新高考英语二轮复习题型专练23 说明文体类完形填空(原卷版)

高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）23说明文体类语法填空【命题意图】综观近几年的高考完形填空的考查走势，全国卷中的完形填空中，说明文类完形填空出现的几率很小。但是，我们也不能马虎，它们作为高考题型的重要补充，还是有可能考的。因此，说明文类完形填空也要进行一定量的练习。【得分要点】说明文的写作目的是授人以知，让人明白，说明文只是说明事物的特征，阐明原理，介绍知识。说明文完形填空的结构模式一般是：提出问题——发现直接原因——分析深层原因——得出结论或提出解决方案。一、说明类完形填空的命题特点说明类完形填空题常就某一个问题从不同的角度来加以说明，文章可以是用来说明某一种社会现象、一个产品的制作过程、一种产品的使用方法、某个科学成就或人类生活中所面临的某个具体的难题。说明文所呈现的方式较为单一，作者往往一开始就交代说明的对象，然后再从不同的角度进行说明。因此，这类文章的每一段通常就是其中的一个角度或侧面，所以要注意概括每一个段落的主旨大意，尤其是文章每一段的开头或结尾，作者往往会对说明的话题进行概括说明。二、说明类完形填空的应试策略1.利用说明文的首句查找说明主体2.把握说明文的两种结构模式(1)总分式。包括＂总—分＂＂分—总＂＂总—分—总＂等具体形式。(2)递进式。事理说明文多用递进式结构，一层一层地剖析事理。具体包括：空间顺序——从上到下、从外到内、从左到右、从南到北、从远到近、从中间到四周、从整体到部分；时间顺序——按照时间先后顺序来安排，事物都有发生、发展、消亡的过程；逻辑顺序——有些说明文主要是剖析事理的，在说明时就按照事理的逻辑关系进行安排，或者从主到次、从浅到深、从原因到结果，具有严密的条理性。三、说明类完形填空的解题步骤第一步：通过短文首尾句抓主旨说明文的篇首会出现话题中心，通过首段可把握文章的主题；而尾句往往是文章的结论或点睛之笔。第二步：填空时关注段落或意群间的内在联系第三步：重览短文，查缺补漏通读文章，检查思路是否顺畅及有无逻辑关系错误，同时填补遗留的空缺。【真题再现】（2019·全国卷III）

ThesmalltownofRjukaninNorwayissituatedbetweenseveralmountainsanddoesnotgetdirectsunlightfromlateSeptembertomid-March-1

sixmonthsoutoftheyear.

"Ofcourse,we2

itwhenthesunisshining,"saysKarinRo,whoworksforthetown'stourismoffice."Weseetheskyis3,butdowninthevalleyit'sdarker—it'slikeona4day.”

Butthat5

whenasystemofhigh-tech6

wasintroducedtoreflectsunlightfromneighboringpeaks（山峰）intothevalleybelow.Wednesday,residents（居民）ofRjukan7

theirveryfirstrayofwintersunshine:Arowofreflectiveboardsonanearbymountainsidewereputto8.Themirrorsarecontrolledbyacomputerthat

9

themtoturnalongwiththesunthroughoutthe10

andtocloseduringwindyweather.Theyreflectaconcentratedbeam（束）oflightontothetown'scentral11,creatinganareaofsunlightroughly600squaremeters.Whenthelight12,Rjukanresidentsgatheredtogether.

"Peoplehavebeen13

thereandstandingthereandtaking14

ofeachother,"Rosays."Thetownsquarewastotally15.Ithinkalmostallthepeopleinthetownwerethere."The3,500residentscannotall16

thesunshineatthesametime.17,thenewlightfeelslikemorethanenoughforthetown's18

residents.

