初高中学英语衔接语法

学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载做好初中高中英语语法衔接资料一、冠词用法小结冠词的用法在英语学习中较为复杂，千头万绪，尤其是惯用法，请同学们平时学习时注意积累。以下不过是谈谈冠词的一些常规的用法。不定冠词的用法：泛指人或事物的类别，相当于any,如: Ahammeristool. Asteelworkermakessteel.泛指某人或某物。 Aboyiswaitingforyou. Thereisabookonyourdesk.表one或every。Wework8hoursaday. Igohometwiceamonth.表示thesame的意思。Birdsofa(=thesame)featherflocktogether;peopleofakindcometogether.用在不可数名词前a)（用在物质名词前）一种，一份 Alargecoffeeforme. Itwasawonderfultea.b)（用在某些表示风、雨等的名词前）Itwascleardaylightnowandafinerainwasfalling. Thereisacoldwindthismorning.c)（用在抽象名词前）一种Thatisagreatdisappointment. It’sapleasuretoworkwithyou.（用在某些专有名词前）某个叫…的人，一张…的画，一个象…的人等。IsawaMrs.Smithonthe12that2:00. HehadaVanGoghinthedining-room.WhatastrangeLondontheysaw! He’salivingLeiFeng.用于某些固定词组中。afew,alittle,agoodmany,alotof,allofasudden,asarule,haveacold等。在元音音素开头的名词前应用an,如anapple,anEnglishbook。要以发音为准，并非以元音字母而定。如auniversity,anhour,an“h”,anX-rayexamination.定冠词的用法。表特定的或上文提到的人或物。Theboylikesthefilm. Shutthedoor,please.Theoldpoorpeasanthasason.Thesonisamodelworker.表示世界上独一无二的东西。theearth,themoon,thestars,thesun（但space前不用）用在序数词、形容词或副词最高级前。thesecond,thetallest,thelast,thefirst.用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派或组织机构等的专有名词前。theUnitedStates;thePeople’sRepublicofChina;theCommunistPartyofChina;theChinesePeople’sLiberationArmy;theNo.15MiddleSchool;thedepartmentofEducation.用在某些建筑物名称前。TheGreatHallofthePeople;theMonumenttothePeople’sHeroes;theGreatWall;theCapitalTheatre;theSpaceMuseum;thePeaceHotel。用在江河海洋，山脉群岛，海峡海湾等专有名词前。TheChangjiangRiver,theRedSea,theDabieMountains,theEnglishChannel,theTaiwanStraits,thePersianGulf。用在报纸、会议、条约等专有名词前。thePeople’sDaily（但：ChinaDaily）theNewYorkTimes,the15thPartyCongress,theGenevaAgreement用在方位名词前，某些习惯短语中或结构搭配中。ontheleft,intheeast,inthemorning,ontheotherhand,intheend,hitsbonthehead,catchsbbythearm用在形容词前表一类人。thepoor,thedead,theyoung,therich,thewounded.用在双方都知，不言而喻的名词前。Givemethebook.Who’stheman?用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妇二人。theSmiths,theGreens,theWangs,theTurners用在单数可数名词前泛指某类人或物(指整个一类)。Thehorseisausefulanimal.Thecomputerwasinvadednotlongago.（但更多时候表特指：Thehorseisill.）指世纪的年代。inthe1890’s或inthe1890s用在表示乐器的名词前。playthepiano(theguitar,theviolin,theflute)用在某国语言前，构成the…language的形式。TheEnglishlanguageisverywidelyusedallovertheworld.如果单用国家变来的语言名词形式，则不用the。Chinesehasthelargestnumberofspeakersintheworld.用于“论（或按）……计”之类的意思。Hegotpaidbythehour.Theyselltheclothbythemeter.不用冠词的场合。专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名前一般不用冠词。China,Johnson; Airismatter. Soundisinvisible.当名词已被指示代词、物主代词、名词所有格限制时。Thisbookisgood. IreadmyEnglishbookeveryday.注：指示代词和物主代词亦不能并用。＊mythatbook,应该说：thatbookofmine.街名、广场名、公园名前。WallStreet.Tian’anmenSquare,HydePark.省市、大学名前。HubeiProvince(但theProvinceofHubei);WuhanCity(但theCityofWuhan);QinghuaUniversity(但：theUniversityofQinghua)湖泊前一般不用冠词。EastLake,SaltLake,Dongting山峰前不用冠词。MountHua,MountTai,MountEverest月份、星期、节日、三餐饭的名词前。