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Chapter4
ToolsofHumanMolecularGenetics1ThePolymeraseChainReactionMolecularcloningNucleicAcidHybridizationDNAsequenceanalysisWewilldiscuss2AnalysisofindividualDNAand
RNAsequencesPolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)MolecularCloning
3ThePolymeraseChainReaction
聚合酶链式反应PCR:
EnzymaticamplificationofafragmentofDNAlocatedbetweenapairofprimerssensitivenessandspecificity4
PCR_technique5MolecularCloningToisolateaparticulargeneorotherDNAsequenceinlargequantities.TotransfertheDNAsequenceintoasinglecellofamicroorganism,thenreproducestheDNAsequencebygrownofmicroorganism6TheprocessofcloningasegmentofhumanDNAintoaplasmidcloningvector
ToolsofmolecularcloningVector(Plasimd,Virus,Bacterialartificialchromsome,PAC,YAC)RestrictionenzymeTargetgeneHastcell(microorganism)8RestrictionEnzymesEcoRⅠ(palindrome)5’---G^AATTC---3’
5’---G
AATTC---3’
3’---CTTAA^G---5’
3’---CTTAA
G---5’
Vectors
Example:
plasmid(<5000bp),bacteriophagelambda(20kb),BAC(100-300kb),YAC(1000-2000kb)
multiplecloningsites,antibioticresistancegene910TheuseofmolecularcloningandthePCRtoisolatelargequantitiesofaparticulardesiredDNAsequenceofinterestinpureformThePolymeraseChainReactionMolecularcloningNucleicAcidHybridizationDNAsequenceanalysisWewilldiscuss11Nucleicacidhybridizati-on:DoublecomplementarystrandsDNAcanbedenaturedbyavarietytreatmentsandcanhybridizetothehomologoussequenceunderconditionsthatfavorformationofdoublestrandedDNA.Probe:aspecificDNAsequencelabeledwithisotopeorfluorescence12Thesouthernblottingprocedure13InSituHybridizationtoChromosomesFluorescenceInSituHybridization(FISH)ComparativeGenomeHybridizationSpectralKaryotyping(SKY)14FluorescenceInSituHybridization(FISH)NucleicacidProbeslabeledwithfluorescencebynicktranslationHybridizedwithinterphasenucleusandmetaphasechromosomeinsitu.AccordingtoBasePaircomplementaryprinciples15FISH16ThePolymeraseChainReactionMolecularcloningNucleicAcidHybridizationDNAsequenceanalysisWewilldiscuss17DNAsequencing
-sangersequencing(末端终止法)PCR(templet)PrimerForprimerRdNTPddNTPwithfluoresent(smallaccountPolymerease18Sangersequencing19Chapter10
ThediagnosisofGeneticDisease20
PrenataldiagnosisThediagnosisofgeneticdisease
Outline21PresymptomaticdiagnosisSymptomaticdiagnosisPrenataldiagnosisThetypesofdiagnosis
-GeneticDisease22SymptomaticdiagnosisClinicaldiagnosisPedigreeanalysisLaboratorytests23Symptomaticdiagnosis(1)ClinicaldiagnosisclinicalsymptomsPhysicalExaminationHistoryTaking(familyhistory,Marritalhistory,Childbearinghistory)BiochemicalexaminationsOtherExaminations(CT,MRIetc)24Symptomaticdiagnosis(2)
Pedigreeanalysis
Apedigreeisadiagramoffamilyrelationshipsthatusessymbolstorepresentpeopleandlinestorepresentgeneticrelationships25Symptomaticdiagnosis(3)LaboratorystudiesCytogenetictestBiochemicaltestGenetest26CytogenetictestDiagnosis:forchromosomesdiseases.Technique:Karyotype-GbandingFluorescenceinsituhybridization(FISH)Material:PeripheralBlood-lymphocyteAmnioticfluid
Chorionicvillus
27Clinicalexample(1)
-Karyotype18-trisomysyndrome
ClinicaldiagnosisCytogenetictestconfirmingclinicaldiagnosisgeneticcounselingG-bandingKARYOTYPE28BiochemicaltestDiagnosis:formetabolicdiseasesDiagnosedbyenzymeassayMaterial:PeripheralBlood-lymphocyteAmnioticfluidChorionicvillus29BiochemicaltestsformetabolicdiseasesUsefulformetabolicdiseasesDiagnosedbyenzymeassay30DNAanalysisMeansofcloselylinkedmarkers-tolinkageanalysis.
