeoplesaidtheyweretouchedbyitsraw(质朴的)emotion.

ThefilmisbasedonthereallifestoryofJiaandhermother,showingherlonging(想念)andregretatfailingtoseehermotherbeforeshedied.Tomakethefilmmoreattractive,Jiamadeitatimetravelstory.Shegoesbackto1981andbeesfriendswithherownmom,LiHuanying.Sherisksgivingupherownlifeanddisappearingtomakesurethathermotherhasabetterfuture.

TheSpringFestivalholidayboxoffice(票房)tendstopreferfilms"withfamilythemeandalittlehurt",andHi,Momhas"hitalltherightnotes,"HollywoodReportermented.

Thefilmhasalsobeenpraisedforitsrealdescriptionoffemaleroles.

Inthemovie,Liismoreofayounggirlratherthanamother.AsJiasaysinthemovie,"Sheisnotonlymymom,butalsoherself."

Manywomenwhohelpedmakethefilm,includingJiaherself,helpedthemovie'sfemalerolesshineinwaysthathadnothingtodowiththeirlooks.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"hitalltherightnotes"

probablymean?A.Themovieisverysuccessfulbecausethestoryisfunny.

B.ThemoviewillbeshowninHollywood.

C.Manywomenhelpedmakethefilmandtherolesarehumorous.

D.Themovieispopularbecauseofthefamilythemeandsadfeelings.G7

Chinesepeopleareeatingtoomuchsalt.Onaverage,peopleinChinaeatabout10.5gramsofsalteachday,muchhigherthanthe6gramsremendedbyChineseDietaryGuidelines(2016).

Chinanowhasoneofthehighestsaltintakesintheworld.Tofix

this,ChinaworkedoutthefirstsaltreductionguideforitsfoodindustryonApril18,People'sDailyreported.

Iftheguideisfollowedproperly,theaveragesaltintakeforChinesepeoplewilldropby20percentby2030.Theguidecallsforfoodpaniestolowerthesaltcontentintheirproductsbyimprovetheirproductiontechniquesandadjusting(调整)tastes.

Thesaltwetakeinmainlyesfromprocessedfood.Forexample,a104gramcanofLay'sclassicpotatochipscontainsabout0.66gramsofsalt,whichaccountsforover10percentoftheremendeddailysaltintake.A100grambagofKangShiFuinstantnoodleshasnearly2gramsofsalt.

Asmallamountofsaltmakesfoodtastebetterandisimportantforgoodhealth,buteatingtoomuchincreasestheriskofhighbloodpressure,heartattacksandstrokes(中风),theXinhuaNewsAgencyreported.

Lesssaltleadstobetterhealth.Andthere'snoneedtoworrythatfoodwillbelesstastyinthefuture.AstudybytheMonellChemicalSensesCenterintheUnitedStatesfoundthatit'seasyforpeopletoreducetheirsaltintake.Althoughyoumaythinkyourfoodisnotsaltyenoughatfirst,youtastebuds(味蕾)willgraduallygetusedtoitandyouwillfeelthatyourfoodtastesthesameasitdidbefore.

Hereareglobaleffortstocutsalt.Morethanhalfoftheworld'scountrieshavealreadytakenactiontoreducesaltconsumption(消费)amongtheircities,includingtheUK,FinlandandAustralia,ChinaNewsServicereported.Forexample,inNewYork,dinerswhoeatatchainrestaurantscanseewarningnexttomenuitemsthathavehighlevelsofsalt.InParagraph1,theword

thisreferto______.A.Chineseeatsaltmuchlowerthantheremended

B.Chinahasoneofthehighestsaltintakesintheworld

C.foodpanieswilllowerthesaltcontentintheproducts

D.thefirstChinesesaltreductionguideforitsfoodindustryH8Ididsomethingwrongtoday.Whileatthebeachthisafternoon.ImetaboycalledBob.Wetalkedalot.Hesaidthatitwasfunplayingonthecliffs（悬崖）.ItoldhimthatIwasnotallowedtogonearthatplace.MumandDadhadalwaystoldmeitwasdangeroustoplaythere.Hecalledmeacoward.IwantedtoprovetohimthatIwasjustasbrave,soIagreedtogowithhim.Wewantedtomakeourwaydowntoexplorethearea,soBobstartedtoclimbdownandIfollowedhim.Unluckily,somerockscamedownafterus.Oneofthemnearlyhitmyhead.Wecouldnotgetbackup.Weshoutedandshoutedforhelp,butforalongtimenohelpcame.Iwasreallyscared.Iwantedtocry.Then,weheardsomesounds.Someonehadheardus.Awomantiedaropearoundherselfwhileamanattheclifftopheldtherope.Shemadeherwaydowntosaveus.Myparentswererelieved（宽慰的）thatIwasunhurt,buttheywereangrythatIhaddonesuchariskything.IapologizedandpromisedthatIwouldnotdoanythinglikethatagain.InParagraph2,“acoward”means_________.A.apersonwhoisnotbrave B.apersonwhoisnotclever

C.apersonwhoisnotstrong D.apersonwhoisnotpoliteI9

Fewpeoplerefusetolookatpicturesofcuteanimals.TakeSallychickenasanexample.Thechickenwithayellowbodyandaflatmouthalwayslookslovely,whichmakesitpopularontheInternet.Seeinghercutepicturecheerspeopleup.Butthere'sanotheradvantageofcuteanimals.

