建筑工程测量放线及沉降观测点设置方案

第第页建筑工程测量放线及沉降观测点设置方案4.1.1工程特点该工程占地面积大，外形轮廓呈圆弧形，最大圆弧半径200.7m，圆弧中心点不在建筑内，光靠内控点较难有效地控制建筑物施工，因此我们将采取内控与外控相结合、以内控为主的方法，保证工程顺利进行，不出差错。4.1.2施工测量技术要求（1）水平角的施工水平角的观测，一个测回中的误差不大于±2s；消除仪器的光学对点误差，对点时，必须将对点器镜对着相对方向反复转向对点，消除光学误差。（2）垂直度的投测严格按照仪器操作规程，精心操作，对点调评；

圆心气泡在360°范围内保持在中心位置；

视准线必须与仪器机轴复合。

4.1.3施工测量精度控制

施工测量精度控制如下表:

表4-1测量精度控制表序号项目允许偏差1楼层标高允许偏差10mm2主体封顶标高允许偏差15mm3层间竖向测量每层轴线尺寸偏差2mm4主体封顶总垂直偏差15mm5沉降观察闭合差0.3n（n为测站数）本工程因先有南栋桩基图，南栋桩基完成后，北栋桩基图才设计出来，故实际施工中，分南北两栋进行两次桩基施测。在施测北栋桩基时，注意和南栋的闭合，南栋桩基采用JD-2激光经纬仪和50m钢尺采用偏角法施测，对北栋桩基，考虑到场地较大、轴线关系较复杂，为确保测量精度及施工进度，改用GTS-310电子全站仪施测，现将有关程序叙述如下：（1）南栋桩基施测因设计图纸分区绘制桩位平面，加上场地较大，同时考虑到闭合需要、其施测顺序为：先用规划控制点D、F及E、G分别对Ⅳ区、Ⅴ区进行桩位施测。再用规划控制点A、C对Ⅱ区、Ⅰ区、Ⅲ区桩位进行施测。对Ⅳ区和Ⅰ区之交点TZ2与Ⅳ区特征点TZ1进行距离校核以达到区与区之间闭合的目的，同理，对Ⅴ区与Ⅲ之交点TZ3与Ⅴ区之特征点TZ4进行距离校核。桩位施测采用JD-2激光经纬仪及50m钢尺，考虑到场地较大及场内标高起伏较大，先从控制点出发，精确测出一些分测站，进行多站施测，以减小测距误差，在不同测站施测时，测站与测站之间进行交汇点的闭合。桩位施测的具体步骤详见：图4-2a南栋桩位施测附图，其中TZ1与TZ2为区间闭合点示例。TZ1与TZ2距离等于TZ3与TZ4距离，应为:2×130000mm×sin1°≈4538mmTZ5为测站与测站之间的闭合点示例，分别从测站4与测站5施测TZ5点，其偏差应在允许范围之内。限于篇幅，本方案仅对有关计算举例如下：1）测站6与规划控制点C之距离计算:（A）用坐标计算L6,c=102090.38-101988.33-20.1-32-18.6=33.35(m)（B）用设计图纸所给几何关系计算:L6,c=130（1-cos33°）+3.5+10.5sin45°=20.973+4.95+7.425=33.348(m)两者相差仅2mm，说明A、D、C、E四点坐标无误。2）测站6与测站5之距离计算:L5,6=2×130000×sin4.9°=22208(mm)∠10,6,5=90°+9.8°/2=94.9°=94°54'3）测站4、5与特征点TZ5之距离计算:L4,TZ5=L5,TZ5=2×130000×sin3°≈13607(mm)具体施测操作前，需详细进行内业计算，将计算结果列表，经3人校核无误后再进行现场施测，施测过程中，一定要进行区与区之间的闭合和测站与测站之间的闭合。上述施测点为外弧轴线交点，分别以同径的轴线两点拉线，用钢尺测距法测出中间轴线交点，再利用桩中点与轴线交点的关系，用钢尺测距法测出桩位中心，因桩位中心与各轴线偏差不一，关系较复杂，需在室内先详细计算并在图上标注后再行现场施测，对计算结果及图上标注要进行2人以上复核，以消除计算错误和笔误。在桩井正式开挖时派专人复核，确保万无一失后方可开挖桩井。因桩井开挖时将破坏各规划控制点及主要测站，故将相关测站及规划控制点移于施工平面以外，并使其尽可能在同心圆上，同时做好保护。利用这些点可进行相关校核及主体阶段的放线，移位后的控制网详见：图4-2a南栋桩位施测附图。仪并编号，再到现场根据规划给定坐标点进行轴线交点施测，中间轴线交点可根据边轴线交点拉线用测距法测得，轴线交点坐标施测完毕后，根据各桩中与轴线交点之关系，用量距法施测各桩中心位置。须特别注意的是必须和南栋进行闭合校核，这样既可校核所放桩中正确与否，还可核查南栋桩位偏差。各桩中放出后，再由施工员进行几何关系的校核，以及区与区之间的闭合校核。北栋轴线交点编号详见图4-2b北栋轴线交叉点编号平面图。