"It'snotvery19,”shesays,"butitisenoughwhenweare20.”1.A.onlyB.obviouslyC.nearlyD.precisely2.A.fearB.believeC.hearD.notice3.A.emptyB.blueC.highD.wide4.A.cloudyB.normalC.differentD.warm5.A.helpedB.changedC.happenedD.mattered6.A.computersB.telescopesC.mirrorsD.cameras7.A.rememberedB.forecastedC.receivedD.imagined8.A.repairB.riskC.restD.use9.A.forbidsB.directsC.predictsD.follows10.A.dayB.nightC.monthD.year11.A.libraryB.hallC.squareD.street12.A.appearedB.returnedC.fadedD.stopped13.A.drivingB.hidingC.campingD.siting14.A.picturesB.notesC.careD.hold15.A.newB.fullC.flatD.silent16.A.blockB.avoidC.enjoyD.store17.A.InsteadB.HoweverC.GraduallyD.Similarly18.A.nature-lovingB.energy-savingC.weather-beatenD.sun-starved19.A.bigB.clearC.coldD.easy20.A.tryingB.waitingC.watchingD.sharing【答案】（1）C；（2）D；（3）B；（4）A；（5）B；（6）C；（7）C；（8）D；（9）B；（10）A；（11）C；（12）A；（13）D；（14）A；（15）B；（16）C；（17）B；（18）D；（19）A；（20）D；【解析】【分析】本文讲述北欧一个小镇长达半年没有阳光照射，为此在附近的山顶安装了一套镜子设备把阳光反射到小镇的广场。每当光线照射的时候，人们就聚集在广场上，为寒冷的冬季增添一丝明亮。（1）考查副词辨析。A.

only仅仅；B.

obviously；显然地；C.

nearly几乎；D.

precisely精确的。根据前文from

late

September

to

mid-March可知，从九月底到三月中旬，差不多半年，故答案为C。（2）考查动词辨析。A.

fear害怕；B.

believe相信；C.

hear听见；D.

notice注意。根据后文butdowninthevalleyit'sdarker

可知，我们看到天空是蓝色，但是到山谷的时候，就会变得更暗了，可知，太阳照耀的时候，我们注意到，故答案为D。（3）考查形容词词义辨析。A.

empty空的；B.

blue蓝色的；C.

high搞得；D.

wide宽的。根据常识可知，有太阳的时候，天空是蓝色的，故答案为B。（4）考查形容词辨析。A.

cloudy多云的；B.

normal正常的；C.

different不同的；D.

warm温暖的。根据前文butdowninthevalleyit'sdarker

可知，到山谷的时候，天变暗了，像阴天一样，故答案为A。（5）考查动词辨析。A.

helped帮助；B.

changed改变；C.

happened发生；D.

mattered关系重大。根据后文可知，该镇引入一套阳光反射镜来改变这种情况，故答案为B。（6）考查名词辨析。A.

computers电脑；B.

telescopes望远镜；C.

mirrors镜子；D.

cameras相机。根据后文to

reflect

sunlight

from

neighboring

peaks可知，从附近的山顶上反射太阳光，可知是镜子，故答案为C。（7）考查动词辨析。A.

remembered记得；B.

forecasted预报；C.

received获得，收到；D.

imagined想象。根据句意可知，该镇的居民获得了冬天里的第一缕阳光，故答案为C。（8）考查名词辨析。A.

repair修理；B.

risk风险；C.

rest

休息；D.

use使用。根据前一句their

very

first

ray

of

winter

sunshine可知，获得了冬天的第一缕阳光，是由于反射板投入使用了，put

sth

to

use把某物投入使用。故答案为D。

（9）考查动词辨析。句意：这些镜子由电脑控制，指导他们整天跟着太阳的位置移动而移动，在大风的天气就自动关闭。A.

forbids禁止；B.

directs指导，导演；C.

predicts预测；D.

follows跟随，追随。本句描述这套系统的工作原理，电脑控制镜子的移动，故选B。（10）考查名词辨析。A.

day白天；B.

night夜晚；C.

month月；D.