March,Christmas,Sunday; Haveyouhadlunch? Springisthebestseasonoftheyears.(但月份或季节被限定则须冠词。Iarrivedhereinthewinterof1993.)称呼语，表示头街或职务作宾补或同位语的名词。What’sthis,John? WemadeLiHaimonitor.学科名、球类、棋类名词六前。Welikemaths. Theyoftenplayfootball.泛指的复数名词前。Studentsmustworkhardattheirlesson.与by连用的交通工具或表示方式、手段的名词前。bybus,byhand,byradio,byair,bywater.冠词用法巩固练习—I’mafraidIdarenotspeakin______public.—Justhave______try.A.a;不填; B.不填;a C.the;a D.the;theAsyouknow,_____mancan’tlivewithout____water.A.不填;不填; B.a;the C.a;不填; D.不填;theThepolicehave______powertoarrestbadpeopleby_____law.A.the;the B.不填;the C.不填;不填; D.the;不填;Parisis______mostbeautifulcity,whereyoucansee_____famousEiffelA.a;the B.a;不填; C.the;a D.不填;the—Doyoulikethenovels?—Idon’tlikeeitherofthem.Pleaseshowme_______thirdone.A.a B.the C.X D.anKeepawayfromthecage._____lionis______fierceanimal.A.The;the B.A;the C.A;不填; D.The;aTheclassnamed_______LeiFangisoneofthebestclassedinthisschool.A.inhonorof B.intheplaceof C.infavorof D.inthewayof—Whatabout______bike?—Doyouthinkitallrighttobuyhimthatbikeas____birthdaygift?A.a;a B.the;a C.a;the D.the;theFirstaidis_____scienceofgiving____medicalcareto______person.A.the;不填;a B.the;the;a C.a;不填;the D.不填;a;thePleasepayattentiontoyourspelling.You’vedropped_____“n”here.A.an B.the C.不填; D.aBillClintontook_____officeonJanuary20th,1993,andbecame_______42ndUSPresident.A.an;the B.不填;the C.the;不填; D.不填;不填;—Haveyouseen_______pen?Ileftitherethismorning?—IthinkIsaw_____onesomewhere.Isit______redone?A.a;the;a B.a;a;the C.the;不填;a D.a;不填;a—Thenewsisspreadingfrommouthtomouth.—Yes,it’sbecome______talkof_____town.A.a;a B.the;不填; C.the;the D.a;不填;Nowthemachinerunsatdouble_______.A.aspeed B.speed C.thespeed D.forspeed—Ihopeyouwillbereadytoleaveontime.—Don’tworry.I’llbeready____thetaxiarrives.A.bythetime B.intimeforC.atthetimeof D.untilthetimewhenIfhegoesonswimminginthatlakefor_____fourhours,he_______initfortwelvehours.A.another;willhavebeenswimming B.a;willswimC.other;hasswum D.the;willbeswimming—CharleyOakley,_______NBAAll-star,hasn’tmissed______gameinpastthreeyears.—Ican’tbelieveit.A.an;a B.a;the C.the;a D.an;the—Whatdidyouthinkoftheplace?—Ididn’tcarforitat____first,butafter_____timeIgottolikeit.A.不填;the B.the;a C.the;不填; D.不填;a—Inthepasttenyears,therehavebeenmanychangesinfamilylife.—Arethesechanges______?A.betterorworse B.forbestorforworstC.forthegoodorforthebad D.forthebetterorfortheworseTheletter_______.Ishouldhavereceiveditthismorning.A.istobemailed B.hasbeenmailed C.hadbeenmailed D.wasbeingmailedTowards____morning,_____heavysnowbegantofall.A.the;a B.an;a C.a;不填; D不填;theMymotherisusuallyon________dutyinherofficeevery______fewdays.A.the;a B.不填;a C.不填;不填; D.a;不填;Hehasfinished_______.A.adaywork B.day’sworking C.aday’swork D.aday-work—Maywecomeinrightnow?—Certainly,butonlytwoareallowed______.A.atatime B.inawhile C.atonetime D.forawhileNowonder_____failedinthedrivingtestfor_____secondtime.A.hasshe;the B.shehas;the C.hasshe;a D.shehas;a—Whendidyourecognizeher?