初三英语语法专题讲座之三名词

初三英语语法专题讲座之三名词（EnglishgrammarlecturethreeNOUN）Thispaperiscontributedbydaijiguang2008DOCdocumentsmayexperiencepoorbrowsingontheWAPside.ItisrecommendedthatyouselectTXTfirstordownloadthesourcefiletothelocalmachine.ThreeofEnglishlecturesinjuniormiddleschool:nounFirst,reviewthemainpoints.Inthepreviousproject,wereviewedtheusageofthearticleReviewthenouns,wewillreviewthenounsfromthefollowingaspects:1.countablenouns;2.uncountablenouns;3.caseofnouns;4.modifiernounnounnoun;5.6.sentencetwopoints,strategiesandskillsreview1.countablenounsisthatpeopleunderstandthebasicvocabularyusedthingsthespecificname,itismainlyusedtoindicateapersonorthing,alsocanbeusedtorefertoabstractconceptssuchasbook(Book),teacher(teacher),snow(snow),Beijing(Beijing),home(home)andsoon.Dividedintocommonnounsandpropernouns,nounsrefertoaclassofordinarypeoplethatthingsmatter,thesenounsgenerallydonotspecificallyrefertoonespecificthing,commonnounintocountablenounsanduncountablenouns,weseenowisacountablenoun.InEnglishcanuse1,3digitalcalculationofthewordisacountablenoun,countable2.IsusuallyanounBodynouns,suchasaboy(aboy),afamily(acollectivenoun,countablefamily)musthaveaheadortailinthesentence,theheadisa,one,anorapossessivepronoun;thetailisplural,thatistosay,acountablenouninasentencewithouttousethesingularplural.Wefirstreviewtherulesofthepluralformchanges.Specialnote:inthefollowinggeneralrulesatthesametime,therearesomeexceptions:(1)to-for-feattheendoftermdirect-scommonare:Belief-beliefs-griefs-proofbeliefgriefproofssadevidencechief-chiefs-Roof-gulfsBaychiefGulfroofsroofHandkerchiefhastwokindsofpluralforms:handkerchiefsandhandkerchieves.(2)onthepartofplural-oattheendofthetwoforms,whichcanbecombinedwith-scanalsoadd-es.cargo-cargos/cargoesvolcano-volcanos/volcanoesmottovolcanogoods-mottos/mottoes-zeros/zeroes0proverbszero(3)directplus-s.asendinginaconsonant+-ynounpluralforms:Marys,Henrysetal.(4)someoftheletters.Whentheneedtoadd-'s.tothispointisusuallyveryrare,shouldpayspecialattentiontoit.E.g.Therearethreea'sintheword"banana".TherearethreeA.intheinawordbananaOneIrregularForeignPluralsTwoThepluralformsofcountablenounshavenorules.Theirregularpluralformsaremainlyasfollows:Englishpluralspecialinmanynounshaveapluralformisveryspecial,thereareseveralsituationsasfollows:(1)thecollectivenoun:collectivenounscannotusespecificdigitalmodification,collectivenounsbelow,cannotusea,one,twoandothermodifications,onlyinitsprethesaid"all......"ThepolicetheFrench.Specialnote:"Chinese"expression:aChinesetwoChineseaJapanesetwoJapanese(policereferstoallpolice(French)theEnglishthereferstoalltheFrench)SwissEnglish(referstoallSwiss(British)referstoallSwiss)AnAustralian-twoAustraliansaFrenchmantwoFrenchmenI'mChinese.canbesaidtoalsocansayI'maChinese.I'mEnglish.orI'mancanbesaidtoEnglishboy.butcannotsaythatthewordssimilartoI'manEnglish.inthemiddlestageofwhatwelearnisthatEnglishandFrench.expressioninsomecollectivenounscanbemodifiedbychangingthespecificfiguresapoliceman.ApolicetwoBritishgirltwopolicewomentwoFrenchboystwofemalepolice两个英国女孩（2）复合名词两个法国男孩一位女教师女教师长大成人成人女教师一个英国人，英国人英国男子路人甲路人过路人三一个姐夫姐夫内兄，内弟，小叔，大伯注意：注意：男人，女人作定语修饰复数时，需变为复数形式。