新高考英语二轮复习题型专练07 应用文体类阅读理解(原卷版)

高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）07应用文体类阅读理解【命题意图】阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。【考试方向】全国高考英语考试说明明确指出，要求考生读懂一般性话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中的简短文章，这说明了应用文文体在高考英语中的重要性。这个特点在历年高考试题中有明显的印证，不管是全国高考卷，还是省区高考卷中基本每年都涉及应用文文体的考查，这充分体现了＂为用而学，学以致用＂的新课程理念。因此，考生很有必要认真研读阅读理解中应用文的特征和命题特点，并掌握一定的解题方法。本文拟结合近年高考英语全国卷阅读理解中所涉及的应用文文体，帮助考生提高阅读理解的解题能力。应用文是在日常工作和生活中使用的文体，通常以实用性为目的、以真实性为基础、以时效性为根本、以规范性为准则。该文体一般可分为两大类：一类是说明性应用文，包括广告、启事、海报、守则、公告、指南、个人简历、备忘录、摘要等；另一类是叙述性应用文，如书信、日记、便条、报告、请帖等。目的都是向读者传输信息。高考试题主要涉及宣传广告、公告类应用文，偶尔也会有书信类文章出现。从近三年高考全国卷阅读理解中应用文的话题分布情况可知，前一类是应用文命题的首选题材，其中包括广告、海报和指南等。在高考英语阅读理解中应用文体的考查主要有如下几个特点：1.就文体特点而言，应用文主要是为了向读者传递信息，措辞简洁明了，一般来说，和所述问题无关的文字不会出现。例如很多文章没有标题，甚至通篇没有一个完整的句子，而是用词、数字、缩写、短语等来替代。3.就形式特点而言，标题醒目，重点突出，条理清晰，常用粗体字或各类项目符号使文章结构更鲜明。4.就语言特点来说，文章充斥大量冗长而生僻的专有名词，如人名、地名、机构名、组织名、书籍名、作品名等等，而且没有汉语注释。缩略词、祈使句、省略句多。5.在行文方式方面，应用文的每种文体都有固定的格式。叙述性应用文采用一般记叙文的写作方法，无特别之处；说明性应用文的行文呈排列式，即以小标题为单位逐一下行排列。6.就命题特点来说，高考英语应用文的设问一般是按照文章段落的顺序依次设置，主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既考查对特定细节的选取、排除、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，题目设置相对容易。具体讲来主要有四大类：(1)细节理解题，即要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。这一题型常见的命题方式有事实认定题、图形辨认题、数字运算题等。(2)推理判断题。这类题主要考查考生根据文章的字面意思，通过分析语篇的逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。(3)主旨大意题。该类题主要考查考生对所读材料中心思想的概括.其考查形式有很多，如概括标题、主题、中心思想等。(4)词义猜测题，即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义。【得分要点】考生必须掌握应对应用文阅读的一些常见技巧或方法，这样有利于快速、准确地答题。1.夯实基础尽量多积累一些非考纲单词和一些常见的缩写词语，由于应用文中常常出现大量的缩写词和一些生词，这就要求同学们平时要在老师的指导下，有意识地尽量多积累一些非考纲单词和一些常见的缩写词语。例如：表时间，路程，数量：am=morning，pm=afternoon，Mon=Monday，Jan.=January，hr=hour，hrs=hours，P.W.=perweek，ml=mile，doz=dozen，Max=maximum，Min=minimum表通信和影视设备：Te1.=telephonenumber，Ph.=phone表媒体：VOA=VoiceofAmerica，BBC=BritishBroadcastingCorporation表学历、职业：MA=MasterofArts，BSdegree=bachelor’sdegree(学士学位)，prof.=professor，Dr.=doctor，VIP=veryimportantpersons表国家、组织、地点：theUSA=theUnitedStatesofAmerica，thePRC=thePeople’sRepublicofChina，WTO=WorldTradeOrganization，co.=company，Add(r).=address，Sta=Station，Mt=Mountain表方向：s=south，n=north，w=west，e=east其他：Lid=Limited，P=page，pop=popular，Xmas=Christmas，info=information，ad=advertisement，vs=versus，PC=personalcomputer等等。2.宜采用＂题干定位法＂应用文阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一点提问，以细节理解题为主，考生完全没有必要从头到尾全部仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时，宜采用＂题干定位法＂，即先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，按照题目顺序依次有针对性地结合题干关键词到文中定位答案范围，阅读相关部分，快速寻找有效信息，再把原文和选项相比较。当问题与材料相同的时候，对号入座；如果问题与原文不同，则可以同义替换、归纳事实等。要注意根据所提问题采用寻读、跳读的方法，这样往往可以达到事半功倍的效果。3.补全成分法省略词和省略句在应用文阅读材料中大量出现，对于影响语境理解的省略情况，我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。例如：Driverwanted.根据文意，可将该句补充为＂Adriverwillbewanted.(招聘一名司机。)＂。4.排除法排除法在应用文阅读中也应用得较多，即排除与文章内容不一致的错误信息，从而确定正确选项。