Newresearchhasfoundthatlookingatpicturesofcuteanimalscanalsohelpusconcentrate(聚精会)better.

ThestudyesfromresearchersatHiroshimaUniversityinJapan.Theyinvited132universitystudentstotakepartinaseriesofexperiments.

Inoneexperiment,studentsplayedagameinwhichtheyhadtopickupsmallobjectsfromaholewithouttouchingthesides.Inanotherexperiment,studentswereaskedtofindagivennumberfromalistofnumbersquickly.

Inbothexperiments,theydidthegiventaskstwice—beforeandafterlookingatpicturesofeitherkittens(babycats)andpuppies(babydogs),oradultcatsanddogs.

Researchersweresurprisedtofindthatinbothcasesstudentswhowereshowncutebabyanimalpicturesmadefewermistakes.

But,babyanimalslookboth"cuter"and"morepleasant"thanadultanimals.Somepeoplemayaskwhetherthetestdifferencecamefromtheirbeing"pleasant"?

Tofindtheanswer,theresearcherschosesomefoodpictureswhichlookedpleasantbutnotcute,andgavethemtoathirdgroupofstudents.Butviewingthefoodsdidnotmakethestudentsdoanybetterinthenumbertest.

Thisfindingshowsthatviewingcutepicturesmakesparticipants(参与者)behavemoredeliberatelyanddotaskswithgreatercare.

The"powerofcuteness"maybeofgreatuseineverydaylife.

Thinkaboutsituationsinwhichpeopleneedtoactcarefully:driving,officeworkandexams.

"Inmyfirstyearofhighschool,Ibroughtsmallplastictoystoschoolduringtests.Iwouldsetthemupinarowonmydesk,facingme,andthengetbusywithansweringexamquestions,"SusanaMartinezCondewroteinScientificAmerican.Theunderlinedword"deliberately"isclosestinmeaningto______.A.happily B.relaxedly C.actively D.carefullyJ10

ManypeopleknowthatrubbishisabigproblemonplanetEarth.Whatmanypeopledon'tknowisthatjunkhasbeeaprobleminouterspacetoo.

AccordingtoBBCNews,therearemorethan22,000piecesofspacejunkfloatingaroundtheearth.Andthese

arejustthethingsthatwecanseefromthesurfaceoftheearthbytelescopes.Therearealsomillionsofsmallerpiecesofjunkthatwecan'tsee.

Objects,likebitsofoldspacerocketsorsatellites,movearoundtheplanetatveryhighspeedsofastthatevenaverysmallpiececanbreakimportantsatellitesorbeedangeroustoastronauts.Ifthetiniestpieceofjunkcrashedintoaspaceship,itcoulddamagethespacetool.

Tomakethingsworse,whentwoobjectsinspacecrash,theybreakintomanysmallerpieces.Forexample,whenaU.S.satellitehitanoldRussianrocketin2009,itbrokeintomorethan2,000pieces,spacejunkproducedasaresult.

Toreducemoreandmorespacejunk,countrieshaveagreedthatallnewspacetoolscanonlystayinspacefor25yearsatmost.Eachtoolmustbebuilttofallsafelyintotheearth'satmosphere(大气层)afterthattime.Intheupperpartsoftheatmosphere,itwillburnup.

Manyscientistsalsosuggestdifferentwaystocleanupspacejunk.InEngland,scientistsaretestingaspecialnetthatcanbesentintospacejunk.Thenetcatchesthejunkandthenpullsitintotheearth'satmospheretoburnup.TheGermansarebuildingrobotsthatcancollectpiecesofspacejunkandbringthembacktoEarthtobesafelydealtwith.

"Theproblemisbeingmorechallengingbecausewe'resendingmoreobjectsintospacetohelppeopleusetheirmobilephonesandputers,"saysMarcoCastronuovo,anItalianspaceresearcher.