而女孩，男孩作定语修饰复数时则不变。两个男医生两位男医生三女生三名女学生（3）同时具有两种复数形式：有的名词当具有不同的含义时，其相应的复数形式也不相同。①一分钱一分钱有两种复数形式，当作”便士”的价值讲时复数为便士，当作”便士”的个数讲时复数为便士。②作品表示工厂时，无单复数变化，但表示”著作”时单数为工作，复数为作品。鲁迅化工厂③鱼鱼指”鱼”的条数时，其复数形式为鱼工作，作”鱼”的种类讲时复数为鱼。指餐桌上的”鱼肉”时为不可数名词。两鱼④人作”人们”讲时是集体名词，作”民族”讲时其复数形式为人民。两人两个人两国人民两个民族两条鱼两种不同的鱼两种鱼一部鲁迅的作品一家化工厂两鲁迅作品的两个化工厂两部鲁迅的作品两便士两便士四便士四个便士两家化工厂人和人的区别：的区别：人本身是集体名词，作复数用。”一个人”的表达法为：人，一不可以说一人。”三个人”可表达为三人或三人，前者常指群体，后者常指个体。另外人作”民族”讲时是可数名词。（4）只有复数形式，没有单数形式：有些词只有复数形式，但不能被具体数字修饰。裤子衣服裤子衣服短裤短裤货物商品眼镜眼镜袜子短袜注意：这类名词不能用具体的数字修饰。如不能说两条裤子，但可以说许多裤子，注意：两条裤子等。2。不可数名词四英语中不可数名词的形式比较复杂，在不同的语境下，有些不可数名词表示不同的概念，从而表现出可数与不可数的区别。（1）常见的不可数名词：不可数名词一般只有单数形式，没有复数形式。专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词在一般情况下为不可数名词。如：专有名词：英国广播公司英国广播公司物质名词：牛奶牛奶抽象名词：有趣的乐事气汽油善良善良MarkTwain马可吐温西湖轻光风风进步进步西湖幸福幸福注意：注意：因为汉语的数是用量词来表达的，而英语中常用名词的复数形式来表达数，故只凭汉语中对某一名词数的概念无法判断此词在英语中是否可数。如汉语中表达”一则消息”，而英语中需要用新闻表示，而不是新闻。①有些不可数的物质名词有复数形式，但表达不同意义。茶茶-茶-茶-茶一杯茶两两杯茶不同种类的茶啤酒啤酒咖啡咖啡食品食品啤酒一杯啤酒-两瓶啤酒两杯啤酒咖啡一杯咖啡食品各种各样的食品水果各种各样的水果玻璃一个玻璃杯眼镜眼镜，玻璃杯水果水果玻璃玻璃—②有些物质名词的复数形有特殊的含义。下雨大量的雨水，多场雨水域大片水域下雪大量的雪，雪堆，多场雪树林树林风多场风金沙沙堆，沙丘专有名词：专有名词：专有名词一般视为不可数名词，有时也可用作可数名词，前面可用/，也可有复数形式。我多么想成为一个ThomasEdison。我是多么想成为一个托马斯爱迪生式的人物啊！一个迪克要求见你。一个叫狄克的人要求见你。抽象名词：抽象名词表示具体事物时，变为可数名词，前面可用/，也可有复数形式，抽象名词：表示”某种人或事”。常见的这类名词有：可惜遗憾的人或事物快乐令人感到高兴的人或事破坏惊喜失败的人或事令人感到惊讶的人或事五死亡死者成功安慰成功的人或事令人感到安慰的人或事担心令人感到烦恼的人或事美美人或美丽的事物羡慕令人羡慕的人或事麻烦令人感到麻烦的人或事欢乐令人高兴的人或事物羞耻令人感到可耻的人或事物不知道令人感到疑惑的人或事物冲击令人感到吃惊的人或事后悔令人感到遗憾的人或事危险令人感到危险的人或事荣誉令人感到荣耀的人或事玛丽是我们班的光荣。玛丽是我们全班的骄傲。你给了我们所有的惊喜。常用必背：常用必背：常见的不可数名词有：你把我们大家吓了一跳。③不可数名词如果一定要表示单数或复数形式时，要借助于可数名词，构成的结构。一杯茶，一块面包，一袋大米，一块音乐新闻的一块布一块肉一个忠告一点面包一杯茶一块面包一袋子米一段乐曲一则新闻一块布一块肉一条建议一点面包片六两杯茶，四片面包，两公斤大米，一支粉笔，一张纸，一块工作，一片面包。两杯茶四块面包两公斤米一支粉笔一张纸一份工作一块面包一件日用品日常用品这时词的变化，全在前面的可数名词上。△这时词的变化，全在前面的可数名词上。④可以修饰不可数名词的词和短语：一点有一些多一些很多一些小几乎没有一点有一点很多一个很好的协议很多任何一些（用于否定句和疑问句）一些糖一点水大量很多大量的，充足的足够的时间足够的时间如：一些糖一点水⑤注意不可数名词在句子中谓语用单数形式。如：有（是）杯里有一些牛奶。3。名词的格名词的格分为主格，宾格和所有格名词的主格和宾格相同，一般就是名词本身。名词的所有格是表示名词的所属关系的形式，名词所有格的构成有的所有格，对所有格和双重所有格三种形式。(1):'s'spossessivepossessiveformisthemostcommonlyusedformofanounallrelationshipsinEnglish.'s'sasampleDick'shobbyDicksoundslikePhilip'spart-timejobPhilip'spart-timejobinvoicedconsonantsorvowelsafterreading[z]Mary'swishesBob'sbackpackBobMarie'swishtoreadthebus'senharmonicbackpackthemirrorbusintheMarx'sadviceonhowtomirror,studyEnglishMarxforadviceonhowtolearnEnglishifthenounhasto-sortomaintaintheoriginalwordpronunciationinvariantpluralword-esattheendofthetail,anddirectlyinthepluralpluralnounsfollowedbyanapostrophe'notfor-sattheendofthefinalphaseofchildren'stimechildrenpronunciationthetimenoundirectlyinspecialusagefollowedby's