—_________Imether.A.Amoment B.ThemomentC.Themomentwhen D.Foramoment—Isthisradioshowstill_______?—No.Itwillbebroadcastagainnextmonth.A.byair B.throughtheair C.ontheair D.intheairTheeveningmealforAmericansisusuallylongand_____forfamiliestogathertogether.A.time B.adate C.atime D.thedateDuffieldWhite,whoisin_____chargeofthecompetition,saidthattheboywastheyoungestwinnerof_______prize.A不填;a B.the;the C.不填;the D.one;theThebuildingwasnamedFordHall________amannamedJamesFord.A.formemoryof B.inthememorythat C.inmemoryof D.inamemoryforOh,Mary,_______youhavegivenus!I_______sosoon.howpleasantsurprise;hadnoideathatyoucomehowpleasantsurprise;don’tsupposeyouwillcomehowpleasantasurprise;didn’tsupposeyouwouldcomewhatpleasantsurprise;don’tthinkyouhavecomeThesetworoomsareof_____size.Butanothertworoomsarethreetimes_____sizeofthem.A.the;the B.a;the C.a;a D.the;aItisnotrarein_____thatpeoplein_____fiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.A.90s;the B.the90s;不填; C.90’s;their D.the90’s;their—What’syoureldersister?—Sheis____teacherand_______writer.A.the;the B.a;不填; C.a;a D.the;aProfessorSmithhadnotgiven_____talkonShakespeareforalongtime,sohehadtobrushuponsomeof______plays.A.不填;不填; B.a;the C.the;不填; D.the;the______playedanimportantrollinfieldhospitalsduringthewar.A.AX-rayequipment B.AnX-rayequipmentC.X-rayequipments D.X-rayequipmentAtmidnighttheyreached_____smallvillage_____eastof_____Ever-whiteA.a;不填;the B.a;不填;不填; C.the;the;the D.the;an;anYoungasheis,Davidhasgained_______richexperiencein_____society.A.不填;不填; B.the;the C.a;不填; D.不填;the—WhatdoyouthinkoftheTVplay“HandinHand”?—Justso-so.However,Idon’tthinkitisworthwatching________.A.asecondtime B.thesecondtime C.forthesecondtime D.secondlyThewarmthof______sweaterwillofcoursebedeterminedbythesortof_____woolused.A.the;the B.the;不填 C.不填;the D.不填；不填Key1—10.BADAADABAA11—20.BDDCAAADAD21—30.ACCADBCCCC31—40.CBDBBDAAAB二、介词介词又叫做前置词，是一种虚词，不能单独在句子当中担当成分，它后面必须接名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类搭配（介词＋宾语）构成介词短语；和动词搭配构成短语动词，然后才能够在句子当中充当成分。介词分为简单介词，如：at,in,on,besides,since,for等；合成介词，如：inside,outside,without,within,into,onto等；短语介词（或成语介词），如：becauseof,infrontof,insteadof,inspiteof等；二重介词，如：frombehind,untilafter等。介词短语的句法功能介词在句子中可以充当定语、状语、表语、以及宾语补足语等。作定语介词短语在句中做定语时须位于被修饰词之后。Thekeytothedoorismissing.Thewater-towerinfrontofourschoolwasbuiltin1988.作表语（或称为：主语的补足语）Somestudentsareintheclassroom,andsomeontheplayground.Asweknow,JapanistotheeastofChina.作宾语补足语（或称为：宾语的表语）Didyouseeapenundermydeskthismorning?Theyhavesentanotherrocketintothesky.作状语OnSundays,thefamilyaremostlyout.（时间状语）OntopofthehillstandsaTVtower.（地点状语）Heisusedtosleepingwithallthewindowsopen.（伴随状语）Inthesearchforthelostchild,thevillagerswentallout.（目的状语）Alltheworkmustbedonebyhand.（方式状语）Attimes,Igotothecinema.（频度状语）Sheisbyfarthebeststudentinourclass.（程度状语）Becauseofpoverty,hecouldn’tgotoschool.(原因状语)Tomysurprise,hegotthefirstprizeinthecontest.