"Thetimetoactisnow.Thelongerweleavetheproblem,thebiggeritwillbee,"hesays.Theunderlinedword"these"inParagraph2refersto______.A.telescopes B.problems

C.piecesofspacejunk D.BBCnewsreportsK11BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalentforartwhenhewasonlysixyearsofage.Buthedidnotknowaboutbrushesbeforeavisitortoldhimheneededone.Inthosedays,abrushwasmadefromcamelˈshair.Therewerenocamelsnearby.Benjamindecidedthatcathairwouldworkinstead.Hecutsomefurfromthefamilycattomakeabrush.Thebrushdidnotlastlong.SoonBenjaminneededmorefur.Beforelong,thecatbegantolookragged（蓬乱）.Hisfathersaidthatthecatmustbesick.Benjaminwasforcedtoadmitwhathehadbeendoing.Thecatˈslotwasabouttoimprove.Thatyear,oneofBenjaminˈscousins,Mr.Pennington,cametovisit.HewasimpressedwithBenjaminˈsdrawings.Whenhewenthome,hesentBenjaminaboxofpaintandsomebrushes.Healsosentsixengravings（版画）byanartist.ThesewerethefirstpicturesandfirstrealpaintandbrushesBenjaminhadeverseen.In1747,whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold,Mr.Penningtonreturnedforanothervisit.HewasamazedatwhatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.HeaskedBenjaminˈsparentsifhemighttaketheboytoPhiladelphiaforavisit.Inthecity,Mr.PenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.Theboybeganalandscapepainting.WilliamWilliams,awellknownpainter,cametoseehimwork.WilliamswasimpressedwithBenjaminandgavehimtwoclassicbooksonpaintingtotakehome.Thebookswerelonganddull.Benjamincouldreadonlyalittle,havingbeenapoorstudent.Buthelatersaid,“Thosetwobooksweremypanionsbyday,andundermypillowatnight.”Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks,theywerehisintroductiontoclassicalpaintings.Thenineyearoldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph3suggest?A.Thecatwouldbecloselywatched.

B.Thecatwouldgetsomemedicalcare.

C.Benjaminwouldleavehishomeshortly.

D.Benjaminwouldhaverealbrushessoon.L12Researchershavestudiedlefthandedness(左撇子)foratleast150years.However,whatmakesapersonbeelefthandedremainsunknown,althoughtherearemanytheoriesaboutit.ArecentUKresearchofunbornbabiesfoundthathandednessmightdevelopbeforetheirbirths.Aboutninetenthsunbornbabiespreferredtoputtheirrighthandintotheirmouths.Anotherfindingisthatmotherswhoareover40atthetimeofachildˈsbirthare128%morelikelytohavealefthandedbabythanawomaninhertwenties.Sinceabout90%peoplearerighthanded,lefthandedpeopledogothroughsomedifficulties.Asourwritingrunsfromlefttoright,itishardforalefthandedpersontowritewithoutsmudging(模糊)theink.Whatˈsmore,mosttoolssuchasscissorsandkitchenknivesaredesignedforusewiththerighthand.Itcanbedangerousiftheyareoperatedwiththelefthand.Inthepast,lefthandedchildrenwereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Luckily,nowfewerpeoplehaveabiasagainstlefthanders.Lefthandedchildrenarenolongerlaughedatinschool.Someshopssellproductsforlefthanders,suchaslefthandedguitarsandevenalefthandedputermouse.Since1976,therehasbeenanunusualdayforlefthanders.InternationalLeftHandersDayiscelebratedonAugust13theveryyear.Itdrawspeopleˈsattentiontothechallengeslefthandersfaceinaworldfullofrighthanders.Moreandmorepeoplehaverealizedlefthandednessisnothingstrange.SomeofthemostfamouslefthandedpeopleincludeMarkTwain,WinstonChurchill,BarackObamaandBillGates.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“bias”inthefourthparagraphmean?A.偏见 B.恐惧 C.赞扬 D.鼓励M13

GraceMurraywasbornonDecember9,1906inNewYorkcity.Shewastheoldestofthethreechildreninherfamily.Evenatanearlyage,shewascuriousaboutsomegadgets（小装置）,likealarmclocks.ShesharedherloveofMathwithhermother.Herfatheralwaysencouragedherthroughhisspeechandexample.Hetoldherthatshecoulddoanythingifsheputhermindtoit.In1928shefinishedhereducationatVassarCollegeinMathandPhysics.Sincethen,shehadbeenteachingatVassar.Andin1934,shecontinuedherstudiesatYaleUniversity,wheresheachievedalotinMath.

In1930,GraceMurraymarriedVincentFosterHopper.Theywerehappytogetherfor15years.GracetaughtatVassarCollegetill1943,andthenshejoinedtheUnitedStatesNavyduringWorldWarII.ThensheworkedfortheBureauofputationProjectatHarvardUniversity,wheresheworkedontheMARKseriesofputers.