【真题再现】【2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ（山东），A】POETRYCHALLENGEWriteapoemabouthowcourage,determination,andstrengthhavehelpedyoufacechallengesinyourlife.Prizes3GrandPrizes:TriptoWashington,D.C.foreachofthreewinners,aparentandoneotherpersonofthewinner’schoice.Tripincludesround-tripairtickets,hotelstayfortwonights,andtoursoftheNationalAirandSpaceMuseumandtheofficeofNationalGeographicWorld.6FirstPrizes:ThebookSkyPioneer:APhotobiographyofAmeliaEarhartsignedbyauthorCorinneSzaboandpilotLindaFinch.50HonorableMentions:Judgeswillchooseupto50honorablementionwinnerswhowilleachreceiveaT-shirtinmemoryofEarhart’sfinalflight.RulesFollowallrulescarefullytopreventdisqualification.■Writeapoemusing100wordsorfewer.Yourpoemcanbeanyformat,anynumberoflines.■Writebyhandortypeonasinglesheetofpaper.Youmayuseboththefrontandbackofthepaper.■Onthesamesheetofpaper,writeortypeyourname,address,telephonenumber,andbirthdate.■MailyourentrytousbyOctober31thisyear.1.Howmanypeoplecaneachgrandprizewinnertakeonthefreetrip?A.Two. B.Three. C.Four. D.Six.2.Whatwilleachofthehonorablementionwinnersget?A.Aplaneticket. B.AbookbyCorinneSzabo.C.AspecialT-shirt. D.AphotoofAmeliaEarhart.3.Whichofthefollowingwillresultindisqualification?A.Typingyourpoemout. B.Writingapoemof120words.C.Usingbothsidesofthepaper. D.MailingyourentryonOctober30.【答案】1.A2.C3.B【解析】这是一篇应用文。本文是一篇诗歌大赛的征稿启事。文章就参赛作品的内容、奖项、参赛规则等做了介绍。1.细节理解题。根据Prizes部分中第一段中的”TriptoWashington,D.C.foreachofthreewinners,aparentandoneotherpersonofthewinner'schoice”可知，每位获奖者都可以带一名家长和另一名由获奖者选择的人员。因此，每位获奖者可以带两个人。故选A。2.细节理解题。根据Prizes部分中第三段”50HonorableMentions:Judgeswillchooseupto50honorablementionwinners,whowilleachreceiveaT-shirtinmemoryofEarhart'sfinalflight”可知，每位优秀奖获奖者都将获得一件纪念埃尔哈特最后一次飞行的T恤。故选C。3.细节理解题。根据最后一部分中的”Followallrulescarefullytopreventdisqualification.Writeapoemusing100wordsorfewer”可知，所写的诗字数不能超过100字。否则，将会被取消资格。故结合选项，B选项(写一首120字的诗)是会被取消资格的。故选B。【题型演练】1AdmissiontoAngkorAngkorpassAdmissiontotheAngkorArchaeologicalParkisthroughtheAngkorpass.Thispassisneededtovisitanyofthetempleswithinthepark.Itisvalid(有效的)forallmonumentsinthearea,exceptforBengMealeaandPhnomKulen.Besuretohaveavalidpass,andticketsareregularlycheckedatmostofthemonumentsandatthecheckpoints.WheretobuytheAngkorpassThemainticketsalesofficeistheAngkorConservationAreaticketboothonCharlesdeGaulleroad.AllAngkorpassesareavailablehere.Ticketboothsareopendailyfrom5a.m.to5:30p.m.Hotels,guesthouses,shopsetc.arenotauthorizedtosellAngkorpasses.TypesofpassesPassesforseveraldurationsareavailable:◆1dayatUS$37◆3daysatUS$62◆7daysatUS$72The3-dayticketisvalidforany3dayswithinaweek,the7-dayticketforany7dayswithinamonth.Admissionforchildrenyoungerthan12isfree.PricesarequotedinUSDollars,butcanalsobepaidinCambodianRiel,ThaiBahtorEuro.Theinformationboardattheticketboothsliststrictrules:◆Passesarenotrefundable.◆Passesarenottransferable.Thepasscontainsaphotothatistakenwithawebcamattheticketoffice.