（结果状语/或评注性状语）WithoutourParty,wecouldn’tliveahappylife.（条件状语）Inspiteofgreateffortswefailedtocarryourplansthrough.（让步状语）Asamatteroffact,nobodyagreedtohisproject.（评注性状语）Inmyopinion,you’dbettergowithus.介词的复合结构“介词＋宾语＋补足语”可以构成介词的复合结构，在句子当中可充当表语、定语、状语、补语等。这种结构中的宾语和补足语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，使得句子意义更加丰富。常见的这类介词有with,without,like,of等。介词＋宾语＋形容词Heisusedtosleepingwithallthewindowsopen.介词＋宾语＋分词Bambooleavesswinginthewindlikeslimfingersreachingtotouchsomething.Atthebeginningofschool,thenoiseofdesksbeingopenedandclosedandlessons(ofbeing)repeatedatthetopofthechildren’svoicescouldbeheardoutinthestreet.Thewoundedboyglaredatthenoblemanwithhisteethclenched.介词＋宾语＋不定式Thecathumpeditsbackjustlikeafiercetigertojumpuponme.介词＋宾语＋副词Thelittleboyrushedoutofthehousewithoutanythingon.介词＋宾语＋介词短语Theteacherenteredtheclassroomwithabookunderhisarm.介词的叠用在少数介词之后还可接另一个介词短语，也就是我们所称的二重介词。如：Thenaughtyboysuddenlyrushedoutfrombehindthetreetofrightenthegirl.Inthespring,newbambooshootscomeoutfromaroundtheirownroots.Hekeptonworkinguntilafterlunch.介词＋and＋介词有些介词短语用两个意义相反的介词构成从而使句子精简化。Notknowingwhattodo,theworriedofficerwalkedupanddowntheroom.Therearemanytreesinandoutsidethetown.介词与其同形的与副词区别有些介词可做副词用，但我们知道副词可以单独在句子中担当成分，而介词须加宾语构成短语才可在句子中充当成分。试比较：Pleasecomein.(in为副词=intotheroom)Wehavenocar,butwecangotherewithout.(without为副词=withoutacar)Althoughtheexamwasdifficult,Imanagedtogetthrough.(through为副词=throughtheexam)常易混用介词的区别表示“上、下”等方位的介词。见下图：表示地点的in和at的区别at表示位置，in表示“在…内”如：—Whereishe? —Heisatthecinema.(问话者想知道的是位置)—Isheinthecinema? —Yes,heis.(问话者可能已经在影院门外)at表示小地点，in表示大地点Theyarrivedatthevillageatseven.TheyarrivedinBeijingatseven.但若某一个大地点并不是最后的终点，仍然用at。例如：ThetrainfromBeijingtoGuangzhouwillarriveatWuhanattwelveo’clock.(武汉只是从北京开往广州这趟列车途中的一个站，并非目的地。)in,to和on在方位名词前的区别in表示在某范围之内；to表示某范围之外的地方；on表示“毗邻、接壤”TaiwanliesintheeastofChina.TaiwanliestotheeastofthemainlandofChina.Mongolia(蒙古)is(lies)onthenorthofChina.表示时间的in和after用于将来时态时，in后面接“时段”；after后面接“时点”。试比较：Hewillbebackinfivehours.Hewillbebackafterfiveo’clock.after后面也可接“时段”，但应该用在过去时态的句子中。Theycamebackafterfivedays.表示时间的at,in和onat表示“钟点时刻、黎明、正午、黄昏、夜晚、午夜、周末、节日期间”Heoftengetsupatdaybreak(dawn).TheywillbegintheirjourneyatNewYear.in表示“上(下)午、晚间、星期、月份、年份、世纪”Hewasbornin1988.on表示具体日期或具体的上（下）午，节日的当天，美国英语周末前也用on.HediedonthemorningofAugust15th,1985.但若morning,afternoon,evening等词前面有early或late等修饰语则仍然用in。如：HediedintheearlymorningofAugust15th,1985.表时间的since和forsince后接时点；for接时段，均常与完成时态连用。HehasbeenheresincelastFriday.Hehasbeenhereforfivedays.当表示“多少次”时不能用for;表示“第几次”位于句首时须加for，而位于句尾时for可以省略也可保留。HehasbeentoBeijingthreetimes.(不可用forthreetimes)Forthefirsttime,Ihavecomehere.Ihavecomehere(for)thefirsttime.表示位置的between和amongbetween表示“个与个之间”，并非只能指两者，可用“…and…”也可接复数名词。如：TheteachersatbetweenTom,Jack,Kate,JaneandMary.You’dbettereatnothingbetweenmeals.among则笼统地指“在…之中”，后接复数名词或代词。Theteachersatamongthestudents.except,besides,but,exceptfor,butfor,exceptthat/whenexcept用作介词，意为“除了”。整个句子所表达的意思重点在except所构成的介词短语上。