In1945,shebegantodoresearchonappliedphysicsatHarvard'sputationLaboratory.In1949shejoinedtheEckertMauchlyputerCorporation.18yearslater,shereturnedtotheNavy.Sheretiredin1971butcontinuedtoworkforthedevelopmentoftheputer.BrewsterAcademy,aschoolinWolfeboro,NewHampshire,theUnitedStates,gavetheirputerlabtoherforfreein1985,callingittheGraceMurrayHopperCentreforputerLearning.Shediedinhersleepin1992.Sinceherdeath,herworkmateElenorBriggshasbeengoingonwithherjob.

GraceMurraywasagreatwomanandaleaderinthedevelopmentoftheputer.Herworkhelpedimprovetheuseofputerlanguages.Shepracticedherwords"DareandDo"inherlifetime.Theunderlinedword"it"

inParagraph1refersto"____________".A.anythingshecoulddo B.herfather'sexample

C.herfather'sspeech D.hereducationN14

It'sbadenoughtobethesmallestofthegroup,buttobetoldafter75yearsthatyou'renotevenamemberoftheclub—whataterriblething!

Pluto(冥王星)wasfirstdiscoveredin1930.Until2006,studentsweretaughtthatitwastheninthandsmallestplanetinthesolarsystem.Smallerthantheearth'smoon,itisnotevenaswideastheUnitedStates.

Plutoismadeupalmostentirelyofrockandice.ItissofarawayfromtheearththattheNASANewHorizonsspacecrafttookalmost10yearstogetveryclosetoit.

Butassmallasitis,ascoldasitis,asfarfromthesunasitis,forallthoseyearsitwasconsideredtheninthplanetofthesolarsystemuntilEris(阋神星)camearound.

Eriswasdiscoveredin2005.ItisaboutthesamesizeasPluto.AndlikePluto,itispartoftheKuiperBelt,aringofobjectsthatcircletheouteredgeofthesolarsystem.

AfterEriswasdiscovered,scientistshadtomakeadecision.EitherEriswasthe10thplanetinthesolarsystemoritwasnotaplanetatall.

Scientistsmadenewrulesforplanet,anddecidedthatneitherPlutonorErisqualified.

Anewclubwascreated:dwarf(矮的)planet.Theofficiallistofplanetsinthesolarsystemwentfromninetoeight,andPlutoandErisbecamemembersofthedwarfplanetclub.Infact,Plutoisoneofthebiggerdwarfplanets!Whatdoestheunderlinedword"qualified"mean?A.联系 B.组合 C.符合 D.合并O15Timemanagementistheprocessofplanningandcontrollinghowmuchtimetospendonsomeactivities.Goodtimemanagementallowsyoutopletemoreinashorterperiodoftime,reduceyourstress,andleadstocareersuccess.

Somestudentsworkhardattheirlessons,andoftenstayuplate.However,itisnotnecessarytobeeabookwormtobeagoodstudent.Ifyoutrytopletetoomanytasksatthesametime,themostlikelyresultisthatyouwillbeoverwhelmed(击垮)inthehopeof‘catchingup’.Theamountandqualityofwhatyouachievearemainlydependentonhoweffectivelyyoumanageyourtime.Hereissomeadviceonhowtobettermanageyourtimeasastudent.

MakeaplanTherearemanysubjectsthatneedtobelearnedandyouneedtodolotsofexercisestopractise.Thebestwaytoachievesuccessistomakeaplan.Thisstartsasalistofallthetasksforpletingyourgoals.Writethemdown,foryourmemoryisnotasgoodasyouthinkitis.Next,colourtasksonyourlisttoshowtheirurgency(紧迫性).Thisallowsyoutoknowthetasksthatyouneedtofinishatonce.Doonlyonethingatatime:theotherscanwaittheirturn.Youwillneedtoupdateyourlistregularly,butallowyourselftoenjoythepleasureofputtingyourpenthroughthingsthatyouhavepleted.

Bewareofdistractions(当心分心）Usingmobilephonesorputerstochatwithothersorplaygamesmayhelpyourelaxbutitisalsoawasteoftime.Considershuttingthemoffpletelyasyouworkonataskthatrequiresyourfullattention.

Learntosay‘no’Manybusinessleadersputalotoftheirsuccessdowntosimplysaying‘no’.Thatis,theyputtheireffortsinthefewareasthatreallymatterandhavethecouragetosaynotoeverythingelse.Berealisticwithyourself,andhonestwithothers.Refusetheactivitiesortaskswhichyouarenotgoodat.

GiveyourselfabreakTakingbreaksisgoodforyourbrain.Don’tbehardonyourself;youwillactuallydobetterifyoutakebreaks.Thismightseemcounterintuitivewithallthosetasksonyourlist,butsolutionstoproblemscanefromarefreshed(清爽的)brain.Succeedingagainstthedifficultyandinthefaceoftimepressureisoneofthemostvaluableexperiencesyo