表4-2北栋边轴线交点坐标一览表点号xy点号xy601102045.83144805.906631102068.20144861.835602102055.56244799.966632102087.84744857.587603102049.63644812.443633102068.96244865.540604102067.21644802.699634102088.693444861.705605102051.43544815.771635102069.64544869.260606102069.21544806.396636102089.45144865.839607102053.16444819.135701102070.60944875.490608102071.13744810.135702102090.52344872.762609102054.82244822.534703102071.08344879.242610102072.97944813.913704102091.05044876.932611102056.40944825.968705102071.47944883.004612102074.74344817.728706102091.489448881.112613102057.92344829.434707102071.79544886.773614102076.42544821.580708102091.84144885.301615102059.36544821.580709102072.03344890.548616102078.02744832.931710102092.10544889.496617102060.73244825.466711102072.19144894.327618102079.54744836.457712102092.28144893.696619102062.02644829.385713102072.26244897.478620102080.98544833.335714102092.36044897.198621102063.24544843.592715102072.26244902.522622102082.33944837.314716102092.36044902.802623102064.38944847.198717102072.19144905.673624102083.61044841.321718102092.28144906.304625102065.457444850.826719102072.03344909.452626102084.79744845.353720102092.10544910.514627102066.44844854.476721102071.79544913.227628102085.89944849.410722102091.84144914.699629102067.36344858.146723102071.47944916.996630102086.91644853.488724102091.48944918.888表4-2，第2页点号xy点号xy725102071.08344920.758817102062.02644959.988726102091.05044923.068818102080.98544966.665727102070.60944924.510819102060.73244963.543728102090.52344927.238820102079.54744970.615801102069.64544930.740821102059.36544967.629802102089.45144934.161822102078.02744974.534803102068.96244934.460823102057.92344970.566804102088.69344938.295824102076.42544978.420805102068.20144938.165825102056.40944974.032806102087.84744942.413826102074.74344982.292807102067.36344941.854827102054.82244977.466808102086.91644946.512.828102072.97944986.087809102066.44844945.524829102053.16444980.865810102085.89944950.590830102071.13744989.865811102065.45744949.174831102051.43544984.229812102084.79744954.647832102069.21544993.604813102064.38944952.802833102049.63644987.557814102083.61044958.679834102067.21644997.301815102063.24544956.408835102045.83144994.094816102082.33944962.686836102055.56245000.0344.1.6承台及地梁施测方案桩基完成后，即可采用GTS-310电子全站仪进行承台及地梁的施测，施测方法基本同北栋桩基施测方法，根据桩内控制点坐标及计算所得各轴线交点坐标将其施测于桩顶，并用十字交叉线做好标记，据此进行承台及地梁施工。