year年。根据文章可知，太阳光出现在白天，故答案为A。（11）考查名词辨析。A.

library图书馆；B.

hall大厅；C.

square广场；D.

street街道。根据后文The

town

square可知，镜子反射聚集的光会照在小镇的中心广场上，故答案为C。（12）考查动词辨析。A.

appeared出现；B.

returned归还；C.

faded褪去；D.

stopped停止。根据后文Rjukan

residents

gathered

together可知，当光照出现的时候，居民出来，故答案为A。（13）考查动词辨析。A.

driving驾驶；B.

hiding隐藏；C.

camping露营；D.

sitting坐。根据本句and

standing

there可知，光照出现的时候，人们会出来活动，坐在那里，站在那里，故答案为D。（14）考查名词辨析。A.

pictures照片，图片；B.

notes笔记；C.

care照顾；D.

hold抓住。根据文章可知，会彼此拍照，故答案为A。（15）考查形容词辨析。A.

new新的；B.

full满的；C.

flat平坦的；D.

silent沉默的。根据后文I

think

almost

all

the

people

in

the

town

were

there.可知，差不多全镇的人都在广场上，故可知广场全是人，故答案为B。（16）考查动词辨析。A.

block阻挡；B.

avoid避免；C.

enjoy喜欢，享受；D.

store储存。根据句意可知，并不是3500名居民都能同时享受到太阳光，故答案为C。（17）考查副词辨析。A.

Instead代替；B.

However然而；C.

Gradually逐渐地；D.

Similarly相似地。前一句意思为并不是3500名居民都能同时享受到太阳光，后一句，新的光线为小镇人们的意义不仅仅提供光线，故可知前后句属于转折关系，故答案为B。（18）考查形容词辨析。A.

nature-loving热爱自然的；B.

energy-saving节能的；C.

weather-beaten受风雨侵蚀的；D.

sun-starved渴望阳光的。根据前文可知，小镇差不多半年没有阳光，故可知小镇人们渴望阳光，故答案为D。（19）考查形容词辨析。A.

big大的；B.

clear清晰的；C.

cold冷的；D.

easy容易的。根据前文可知，镜子反射的光线有限，范围不够大，故答案为A。（20）考查动词辨析。A.

trying尝试；B.

waiting

等待；C.

watching

观看；D.