'smen'sclotheswiththepossessiveformofmen'sclothingmyParents'hope,myparents'hope,these,factories',workers,theworkersinthesefactoriesUnderthegeneralsituation,thenouninvoicelessconsonantsreadafter[s]plussuffix'sSevenTwoormorepeoplesharethesamething,onlychangethelastnounsuffix,asifalltheirendingsareallnouns,JohnandSusan'sfatherchanges.JohnandSusan'sfather(twocommonfather)PleasecomparetheJohn'sandSusan'sfathers.:(twoindividualsofdifferentNorthKorea'sJapan'sandfather),America'sproblems,NorthKorea,JapanandAmerica'sproblemsthattime,distance,country,location,naturalphenomena,personificationandotherinanimatenounsallhave'slatticerepresentationoftime:twodays'triptwotoday'snewspapertenminutes'daytriptodriveintoday'snewspapertenminutesDistance:twohours'walksaidthetwohourjourneyonfoot:China'sweatherChinesesaidNationalWeatherlocation:thecity'sparkssaidthecityparksaid:theearth'sairsaidthenaturalphenomenon:theworld'speopleaSouthKorea'sproblemsSouthKorea'sproblemBeijing'sstreetsBeijingStreetmoonlightcatemotionTheearth'satmospherethemoon'slighttheworldpeoplethecat'sfeelingSometimes,inordertoavoidduplication,ifoneistoopossessivemodifierhasbeenmentionedabove,ortwonounpossessivemodifiedthesamewordscanoftenomitthesecondnounpossessive.It'snotJane'smistakebutJack's(mistake).ThisisnotJenny'sfault,butthefaultofJackWhose.HandwritingisbetterMike's(handwriting)orAlice's(handwriting)?Whosehandwritingismorebeautiful,MikeorAlice?Saidtheshops,hospitals,schools,residentialandpublicbuildings,thenounitmodifiesallnounsoftendonotappear.Atthelatticetailor's(shop)atthetailor'sshopatthedoctor's(Office)inthehospitalofatTom's(home)inTom'sat(shop)thebarber'satthebutcher'sinthebarbershop(shop)inattheGreens'(home)butcherinthegreen.I'mplanningtogotomyuncle's(home)thissummervacation.thissummerIplantogotomyuncle'shome.GoodsarecheapbutgoodatJohnson's(shop).TheJohnsonstoremerchandiseischeapandgood.'s.elseandelsecontainingcommonlyusedinindefinitepronouns,interrogativepronounsandinterrogativeadverb,"saidanothertheother."theThee-dictionaryisgenitiveformelse's.notmine.It'ssomeoneelse's.theelectronicdictionaryisnotmine,others.Eight这是谁的书？（谁的=的人）这本书是另外什么人的呢？常用必背：常用必背：英语中可用的或”表示的节日：儿童节妇女节父亲节儿童节妇女节父亲节教师节母亲节新年教师节母亲节新年（2）对所有格：“名词+名词便构成了所有格这种所有格有以下几种用法”的。用于无生命的东西北京是中国的首都。北京是中国的首都。美国人的问题就是税收。美国人的问题就是税收。用于名词化的词穷人的生活是这个国家最大的问题。穷苦人的生活是这个国家最大的问题。注意：注意：有生命的名词的所有格和的所有格有时可以互换。女孩的名字，女孩的名字这个女孩的名字（3）双重所有格：把的所有格和的所有格结合在一起表示所有关系的结构就构成了名词的双重所有格。主要有如下两种用法：特定人的不特定的所有关系双重所有格带有的所有格的名词必须是一个明确限定的指人的名词，对前面的名词必须不确指同时。我父亲的几个朋友我父亲的一个堂弟我的几个朋友她/他/他们/我们的一个朋友表哥她的一个朋友/他/他们的/我们的表达特殊的情感有时双重所有格所修饰的名词与指示代词或形容词连用时，往往带有赞赏，厌恶，不满等感情色彩。你的车确实很漂亮。你的那辆车确实很好。看着这张照片，一个漂亮的女孩的。看看那张画图片，就是那张漂亮小姑娘的画。用法比较：用法比较：一幅杰克的照片，杰克的区别和九前者指杰克所拥有的一张照片（照片上可能有他本人）；后者指为杰克拍的一张照片。我的父亲与我父亲的一个朋友的朋友的区别前者强调是我爸爸多个朋友中的一个；后者强调是朋友关系，不是其他关系。这种用法在初中阶段可以不记用的较少，重点记前一种用法。4。