例如：Nobodyfeltanxiousexcepthim.（只有他才焦虑不安）except和besides两者都有“除去”之意，但前者指“但并不包括”，是“排除”之意；后者指“除此之外还有”，有“外加”之意。例如：TherearesixofusbesidesTom.（除汤姆外，另外我们还有6个人。）except和butbut用作介词时，意思是“除…外”，“别无…”，“只有…”；but多与noone，nothing，who，all，everyone等连用，它可与except互换。例如：Noonebutafoolwouldbelieveit.Whobuthewoulddosuchathing？exceptfor和exceptthat／when二者意为“只是”或“除…外”，表示理由或细节，修正前面所说的情况。exceptfor后面接单词，exceptthat／when后面接句子。整个句子所表达的意思重点在主句中，而except所构成的介词短语只是次要的。例如：Yourcompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.（=Yourcompositionisgoodexceptthatthereareafewspellingmistakes.）比较：AllthecompositionsaregoodexceptLiHua’s.(大家的作文都好，只有李华的除外。)exceptfor和butfor exceptfor用于陈述语气，butfor用于虚拟语气“要不是…”。例如： Exceptforitstemples，theplaceisnotworthseeing. Butforyourhelp,Icouldn’thavefinishedtheworkontime.exceptbut十动词不定式（可带to或不带to，当but或except之前没有动词“do”的某种形式时，其后的不定式要带to。）例如： Theydidnothingexcept／butwatchTV.Icouldnotdoanythingexcept／burjustwaitforhimtocomeround.巩固训练Doyoustillrememberthefilmwesaw________theendoflastweek?A.in B.by C.at D.toThathehadalotofpractice________volleyballwasthereasonwhyhedefeatedalltheotherplayers.A.in B.at C.on D.about________thesoundoftheknockingonthedoor,heroseandwenttoopenit.A.At B.On C.To D.HeardYoucanfindthestore________No.19BeijingRoad.A.on B.at C.nearto D.inPleasewaitforme________thecornerofthatstreet________threeo’clock.A.in;at B.at;on C.in;for D.at;atIboughtthesebooks________oneyuanacopy.A.at B.by C.on D.inIcan’tbuyit________suchaprice.A.of B.for C.at D.withThestudentissitting________hisdesk.A.over B.around C.at D.forwhenthespaceshipleavestheearth________veryhighspeed,theastronautsfeelasiftheyarebeingcrushed________thespaceship.A.with;in B.at;on C.with;to D.at;againstThechildhidhimself________thedoor.A.after B.behind C.inthefrontof D.agoShelefttheparty________herheadache.A.because B.since C.inspiteof D.becauseofYoushouldn’teatsomuchchocolate________meals.A.except B.between C.unless D.throughsomeanimalssleep________dayandwakeup________night.A.by;by B.at;by C.by;on D.on;in—Whattimeisit,please?—Itisseven________mywatch.A.in B.at C.for D.byYou’llbeabletospeakEnglish________practicingfromtimetotime.A.in B.by C.with D.for________theendoflastyearwehadleanedfiveEnglishsongs.A.At B.By C.In D.OnAmanshouldnotbejudgedalways________whathesays.A.by B.in C.with D.toTheguestswillbehere________twoo’clock.A.in B.on C.for D.bysomepeoplegotupandleftthehall________theshow.A.while B.during C.between D.throughHowmuchmustIpayyou________thetickets________tonight.A.of;of B.for;for C.for;about D.for;toIamgrateful________yourhelp________me.A.to;for B.for;to C.to;to D.for;forJoanisalwayspraised________hercleverness.A.of B.in C.for D.byIt’squitewarmtoday________January.A.for B.in C.at D.onIboughtthisbook________fiftycents.A.at B.about C.at D.forChineseisalanguage________morenativespeakersthananyoftheotherlanguages.A.with B.spoken C.which D.hasPleasewrite________pencil,not________ink.A.in;with