sharing分享。根据句意可知，大家一起晒太阳就足够了，故答案为D。【题型演练】1Ascientist1severalmonkeysinordertostudyanimalpsychology.Hetookaglassbottle,2itscork(瓶塞)andputtwopeanutsinsideit.Thepeanutsdroppedtothebottomandwereeasilyseenfromtheoutside.Hethenpassedthebottletoamonkey,whoshookit3foralongwhileandwasabletogetthepeanutswhenthey4fellout.Thescientistthenputsomepeanutsintothebottleagain5hehaddonebeforeandshowedthemonkeythatitonlyneededtoturnthebottleupsidedownforthepeanutstodropout.6themonkeyalwaysignoredhis7.Eachtimeitjustshookthebottlefrantically,withgreat8butwithoutnecessarilyachieving9result.Nowthequestioniswhythemonkeywasunabletounderstand10thescientistinstructs.11becauseallitsattentionswasfocusedonthepeanuts.Instead,itmusttakeitseyesoffthepeanutsandquickly12itsattentiontothe13movementofthescientistandthewaythebottlewasturnedupsidedown.Toachievethis,ithadtocalmdownandnotbe14bytheimpulse(诱惑)ofitsappetite.Yetthemonkeywasnotabletounderstandthis.Itistheinstancelikethisthatrevealsthemonkey’ssomepsychologyisjustlike15ofhumanbeings.1.A.kept B.rose C.fed D.caught2.A.moving B.removed C.discovered D.covered3.A.happily B.anxiously C.hurriedly D.instantly4.A.suddenly B.accidentally C.occasionally D.quickly5.A.as B.that C.what D.until6.A.But B.When C.Therefore D.Thus7.A.directions B.explanations C.performances D.instructions8.A.effort B.strength C.power D.force9.A.expecting B.interesting C.satisfying D.desired10.A.what B.how C.why D.which11.A.Probably B.Likely C.Simply D.Nearly12.A.put B.send C.pay D.shift13.A.gesture B.mouth C.hand D.eye14.A.takenaway B.takenoff C.takenover D.takenon15.A.that B.the C.those D.this2Askpeopletonametheworld'stallestpeakandanybodywithsoundgeneralknowledgewillnameMountQomolangma.Butquizthemonitsexact1andmanywillbenotsure.In1975,Chinesesurveyors2thatMountQomolangma（MountEverest）was8848.13metershigh.As3improved,satellites,photoelectricity,radarsandgravitymeasurementtechnologieswere4togetmoreexactfigures.Ofcourse,someonestillhadtocarry5towhatistheworld'srooftop.In2005,aChineseteamscaledQomolangmaandfoundthatitwasnotashighasthat,asthey6theheighttobe8844.43meters.ScalingQomolangmaisno7task.Theaverageairtemperaturethereis-29degreesCelsius,evenfourdegrees8thaninAntarctica.Thesnowthereis4—5metersthickandhurricane-like9blowallthetime.Teammembersweretrainingto10theextremeconditions.Inanutshell,measuringtheQomolangma'sheightisatallorder,11hugeamountsofmoneyandhumanresources,Butitisworththe12.Qomolangmaistheperfect13forobservingcrustal（地壳的）movements.Andchangestothepeak'sheightcould14whetherthetwoplatesareheadingtowardorawayfromeachother.Besides,theconditionofsnowandothernaturalmaterialsatthetopisanindicatorofupcomingclimatechangeontheTibet-QinghaiPlateau.That's15measuringtheQomolangma'sheightissosignificant.Puttogooduse,itcanbenefitmankind.1.A.location B.appearance C.area D.height2.A.determined B.assumed C.estimated D.admitted3.A.condition B.technology C.society D.economy4.A.employed B.expected C.approached D.inspired5.A.weapons B.vehicles C.instruments D.packages6.A.changed B.calculated C.extended D.expanded7.A.glorious B.easy C.admirable D.tough8.A.colder B.hotter C.higher D.lower9.A.snows B.rains C.winds D.snowflakes10.A.copewith B.fightfor C.takeon D.carryout11.A.wasting B.spending C.overcoming D.involving12.A.effort B.loss C.harvest D.achievement13.A.channel B.window C.solution D.entrance14.A.measure B.foresee C.indicate D.expose15.A.where B.how C.why