4.1.7±0.000框架柱位施测承台及地梁模完成后，将各轴线交点引测于承台砖模上，根据柱中心与轴线之关系施测柱中心，据此可进行框架柱钢筋锚固，承台混凝土施工完毕，再将柱中心及柱边线施测于承台上进行柱的模板安装。4.1.8上部主体工程轴线施测根据本教学大楼施工面积大、曲线长等特点，结合施工场地具体情况，±0.000以上建筑物采用内控法，控制其平面位置，为了保证精度，按8个区，视其施工情况共做19个内控点，控制点严格按5"导线要求，实行简易平差，其点位误差为1/25000，完全能满足施工要求。有关步骤叙述如下：（1）内控点的建立在一层室内地面上建立19个固定内控点，其坐标如表4-3。表4-3内控点坐标表点号xy点号xy101102012.07744844.118602102072.15944849.789102102023.14544872.699603102068.84644839.717201102034.68044900.000604102072.23444820.326301102024.31644924.303701102085.96044891.813302102029.05444949.902702102074.77944911.258401102022.88544811.519801102083.42444947.054402102006.01144815.408802102069.54044949.070501102025.23144985.169803102077.22044963.348502102006.00944986.006804102069.69744986.534601102083.84744852.663内控点作法详见图4-3。图4-3内控点作法示意图（2）内控点的投测在施工过程中，各层楼面浇筑混凝土时，在各控制点对应位置处，均预留250mm×250mm垂线传递孔洞，并在留孔处四周砌筑挡水圈，以防投点时施工用水流洒在仪器上。为了配合投测，必须备制有机玻璃投点砚板，长宽各300mm，厚5mm，过板中心互相垂直的两刻线使砚板分为四个象限，在两对角象限涂上红漆并注上象限数字。施测方法：将激光经纬仪设在±0.000平面处的控制点上，严格对中整平，向天顶方向投测至施工楼层预留大的垂线传递孔洞上的有机玻璃砚板上，当控制网上控制点全部投影至施工楼层后，复检控制网的边长、角度，使之与±0.000平面的控制网一致。为了对经纬仪投点进行检查比较，采用15kg锤球吊通线对投点校验，通过校验后的控制网进行细部轴线放样，并做好记录。（3）楼面控制线的施测各区径向线控制点坐标是根据设计文件所提供的圆心角、特殊角点坐标以及设计图标定的距离和方位推算的（详图4-4）。具体推导如下：根据施工进度，一般每区单独放样，为了减少投点误差，我们每层内控点均从第一层用经过检核和较正后的J2激光经纬仪投点，保证投点误差在1mm内，结合本工地现有仪器和放样方法，误差主要来源于棱镜杆对中，因此我们放样时，用带有水准气泡的对中杆，让气泡居中，使对中杆严格竖直，保证测距误差在±2mm以内，方向偏差在±2"内。在第二层或第二以上各层放样，则在内控点设站，或对方向时检查两内控点间距离与理论距离是否相符，若在误差范围内即进行下一步工作。具体操作如下：例：放Ⅵ区Ⅵ-10线与此Ⅵ-E、Ⅵ-D、Ⅵ-C、Ⅵ-B交点，如图4-5。图4-5计算示意先用全站仪将631和632放出以后，再将631和632连成直线并各自延长，然后用经过检定过的钢尺复核，631～632的距离若在误差允许范围内，就用钢尺分别量取S1、S2、S3、S4得点A、B、C、D，则A、B、C、D分别为Ⅵ-E、Ⅵ-D、Ⅵ-C、Ⅵ-B与Ⅵ-10交点。631、632的坐标推算不再叙述，在本工地放样过程中，为了工作方便，我们将轴线交点内移1m作为径向线控制点，即632-A=1m，631-D=1m。根据图纸可求得S2、S3的距离。因建筑物平面比较复杂，施工时由技术负责人及测量专业组负责人共同作出详细的放样图交各相关专业班组，详细标明各构件与内控点、线的关系，测量专业组需跟班进行检查和校核。附：图4-6楼面径向线控制点编号平面图