B.ina;with C.witha;in D.with;in________thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,ourcountryhasbecomericherandstronger.A.In B.By C.At D.With________theriseinprices,lifeisgettingharder.A.With B.On C.As D.ForHehasnogoodpen________.A.towrite B.towritewith C.towriteon D.writingMarywasdisappointedwhenshefoundbuttheyhadgonetotheball________her.A.except B.exceptfor C.for D.withoutXiaoLimastersseveralotherforeignlanguages________English.HestudiesGerman,JapaneseandRussian.A.beside B.besides C.but D.exceptThesoldierstoodquitestill,________hislipsmovedslightly.A.exceptthat B.exceptfor C.except D.besidesYourcompositionisgood________afewspellingmistakes.A.besides B.except C.exceptfor D.exceptthatPeter’scarisexcellent________thecolor.A.except B.besides C.exceptfor D.onlyexceptEverybodywenttotheexhibition________Mary.A.not B.but C.for D.byWelivealongway________thefactory.A.to B.for C.from D.inThetownlies________thewestoftheriver.A.at B.in C.from D.toLet’swalkover________thesunontheothersideofthestreet.A.in B.to C.under D.byTherearealotofnews________today’snewspaper.A.in B.on C.at D.withSaysomethingaboutyourschool________English.A.in B.with C.by D.forThegirl________willgiveusareport.A.onblue B.ofblue C.inblue D.atbluePleaseaskhimifhewilljoinus________playingtabletennis.A.on B.at C.in D.withThisvegetableisveryrich________iron.A.of B.in C.with D.forHehasbeencaught________therainandiswetthroughandthrough.A.by B.in C.at D.upwithLook,thereisahole________thewall.A.on B.at C.in D.ofWhatisthedifference________pronunciation________thesetwowords?A.of;in B.in;between C.in;among D.of;betweenThedoctorwillbeback________tenminutes.A.after B.in C.on D.atThedeskstands________thecorneroftheroomnearthewindow.A.on B.at C.under D.inDoyoulikedressingyourself________newclothes?A.on B.in C.with D.byPleasecometoseeme________twoday’stime.A.during B.after C.for D.inKEY:1—10.CBABDACCDB11—20.DBADBBADBB21—30.BCADACDABD31—40.BACCBCDBAA41—50.CCBBCBBDBD三、代词和数词代词人称代词主格和宾格通常，人称代词主格用做主语或表语；宾格用做动词或介词的宾语。句子的结构如有变化，也应能加以分析，确定选用哪种形式。例如：Itwashewhotoldalie.It’snotme(who/whom)hewants.(作宾语)Thisisasecret；it'sbetweenyouandme.（作介词宾语）人称代词宾格可用在比较状语从句一类的结构中代替主格。例如： Heistallerthanme/I(am).Idon'tswimsowellasher/she(does).两种所有格人称代词所有格称为物主代词。物主代词分为两类：形容词性的，如my,her,your,their等；名词性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：漏用代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如：Ihavedonemyhomework.（不能说*Ihavedonehomework.）Wecleanourclassroomeveryday.（不能说*Wecleanclassroomeveryday．）误用代词，混淆两种类型的物主代词，因为汉语中无此区别。例如：Thatdictionaryisnotmine.（不能说*Thatdictionaryisnotmy．）Mineishere.（不能说*Myishere.） 注意：形容词性的物主代词只能用作定语，必须与名词连用。例如What'shername？Iamyourfriend. 名词性的物主代词则可充当名词所能充当的各种句子成分。如：Yourpenisblack；mineisblue.（作主语）Youhaven'tgotabike？Youmayusemine.（作宾语）但是its一般不能单独使用。需要时可以用itsown。如：That'sthecat'sbasket.It'sitsown.代词做短语动词宾语时的位置当短语动词由“动词＋副词”构成时，代词作宾语必须放在动词和副词中间，名词则不受此限制。如：Helookedupthewordinthedictionary.Helookedthewordupinthedictionary．