D.whether3AsourEarth’stemperaturewarmsupbecauseofclimatechange,itishavingunexpectedeffectsonourworld’sforests.Whentemperaturesrise,treesclosetheirskinsto1thelossofwater,andthis,inturn,slowsdownthe2ofphotosynthesis(光合作用).Asaresult,thesetreesareshorterandgrowslowly,aswellashavea3deathrate.Climatechangealsoincreasesthe4ofdroughtsandwildfires.Afterwildfires,ittakesawhilefortheforestsystemsto5,andinsomecases,theforestsare6permanently.Treesthatarestressedarealso7toattacksbybacteria(细菌).Intropicalforests,vinesthatusethetreesas8canoftenchokethetreesandrobthemofnutrients.Finally,humanshave9theforestlandscapethroughlogging.Whentreesarereplantedonthesoil,theywillnevergrowaslargeasthe10treesthatwerecutdown.Astheseforestsdisappear,speciesthatoncecalledthem“home”areforcedtochange,11thevarietyofthosesystems.12,someendangeredspeciesareunableto13anddie.Old-growthforestsaredisappearinginallregionsofourworld.Whenforestsdie,youngerforeststhatarereestablishedinthesameareagrowbackweakerandsmaller14poorvegetation.Withtreesdyingincreasinglyandcontinuously,willfuturegenerations15outonthewondersofforests?1.A.protect B.prevent C.save D.free2.A.movement B.situation C.process D.operation3.A.higher B.firmer C.lighter D.smaller4.A.choice B.measure C.qualification D.chance5.A.grow B.rescue C.recover D.decline6.A.ignored B.lost C.hurt D.left7.A.accessible B.enjoyable C.acceptable D.favorable8.A.attention B.command C.trust D.support9.A.frightened B.paid C.ruined D.wasted10.A.common B.original C.distant D.strong11.A.affecting B.improving C.forgetting D.reflecting12.A.Besides B.Surprisingly C.Otherwise D.Unfortunately13.A.devote B.keep C.adapt D.lead14.A.dueto B.inadditionto C.insteadof D.inspiteof15.A.pass B.miss C.break D.bring4Thelionsandleopards(豹)ofanationalparkinIndianormallydonotgetalong.They1eachotherforspaceandfood.Butaboutayearago,ayounglionessinthepark2ababyleopard.The2-month-oldbabywithbrownearsandblueeyeswas3,andthelionessspentweeksnursing,4andcaringforhimuntilhedied.Shetreatedhimasifhewereoneofherowntwosons,whowereaboutthesameage.Thiswasa5caseofcross-speciesadoptioninthewild,andtheonlydocumentedexampleinvolvinganimalsthatarenormally6.7,theparkworkersthoughttheassociationwouldbebrief,butthiswenton.Thefamilywere8totourthepark.Thelionesstookcareofthebaby,and9meatthatshehunted.Thenewbrothersplayedwithhimandoccasionallyfollowedhimuptrees.Thisunlikely10wassurelyamazing.Althoughthisadoptionwaspuzzling,ithighlightsthe11betweenthetwospecies.Untiltheyreachyoungadulthood,whensocialdifferences12,lionsandleopardsplayandbegformilkinsimilarways.Forthismotherlioness,shemayhave13thebaby'smoreleopard-likefeatures—hissmell,sizeandspottedappearance.Hejustjumpedin.The14oftheinterspeciesadoptioninthewildwouldbesweetenoughforachildren'sbook,yet15enoughtoattractscientists.1.A.putupwith B.takeadvantageof C.dependon D.fightwith2.A.scared B.adopted C.spotted D.attacked3.A.lazy B.brave C.weak D.dangerous4.A.feeding B.checking C.following D.dressing5.A.simple B.typical C.famous D.rare6.A.friends B.competitors C.partners D.neighbors7.A.Initially B.Luckily C.Certainly D.Unexpectedly8.A.expected B.observed C.persuaded D.pushed9.A.cooked B.packed C.shared D.burned10.A.experience B.affair C.agreement D.connection11.A.communication B.similarities C.behavior D.differences12.A.emerge B.remain C.recover D.survive13.A.compared B.disliked C.ignored D.protected14.A.incident B.experience C.report D.tale15.A.strange B.caring C.reliable D.moving5What'sthefirstthingthatcomestomindwhenyouthinkoftheword“culture”？Doyouthinkofdifferentgroupsofpeopleacrosstheworldwithvarious1andclothing?Whataboutanimals?SamWilliams,executivedirectoroftheMacaw(金刚鹦鹉）RecoveryNetworkinCostaRica,helpsto2theimpactofthedeclineofmacawpopulationsbytakingbirdsthatwereborn3andreleasingthemintothewild.Butthisprocessisvery4＂Inacage,youcan't5themtoknowwhere,whenandhowtofindthatfood,orabouttreeswithgoodnestsites,"WilliamstoldecologistandwriterCarlSafinafortheGuardian.Inthewild,theparentswouldbetheonestoteachthemthisimportant6Thistypeofknowledgeisknownasculturalknowledge.Culturalknowledgecanbe7fromtheoldergenerationtothenewerone.Formanyspecies,