表4-5内控点距离表

表4-6径向线控制点坐标一览表表4-5内控点距离表表4-6径向线控制点坐标一览表点号距离点号距离101—10230.649601—60212.036104—30326.034701—70222.430401—40217.316801—80214.030501—50219.240803—80424.236点号xy点号xy111102003.96944832.530221102022.61544904.115112102010.74144828.461222102025.74944904.213113102006.25544836.490223102022.32844909.594114102013.16544832.660224102038.88444910.810115102008.81444841.344225102021.46844917.778116102015.87844837.806226102037.91444920.032117102011.16844846.300227102020.76844922.297118102018.37444843.062228102037.12644925.123119102013.31244851.351229102037.00944891.307120102028.72544845.186230102039.18044892.206121102015.24244856.487231102041.04444893.636122102030.90044850.937232102042.47444895.500123102016.95644861.700233102043.37344897.671124102032.83144856.846234102043.37344902.329125102018.45044866.979235102042.47444904.500126102034.51444862.795236102041.04444906.364127102019.72244872.316237102039.18044907.794128102035.94744868.808311102020.76844922.297129102020.76844877.703312102037.12644925.123130102037.12644874.877313102019.72244927.684211102020.78644877.703314102035.94744931.192212102037.12644874.877315102018.45044933.021213102021.46844882.221316102034.51444937.205214102037.91444879.968317102016.95644938.301215102022.09944887.672318102032.83144943.154216102038.62544886.109319102015.24244943.513217102022.50144893.144320102030.90044949.027218102024.69844893.029321102013.31244948.649219102022.61544895.885322102028.72544954.814220102025.74944895.787323102011.16844953.700表4-6，第2页点号xy点号xy324102018.37444956.938522102019.92944975.624325102009.32244957.632523102019.92844980.573326102016.41644961.108524102012.85744973.502327102006.25544963.510611102046.68544805.384328102013.16544967.340612102054.70844800.487329102003.96944967.470613102050.51144811.959330102010.74144971.539614102066.34244803.184411101998.23444831.671615102052.32044815.304412101988.33344821.772616102068.33144806.863413102015.20344794.902617102054.05844818.687414102025.10344804.801618102070.24344810.583416102034.55244794.902619102055.72644822.105417102044.45244804.801620102072.07644814.342418102032.30244816.951621102057.32144825.558419102039.72744824.376622102073.83044818.138420102029.82844834.275623102058.84444829.043421102019.92944824.376624102075.50544821.971422102012.85944826.497625102060.29344832.559423102008.13444821.772626102077.09944825.838511101998.23344968.328627102061.66844836.106512101988.33344978.227628102078.61144829.737513102015.20345005.097629102062.96944839.679514102025.10344995.198630102080.04244833.667515102022.40344992.947631102064.19544843.280516102034.55245005.097632102081.38944837.628517102044.45244995.198633102065.34544846.905518102046.83744986.005634102082.65444841.613519102032.30344983.049635102066.41944850.554520102039.72744975.624636102083.83544845.626521102029.82844965.725637102067.41644854.224表4-6，第3页点号xy点号xy638102084.93244849.662730102091.10644910.451639102068.33644857.915731102072.79244913.300640102085.94344853.720732102090.84444914.626641102069.17944861.623733102072.47444917.090642102086.87044857.798734102090.49444918.793643102069.94444865.349735102072.07744920.873644102087.71144861.895736102090.05744922.953645102070.63044869.090737102071.60044924.646646102088.46644866.009738102089.53244927.102647102071.60044875.354811102071.60044924.646648102089.53244872.898812102089.53244927.102711102071.60044875.354813102070.63044930.910712102089.53244872.898814102088.46644933.991713102072.07744879.127815102069.94444934.651714102090.05744877.047816102087.71144938.104715102072.47444882.910817102069.17944938.377716102090.49444881.207818102086.87044942.202717102072.79244886.700819102068.33644942.085718102090.84444885.374820102085.94344946.280719102073.03144890.496821102067.41644945.776720102091.10644889.549822102084.93244950.338721102073.19044894.296823102066.41944949.446722102091.28244893.727824102083.83544954.374723102073.26244897.464825102065.34544953.095724102091.36144897.212826102082.65444958.387725102073.26244902.536827102064.19544956.720726102091.36144902.788828102081.38944962.373727102073.19044905.704829102062.96944960.320728102091.28244906.273830102080.04244966.333729102073.03144909.504831102061.66844963.894表4-6，第4页点号xy点号xy832102078.61144970.263841102054.05844981.313833102060.23944967.440842102070.24344989.418834102077.09944974.162843102052.32044984.696835102058.84444970.957844102068.33144993.137836102075.50544978.029845102050.51144988.041837102057.32144974.442846102066.34244996.816838102073.83044981.862847102046.68544994.615839102055.72644977.895848102054.70844999.513840102072.07644985.6584.1.9高程的传递根据建设单位交付的高程点，在建筑物四周的牢固物体上设正负零标志（±0.000），在施工期，每层做一次闭合检测，各作业根据±0.000标志自行引测至建筑物周边外墙上，并用油漆做上明显标志，以便各楼层施工时工区用50m钢卷尺引测至需要部位，再用水准仪进行施工测量。4.1.10