◆Passesarenotvalidaftertheirvaliditydate.Passeshavevalidityfromandtodateprintedonthem.Ticketsboughtbefore5p.m,arevalidthesameday.Itisnotpossibletobuyaone-daypassforthenextday.Ticketsboughtafter5p.m.arevalidthesamedayuntilsunsetandthenextday.Makesurethepassisnotstampedorholesaren'tpunched(打孔)intoit,whichinvalidatesit,1.WherecantheAngkorpassbepurchased?A.Atthecheckpoints. B.Attheticketbooths.C.Inthehotels. D.Intheshops.2.Howmuchshouldacouplewithan8-year-oldpayfora3-daytriptoAngkor?A.US$74. B.US$124.C.US$144. D.US$62.3.WhatdoweknowabouttheAngkorpass?A.Itincludesaccesstoallsites.B.ItmustbepaidinUSDollars.C.Itcanbetransferredtoothers.D.Stampedticketsareinvalid.2Fourthingsthatyoucan'tmissinMacaoMacaoTowerAJHackettBungeeJumpTheMacaoTower,338meterstall,istheworld's10thhighesttower,withavarietyofactivities,suchasgambling,eatingandentertainment.Oneoftheacclaimedactivitiesisthebungeejump.TheAJHackettMacaoTowerBungeeJumpis233metershigh,makingitthehighestcommercialbungeejumpintheworld.Raiseyourarmsandoffyougo!Ifyouarenotdaringenoughtojumpthatheight,youcantrytheskywalkonthe57thfloorit'sstillremarkable.GrabbingatraditionalPortuguesedinnerMacaowascolonizedbyPortugalbefore1999.Asaresult,PortuguesecultureisdeeplyimmersedintomanycomersofMacao.ManyPortuguesesettledandopenedPortugueserestaurantsinthespecialadministrativeregion,buttheflavorismoreadaptabletoChinesepeople.MarkingattheRuinsofSt.PaulTheRuinsofSt.PaulisthesignaturelandmarkofMacao.TheruinsconsistoftheSt.Paul'sCollegeandtheChurchofSt.Paul,builtin1583.However,afterthreeintensefiresin1595,1601and1835,thechurchwasseriouslydamaged.Itisbeyondbeliefthatafterthevigorouscyclesofrebuildingandfires,thehugesurfaceandthefrontstairwayremainunburned.VisitingamuseumMacao,asatinycitywithonlyanareaof30.5squarekilometers,has23eye-catchingmuseums.Duetoitsuniquehistory,bothEasternandWesternhistoricalsitescanbefound.Manyofthemarepreservedforculturalheritage,touristspotsormuseums,suchastheGrandPrixMuseum,MaritimeMuseumandWineMuseum.4.Whichactivitywillbepopularwithadventurousvisitors?A.GoingBungeeJumping.B.GrabbingatraditionalPortuguesedinner.C.MarkingattheRuinsofSt.Paul.D.Visitingamuseum.5.WhatisincredibleabouttheRuinsofSt.Paul?A.Ithasauniqueculture.B.ItservesasasymbolofMacao.C.Itpartlystaysundamagedafterfiercefires.D.Itisacombinationofacollegeandachurch.6.Whatdo"'GrabbingatraditionalPortuguesedinner"and"Visitingamuseum"haveincommon?A.Takingaselfieinit.B.Findinghistoricalsites.C.Enjoyingabreathtakingexperience.D.Feelingbotheasternandwesterncultures.3TravelinEuropeInsteadofSantorini,TinosSantorinihasbeenstrugglingwithovertourismforyears,avictimofitsownsuccessaftertheisland,andtheGreekgovernment,soughttoluretouristsbackfollowingan8-yearfinancialcrisisNowthisidyllicdestinationhasreachedasaturationpoint.AmoreauthenticGreece—theonethatSantoriniofferedbeforethecrowds—canbefoundintheCycladichavenofTinos.Withitsownenchantingsunsetsandruggedcharm,thisunder-the-radargemisanalluringalternative.InsteadofAmsterdam,DelftandTheHagueIn2017Amsterdamwasvisitedby19millionpeople,twomillionmorethanliveintheentirecountry.Thecityhasaparticularproblemwithtouristsonatightbudget—manyarrivingvialow-costairlinesfromBritain,France,Germanyandbeyond,andstayingatAirbnbs,inhostelsorintheircarsand,spendingmuchoftheirtimepartyinginthered-lightdistrict.Therethecrowdsgetsodensethatonweekendsummernightsrescueworkersoftencan’tgettopeoplewhofallsickorfaint.Anothertwodestinationscanbeeasilycombined:Delftand,about10milesaway,TheHague,theseatofDutchgovernment.Bothareidealforvisitorslookingforgreatmuseums,canals,wildNorthSeabeaches—andnocrowds.InsteadofBarcelona,ValenciaForalessfreneticdoseofcosmopolitanMediterraneancharm,head220milesdownthecoasttoValencia,Spain’sthird-largestcity,with800,000residentsandbarely2millionvisitorsperyear.FoundedasaretirementcommunityforRomansoldiers,ithasmanyofthesameattributesasBarcelona—bothwereancientwalledcities—withasprawling,mazelikecenterfilledwithGothic,Romanesque,RenaissanceandBaroquearchitecture.AllstyleswerecombinedinValencia’sCathedral,builtbetweenthe13thand18thcenturies;architecturalpuristsshouldnotmissthe15th-centurySilkExchange,aUNESCOWorldHeritageSiteandastunningreminderofthecity’smercantileimportance.7.WhatcanwelearnfromSantorini?A.Itisstillthepopularplace.B.Itisanattractivechoice.C.Itwillwintouristsback.D.Itsufferedovertourism.8.InAmsterdam,thecrowdsaresodensethat.A.thestreetsarebustlingwithnoiseandexcitement.B.somepeoplecan’tbetreatedintime.C.morevisitorswillbedisturbed.D.manypeoplefallsickorfaint.9.What’stheauthor’spurposetowritethispassage?A.Recommendsomebetterplacestovisit.B.Introducesomenewplacestovisit.C.Criticizesomecrowdedplaces.D.Blametheimpropertourism.4Four-DayRwandaGorillaTrekking(徒步旅行)Thisfour-daytravelwilltakeyouforgorillatrekkingofMountainGorillasinVolcanoesNationalParkinRwanda,the“landofathousandhills".GorillatrekkinginRwandaisoneofthehighlighttravelexperiencesinAfrica.Day1:PickufromKigaliAirport--TransfertoKigaliSerenaTodayuponyourarrivalatKigaliInternationalAirport,youwillbewarmlywelcomedandtransferredbyroadtoyourhotel，Youwillrelaxatthehotelfortherestofthetime.JourneyTime:10minutesAccommodation:KigaliSerenaMealPlan:NotincludedDay2:KigaliCityTours-TransfertoVolcanoesNationalParkTodayafterbreakfast,youwillgoforaguidedcitytourofKigali,oneofthesafestandcleanestcapitalcitiesinAfrica.Thetourwillstartfromthefirstmodernbuildingthatthecitywasfoundedon,duringwhichyoucanlearnaboutthecountry'shistory.Afterthecitytour,youwillbeginthejourneynorthwardstoVolcanoesNationalPark.BisateLodge(旅馆)isRwanda'sfirstrealcomfortlodge.ActivitiesatthelodgeincludeBindwatchingandparticipatinginthereforestationprogramme.JourneyTime;3hoursAccommodation:BisateLodgeMealPlan:AllfoodDay3:GorillaTrekking-VisitTwinLakesTodayafterbreakfast,yourguidewilltransferyoutoVolcanoesNationalParkheadquarterstostartyourgorillatrekking.YouwilltrekthroughfoothillsoftheVirunga,enjoyinggreatviewsfromallangles.Uponseeingwherethemountaingorillasare,youwillstaywiththemforanhourastheygoabouttheirday-to-daylife-playing,feeding,touchingamongothers.Comingfacetofacewiththeseendangeredmountaingorillasisanexperienceyouwillneverforget.PS:Wehighlyrecommendthatyouhireservicesofawaiterwhocarriesyourbackpackduringthegorillatrekking.Itcosts15USdollarsperwaiter.Accommodation:BisateLodgeMealPlan:AllmealsDay4:DepartureTodayafterbreakfast,youwillbetransferredbacktoKigaliInternationalAirportforyouronwardjourney.10.WhatcantouristsdoatBisateLodge?A.Visitamodembuilding. B.TourKigaliwithaguide,C.LearthehistoryofRwanda. D.Dosomebirdwatching.11.Whatcantouristsdowithgorillaswhilehiking?A.Meetgorillasfacetoface. B.Feedgorillaswithsnacks.C.Playwithgorillasforanhour. D.Followthefootprintsofgorillas.12.WhatisstronglyadvisedfortouristsonDay3?A.Exploringthevolcanoes, B.Employingaporterforhelp.C.Catchingamountaingorilla. D.Leavingthebackpackinthehotel.5Portugal’smostbeautifulseasidedestinationsThelongcoastlineofPortugalisextraordinarilydiverse.WindyourwayalongitandyouwillfindtruePortugal,itshistory,itsheartanditssoul.CascaisOriginallyalittlewhitewashedfishingvillage,Cascaisbecameasummerresidenceforwealthynoblemeninthelate19thcentury.Itisnowabusy,moderntown,butalongitsshoreline,itstillhaspalatialvillas(富丽堂皇的别墅),manyofwhichhavebeenturnedintohotels,anditsprettytownsquareandoldstreetshavekepttheircharacter.ComportaThislittlevillagehas,untilrecently,beenasecretoftheexperts.Withhotelsnowstartingtoopen,thelocalsmakethemostofitbeforethecrowdscome.Bluewaterswashsuch-picture-perfectwhitesandsthatit’shardtobelieveyou’reinEurope:walkthebeachatsunset,orweaveyourwayonhorsebackthroughthegreenricefieldsbeforeamealofthefreshestoffishontheseashore.ZambujeiradoMarStandingbetweenthefierceAtlanticandtheplainsoftheAlentejo,thelittlefishingvillageofZambujeiradoMarhasoneoftheregionsmostbeautifulbeaches,backedbyhighrockcliffs.ForfivedaysinAugust,oneofPortugal’sbiggestyouthmusicfestivals,MEOSudoeste,isheldhere.Datesfor2020areAugust4-8.LagosWhite-washedLagosmanagestomaintainitscharacterandcharmwhileofferingalivelynightlifeforlocalsandtourists.Animportantnavalcentreinthe15thcentury,LagoswasalsocapitaloftheAlgarvefrom1576-1756.Extensivelydamagedinthe1755earthquake,thetownnowconsistsofmostly18thand19th-centurybuildings.VisitSantoAntonioChurchforitsblueandwhitetilesandgilded(镀金的)woodwork.13.Whichplaceisstilladestinationfullofmysteries?A.Lagos. B.Comporta.C.Cascais. D.ZambujeiradoMar.14.WhatisspecialaboutZambujeiradoMar?A.Itisaremotevillage. B.ItfacesthePacificOcean.C.Ithostsamusicfestival. D.Itliesonhighrockcliffs.15.WhenweremostoftheconstructionsinLagosbuilt?A.14-15thcenturies. B.15-16thcenturies.C.16-17thcenturies. D.18-19thcenturies.6TheMasterGardenerFoundationAimTheMasterGardenerFoundationprovidesfreeinformationtothepubliconenvironmentallysafegardeningpracticesandwaterconservation.Theinformationisresearch-baseda