Helookeditupinthedictionary.但如果是由“动词＋介词”构成的介词动词，代词作宾语还是要放在介词之后。例如：He'sbeenlookingforthemallthismorning.反身代词“反身”用法反身代词作句中宾语时，表示动作返回到主语本身。或者说，句子的主语和宾语是同一个人或物。例如：Hehurthimself．（作动词宾语）Dickboughthimselfanewcoat.（作间接宾语）IheardJanetalktoherself.（作介词宾语）强调用法 反身代词用作同位语时，在句中起强调作用，其位置也比较灵活。例如：Iwenttoseethemayormyself．（强调主语）Wespoketothemayorhimself．（强调宾语）Themayorhimselfmetusatthedoor.（紧随主语之后）Themayormetusatthedoorhimself.（在句末）使用反身代词时的常见错误 反身代词一般不可用作句子中的主语、表语或定语。如：*Ourselvescandoit.（误作主语）Wecandoitourselves.我们自己能干。*Icouldhardlyimaginethatthecarwashimself．（误作表语）Icouldhardlyimaginethatthecarwashisown.简直难以想象那汽车是他自己的。*That'smyselfproblem.（误作定语）That'saproblemofmyown.那是我自己的问题。注意：在少数习惯表达中反身代词可不受语法限制。I'mnotmyselftoday.（我今天不在状态/感觉不好。）Inofficemyself,Ihelpedhergetajob.（我帮她在我自己的办公室找了一份工作。）不定代词用some还是用any一般说来，some用于肯定；any用于否定，例如： Therearesomelettersforyou.Therearen'tanylettersforme．疑问句中，一般用any，如问话人心中已经有“数”，或认为对方会做出肯定回答时，用some。试比较： Haveyouanyapples？（Ican'tseeany.） CouldIhavesomeofthoseapples？（whichIcansee.）注意其它方式的否定因素也可决定应该用any，如： Idon'tthinkthereareanyletters.（主句动词否定转移，从句中用any。） Theboysolvedtheproblemwithoutanydifficulty.（介词without含否定意味。）any在表示“任何（人或物）”时，可用于肯定句中： Oh！Anybookwilldo；Ijustwantsomethingtoreadonthetrain.当说话人心中有“数”（尽管可能不是具体数字）时，否定句中也用some，如： Someboyshaven'tdonetheirhomework．（肯定有人没做，尽管不一定知道是多少人。）any可用条件从句中，表示情况不明或未定，如： Letmeknowifyouneedanyhelp．（不知道对方是否需要帮助。）试比较：Letmeknowifyouneedsomehelp.（知道能如何提供帮助。）all和bothall和both后面的of可有可无。All/Both(of)thedesksarenew.注：Boththedesks...＝Bothofthedesks...＝Bothdesks...（the或ofthe可有可无）注意下列两种句子里all／both的位置：Theyall/bothagreewithme.Iagreewiththemall/both.句中all或both直接跟在代词（主格或宾格）之后作同位语；其它不定代词不能这样用。all／both同频度副词一样，可位于句中（主、谓语之间或谓语动词结构之中），如：Theyall/bothcame.Theywereall/bothwaiting.（注；each也能这样用，其它不定代词都不能。）either与neithereither指“两者之中任何一个”，neither指“两者都不”通常与单数动词连用。但在非正式英语中也可与复数动词连用。例如：You'vegottwoanswers.Eitheriscorrect.Neitheriswrong．Therearetreesoneither／eachsideofthestreet．Neitherofthebooksisworthreading.（＝Neitherofthebooksareworthreading）nobody,noone,nothing和none nobody和noone指人，作单数，后面不能接of短语,例如：Nobody／Nooneknowswhyshewaslateagain．Nobodywashurtinthematch，werethey？（反意疑问句中，可用复数代词they来代替。）nothing指物，作单数；none指人或物，作单救或复数均可。none既可用于可数名词，也可用于不可数名词,例如：Noneofthemoneyonthetableismine.Noneofhisreasonswas／weretrue.There'snothingonthetablebutabluecap.Ofallmyclassmates，nonelikesdancing．every与each every强调的是“全体”；each则强调的是具体“每一个”。例如：Onevery／eachsideofthesquarethereweresoldiers.(Thesquarehasmorethantwosides。everyside=eachside＝allsides表示“每边、各边”。） 试比较：Oneither／eachsideoftheroadthereweresoldiers．(Theroadhasonlytwosides.eitherside＝eachside=bothsides，表示二者之中“每一边”。) 此外，each可作名词性代词，如： Eachhastwobooks.（each作主语）Weeacharesatisfiedwithourownrooms.(each作同位语，常位于主语和谓语动词之间，谓语动词及代词等应与主语一致。) Wearesatisfiedwithourownroomseach.(each作同位语时，也可置于句末。)other,theother和anotherother表示“另外的（人或物）”，“其他的（人或物）”，其复数形式为others。