名词的修饰语（1）只修饰可数名词的修饰语在英语中只能修饰可数名词的词或短语主要有：几很少几个，几乎没有几个有几个许多很多几许多有几个很多若干大量的一批有许多大量的（大/大）数如：几个玩具几个玩具，几辆车几辆汽车，许多学生很多学生，许多问题若干问题。（2）只修饰不可数名词的修饰语：只修饰不可数名词的词或短语主要有：小很少，几乎没有很多很多如：小知识大量浪费一点一点有一些有一点多一些几乎没有多少知识大量的废物。（3）既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的修饰语既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的修饰语常见的有：充足的一些一些很多很多足够的足够的很多最很多大多数的很多如：一些糖一些糖，一些问题一些问题；足够的油足够的石油，足够的工作足够的工作。5。Propernounsspecificnames,places,things,institutions,andfestivalssuchasthemonthtermknownaspropernouns.GreenGreen(Surname)ChicagoBullstheInternetInternetMacaoChicagobullsMacaoMonicaMonica(female)DecemberoftheYangtzeRiverinDecemberTheChangjiangRivertheWTOWTOChristmasDayTenTheUniversityofLondonUniversityofLondonChristmasThanksgivingDayspecialtipsforThanksgiving:specialtips:Mother'sDayMother'sDayThefirstletterofapropernounmustbecapitalized,butthefunctionalwordssuchasarticle,prepositionandsoon(a/an/the/in/for...)thefirstletterisgenerallynotcapitalized.Suchas:theUnitedNationsthePeople'sRepublicofUNChinaPeople'sRepublicofChina.Whenallcapitalletters,articles,prepositionscanbecapitalized,suchas:THEUNITEDKINGDOMOFGREATBRITAINANDNORTHERNIRELANDinUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.The6.sentenceNOUNnouncanbeusedassubject,inthesentenceobject,objectcomplement,subjectcomplement,tableLanguage,appositive,appellation,adverbial,attributive.Wisdomusuallygrowsoutof/failure.wisdomusuallyincreasesinfailure.Confidenceisthecoreofonemakingsuccess.confidenceisthekeytosuccess.AstheobjectoftheverbChildrendemandloveinthecourseoftheirgrowth.childrenintheprocessofgrowingupIlikeEnglishsongsinneedoflove.Butmybrotherdoesn't.EnglishIlovesongs,butmybrotherdoesn'tlove.AstheobjectoftheprepositionSomeareaftermoneysomeare,afterpower,butallareafterhappiness.isthepursuitofmoney,somepeoplethepursuitofpower,butallthepeoplethepursuitofhappiness.Thecellphoneistakinganimportantpartinmodernlife.mobilephoneinmodernlife.ItplaysanimportantroleastheobjectcomplementWearemakingourschoolabeautifulgarden.IWearemakingourschoolabeautifulgarden.WeallfindBethagoodliar.wefoundthatBesswasagoodliar.TrafficisabigproblemHeavyinmostcities.trafficcongestionisabigprobleminmostofthecity.Happinessisthetruevalueoflife.happinessisthetruevalueofC.Theseseatsare.Forusstudents,butthosearefortheteachers.,theseseatsareforusstudents,whoisateacher.AlbertEinsteinisafamousscientist,ascientistwhoisrespectedbythewholeworld.Einsteinisafamousscientist,respectedbythepeopleallovertheworldscientists.ElevenAstheWillyoupleasestepsaidthiswayMr,Smith?Thiswayplease,Mr.Smith.Monica,won'tyoucomein?Monica,whydon'tyoucomein?Weusuallydon'thaveclasseswasonSundays.onSunday,weusuallydon'thaveclasses.Wewalkedthreemilesbeforewelostourway.wewalkedthreemileslost.InthesouthofChinaforthere,growmanybananatrees.intheSouthChinatheregrowmanybananatrees.Sorry,Iamachemistryteacher,notanEnglishteacher.I'msorry,Iamachemistryteacher,notanEnglishteacher.Inthree,thetypicalcasesof1.Howmanywerelostinonthefire!.A.lifeB.livesC.lifesProblemsolvingskills:thisquestionexaminesthesingularandpluralproblemsofnouns.Accordingtotheverbwereintheproblem,itshouldbeusedinthepluralformofnouns,ThenounlifebelongstoF,Feattheendoftheterm,F,Feveands,thelivesread[laivz].answer:B2.Wewillhaveaholiday,WhataboutgoingtoWestLakeA.twodayB.two-dayC.two-days?D.twoday's.Problemsolvingskills:ThisC.compoundnounattributiveattributivenouncompound,arenotusuallyusedintheplural,withahyphenintermediate.Ofcourseifnothyphenatedcanalsousethepossessiveform,thepropositionoftrapsintheDoption,theoptionDtwoday'stwodays',ifyoucanchoose,studentswemustpayattentiontothepossessivesymbolposition.Answer:Bhavetodothisevening.3.IA.aofworksB.many.LotworkC.alotofworkD.someworksProblemsolvingskills:thewordofthisquestionexaminestheuseofwork,workwhenthe"work"whenspeakingisanuncountablenoun(ofcourseasitisaboutworkwiths),sotheAoptioncannotbeselected;theBoptionmanycannotbemodifieduncountable,alsocannotusetheDoptionwithwork;s,wecannotchoose,canonlyusetheCoption.Alotofcanbemodifiedwithcountablenounscanalsouncountablenouns,theChinese"Ihavealotofworktodothisevening.Answer:CTwelveSpecialexercisesofnouns1.Mybrotherhurthisyesterday.Hecan'twalknow.A.armB.legC.handD.eye2.Howmanyarethereintheinternationalvillage?A.ChineseB.RussianC.American3.Whichofthefollowingsignsmeans"Youmustn'tstopyourcarhere."?4.Myschoolisn'tfarfromhere.It'sonlyminute'swalk.A.fifteenminutesB.fifteenminutes'C.fifteen5.-Oh,thereisn'tenoughforusinthelift.-Nohurry.Let'swaitforthenext.A.floorD.placeC.roomB.ground6.-Iwanttogotodifferentplaces,butIdon'tknowthe.-Amapishelpful,Ithink.A.priceC.timeB.wayD.ticket7.Which,sign,can,you,probably,see,beside,a,deep,river?8.LaoSheistheofTeaHouse(teahouse).A.doctorB.actorThirteenC.scientistD.writer9.AtthefootofthehillyoucouldD.soundhearnothingbuttheoftherunningwater.A.shoutC.voiceB.noise10.-What'syourfavoriteseason?-A.JulyC.SpringB.MorningD.Wednesday11.Thefollowingfourbooksareaboutstories.A.sportsB.children'sC.animalD.love12.-WherecanwegointothetradecenterHaven'tyouseenthesign?Overthere?A.OPENC.EXIT13.-How'sJoy's-Herskirtismoreskirt?BeautifulthanA.herandKateB.her.Sister'ssisterandKateC.hersisterandKate'sD.hersister'sandKate'sFourteenB.CLOSEDD.ENTRANCE14.-Wouldyoulikesomedrinks,boys?-Yes,please.A.someorangesC.somecakesB.twoboxesofchocolatesD.twoofbottlesorange15.-Whatdoyouhaveforbreakfast?-Ioftenhaveor.A.breads,noodlesC.breads,noodleB.bread,noodlesD.bread,面条16-我想读点东西。-好的。这里有一些。a.cdsc.photosb.pencilsd.books17.mrs。布莱克是一个朋友。MaryB.Mary的母亲D.Mary的母亲A.Mary的母亲C.mother18、布瑞恩真好，我遇到麻烦时他常常给我一个。a.replyc.handb.seatd.reason19-你好，我可以和蒂娜通话吗？-对不起，你错了。c.number家庭d.telephone20、那家商店有三个店员。a.womenb.woman，鞋，鞋十五c.woman，鞋答案：D.女人，鞋1。B由后句”他现在不能走路”，可推知前句意思是”我弟弟昨天伤着腿了”，所以选B2，一个此题考查不规则名词复数形式。俄罗斯（俄国人）复数为俄罗斯、美国（美国人）复数形式