考研基础语法概要

考研英语(二)基础语法知识李纹编一、动词动词是整个句子的centre（中心）。 谓语centre非谓语（指不是谓语的动词）英语中动词一般都是在中间，源在前对象在后是主动；源在后对象在前是被动。汉语的排列方式比英语的排列方式要多很多，两者排列方式或语法是不一样的，所以汉语比英语要复杂得多。另英语在被动语态中的bysb.可被省略。如:他 打 人。 人被他打。n. v. n. n. n. v.他把人打了。n.

n.

v.打人了！(中文常可省略主语)v.n.例:1)

He

is

hitting

a

girl.The

girl

was

hit

by

him.Please

don"t

hit

the

girl.There

is

an

apple

on

the

desk.The

bed

has

been

handed

down

in

the

family.If

you

happen

to

come

across

my

lost

paperswhile

you"re

looking

for

your

book,

please

letme

know

at

once

by

telephone.The

inconvenient

truth

is

that

if

we

don"tsolve

the

engineering

problem,we"re

helpless.一般英语进行的常见完成时态完成进行现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时过去将来过去将来时语态时态主动被动一般现在时v.

/v.sam

/is

/are

+

Vp.p一般过去时vedwas

/

were

+

Vp.p一般将来时will

+

v.will

be

+

Vp.p过去将来时would

+

v.would

be

+

Vp.p过去完成时had

+

Vp.phad

been

+

Vp.p现在完成时have

/has

+

Vp.phave

/has

been

+

Vp.p将来完成时will

have

+

Vp.pwill

have

been

+

Vp.p现在进行时am

/is

/

are

+

Vingam

/is

/are

+

being

+

Vp.p过去进行时was

/were

+

Vingwas

/were

+

being

+

Vp.p动词时态介绍二、定语前置定语+名词（或代词）+后置定语前置定语有:形容词，代词，数词，名词，动名词，动词的现在分词，动词的过去分词后置定语有:以a-开头的形容词，介词短语，形容词短语，动词不定式短语，动词的现在分词短语，动词的过去分词短语，定语从句例:1）a

language

difficult

to

master

2）a

leaning

tower

about

180

feet

high3）a

man

alive4）the

first

beautiful

large

long

new

redChinese

concrete

bridgeDo

you

know

the

man

talking

with

a black

there?There

will

be

many

people

to

help

you.Have

you

read

the

book

written

by

Jules?The

teacher

criticized

the

student who

had

broken

the

window.分类三说明、句子的分类例句简单句由一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子。即一套主谓关系。Tom

and

I

found

her

there.We

all

breathe,

eat

and

work.并列句由并列连词（and,so,but,or等）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。He

likes

eggs,

but

he

doesn’tlike

chickens.Work

hard

or

you

will

fallbehind.复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子I

believe

you

are

right.If

you

study

harder,

you

willpass

the

exam.句型种类简单句的主语五种谓语部分谓基语本动词句型表语宾语补语S+Vi(主+谓)Patarrived.S+Vt+O(主+谓+宾)Sheplaysthe

piano.S+Link.V+C(主+系+表)Theyare(系动词)heroes.S+Vt+InO+DO(主+谓+双宾)Iofferedhim

5

dollars.(人间物直)S+Vt+O+Oc(主+谓+复合宾语)Annmademecry.简单句一主一谓；Success

comes

out

of

various

factors.多主一谓；Persistence,

luck,

opportunity

and

directionplay

the

equally

vital

role

in

success.The

realization

of

dream

and

the

presentationof

value

are

what

working

can

offer

us.一主多谓；Museums

have

been

recording

the

history,transmitting

the

culture,

educating

peopleand

entertaining

the

public.并列句由并列词将两个简单句并列起来。连接词如:and/but/or/so/for/when/while/then/still/notonly...butalso/yet/either…or/neither...nor/not...but...等。1）Theelectriccurrentmusthavebeenturnedoff,forthelightwentout.（不是状语从句，陈述间接的、推测性的原因，不放句首）2）Heworkshardwhilehisbrotherisalazybone.HewasenjoyinghisKFCwhenafriendcame.NotthatJohndoesn"twanttohelpyou,butthatit"sbeyondhispower.Hurryup,oryou’llbelate.复合句三大:名词性从句；（主/宾/表/同位） 形容词性从句；（定）副词性从句（状）六小：主语从句；宾语从句；表语从句；同位语从句 定语从句状语从句从句是不是句子？从句不是句子，从句是句子中的某一个成分。它们名称是如何来的？由其位置得来其名称。从句中什么最重要？引导词最重要。（主语）从句+谓语...…vt./prep.+(宾语)从句…be+(表语)从句N.+（同位语）从句（完整句）N./pron.+(定语)从句（不完整句）（状语）从句,主句.That

+

完整句

=

N.（主/宾/表/同位）如:接受教育在当代社会变得越来越重要。译:Receivingeducationbecomesincreasinglyvitaincontemporarysociety.That+…iswell-known.=Itiswell-knownthat+…(形式主语从句)Somesaythat+…Thefocus