例如： Thereareotherwaysofdoingthisexercise． LeiFengwasalwaysreadytohe1pothers.theother表示两者之中的“另一个（人或物）”，其复数形式为theothers，例如： Hehasapeninonehandandabookintheother.。Onlythreeofthestudentswereintheclassroom；theotherswereallontheplayground.当other泛指“别人”时，前面不加定冠词：Wemustalwaysbereadytohelpothers.another表示不定数目中的“另一个或类似的下个（人或物）”，还可与数词连用，表示“再，又”的意思。例如： Howaboutanothercupoftea？Thestrikemaylastanothertwoweeks.oneone只可用于指代可数名词，其复数形式是ones。例如：Ifyoucan'tfindyourpen，usetheoneonthetable. Whatniceshirts！whichone／onesshallwebuy？one／ones通常不能直接用在their，my，his等物主代词以及a（n），own，several和名词所有格后面。例如： Hisknifeseemssharperthanmine.（不能用myone代替mine）Theydon'tlikethistown；theywantverymuchtogobacktotheirown.（不能用*theirownone代替theirown或theirowncountry） 但是，当one／ones前面还带有形容词时，则例外。如：Haveyouanyknives？Ineedasharpone.Myolddictionaryisn'tasgoodasJohn'snewone．the／this／thatone与that： that可以指代不可数名词，而one不能。如：TheweatherinWuhanismuchwarmerthanthatinTianjing.（that不能用theone取代）that后面常接of短语，例如： Thisdictionaryismoreexpensivethanthatone.（thatone＝thatdictionary.one一般不省略）Thewindowofyourroomismuchbiggerthanthatofmine.（that＝thewindow，它后面有of短语，一般不用theone替代） 有时候theone和that可以互相取代，如：Thegoldringisinthatboxtheone（＝that）withthekeyinthelock.one可以泛指人，相当于you，we，people，其所有格为one's。例如： Oneshoulddoone's／hisduty．数词拼法需要当心的序数词在first，second和third之后的序数词都由基数词加-th构成，但要注意以下拼法略有变化：twentieth， thirtieth， fortieth… fifth eighthninthtwelfth..序号的表示基数词放在名词之后，通常写作阿拉伯数，如： page4（P.4）读作pagefourRoom301读作roomthreeO[ou]one TelNo.864412读作telephonenumbereightsixdoublefouronetwo序数词放在名词之前，通常前面要加定冠词．如： theEighthLesson（＝LessonEight）theFirstMiddleSchool（＝MiddleSchoolNo.1）数词后面的名词用单数还是用复数表示计量时，基数词后面的名词用复数形式，但是在带有数字的复合名词（常用作定语）里，名词只用单数形式。试比较：Theybabyisonlysixmothsold. Thisisasix-moth-oldbaby.Ihavefivepounds. Ihaveafive-poundnote.hundreds/thousands/millionsof+名词复数hundred,thousand和million后加–s与of连用，表示“数百、数千、数百万”。Hehasboughthundredsofbooksthisyear.Thousandsofseagullsarrivedtohelpthefarmerssavetheircrops.dozen和score用法与hundred,thousand,million基本相似dozensof和scoresof均表示“几十个”。但有以下几点区别：在接具体名词复数时dozen后不加of，而score常与of连用。如：twodozenbooks twoscore(of)books若名词被限定词限定，dozen后应加of，接宾格代词亦如此。threedozenofthose(the,my,those)books threedozenofthem表示不定数量的常用单词和词组这些单词或词组与名词的搭配关系见下表用于可数名词用于不可数名词用于可数名词和不可数名词abitof(a)few(a)littleallfewerlessplentyof(the)fewest(the)leastalotof;lotsofa(great)numberofagreatdeal(amount)ofenoughmanymuchmore;mostseveralsome;anyhundredsofdozensof(a)few和(a)littleafew和alittle与some的意思较接近，表示“有几个；有一点”。few和little则表示“几乎没有（＝almostnone）”的意思。试比较：Shedoesn’tseemveryfriendly；shehasfewfriends。（notmanyfriends）Althoughshehasbeenhereonlyashorttime,shehasmadeafewfriends.(somefriends)Ican’tmakeapiebecausethereislittlesugar.(notmuchsugar)Thereisalittlesugarforyourcoffee.(somesugar)用fewer还是用less从理论上讲few的比较级形式fewer用于复数名数前；little的比较级形式less用于不可 数名词前，但是在现代英语中，尤其是在非正式场合下，也常用less代替fewer；例如：Ifon1ytherewerefewer／lessholesintheroof？many＋a＋名词单数manya后接可数名词单数形式，表示“好些；许多”，多用于书面语或演讲中。Manyayoungmanhashadsuchachance.(动词用has)manyatime则看作是固定词组，表示“多次”。That’shappenedtomemanyatim