PCR-STR(PCR)RFLP(Southernblotting)
Directdetectionofthemutation.
PCR-sequencingtodetectpointmutationPCR-SSCPtodetectpointmutationMLPA(MultiplexLigationProbesAssay)todetectduplication/deletionSouthernblottingtodetectduplication/deletion315.7kb3.4kb2.4kbRFLP-Linkageanalysis32ClinicalExample(1)
-DMD/BMD(XR)ToconfirmwhetheritisgeneticdiseaseToanalyzeitsinheritedmannersToestimatetheriskofthediseaseinthisfamilyprobandmotherDuplicationmutationdetectedbyMLPASummaryClinicaldiagnosisPredigreeanalysisgenetestingConfirmingclinicaldiagnosisGeneticcounseling33PCR-SequencingtodetectpointmutationFatherprobandMotherClinicalExample(2)
-Methylmalonicacidemia(AR)DevelopmentretardationMentalretardationVomiting,etc.Vitb12diagnosistherapy34Prenataldiagnosis35PrenataldiagnosisPrenataldiagnosisdeterminesthehealthandconditionofanunbornfetus.36ThehistoryofprenataldiagnosisIn1966,SteeleandBregdetectedDownsyndrome.Cellcultured
Karyotypeanalysis37TherequiresofprenataldiagnosisClinicalgenetic(includinggeneticcounseling)ObstetricsUltrasonographyLaboratoryservice38Thegoalsofprenataldiagnosis①Toprovidearangeofinformedchoice.②Toprovidereassuranceandtoreduceanxiety.especiallyamonghigh-riskgroups.③haveahealthone.④theoptionofappropriatemanagement.⑤Toenableprenataltreatmentoftheaffectedfetus.39TheindicationforprenataldiagnosisTheageofpregnantwoman(>35yearsold)Positiveprenatalscreening.Highdangerfamily.Otherwell-definedriskfactors.4041ThecontentofprenataldiagnosisNoninvasivetesting
Maternalserumscreening(MSS),UltrasonographyInvasivetesting
Amniocentesis,Chorionicvillussampling,CordocentesisLaboratoryservice
Cytogenetictesting,Biochemicaltesting,Genetesting42Noninvasivetesting43NoninvasivetestingMaternalserumscreeningUltrasonography44Maternalserumscreening(MSS1)MSS:alsocalledtriplescreenmeasuresthreebloodmarkers:①Alphafetoprotein(MS-AFP),②unconjugatedestriol(uE3),③humanchorionicgonadotrophin(HCG).Thesemarkersareproducedbythefetusand/orplacenta.Performedbetween15-20+6weeksatgestationalage.45Maternalserumscreening(MSS2)Thesetriplesmarkersareusedtoscreenthreediseases:①Downsyndrome②Trisomy18③neuraltubedefect(NTD)46Downsyndrome47Trisomy18syndrome48Neuraltubedefect(NTD)49ConditionMSAFPuE3HCGNeuraltubedefect↑
NormalNormalTrisomy21↓
↓↑Trisomy18↓↓↓5051ThecautionofMSSMSSisonlyscreeningtest,notdiagnostictest.FurthercounselinganddiagnostictestingshouldbeofferedtowomenwhoseMSSscreeningtestresultispositive.NegativeresultofMSSTheriskiszero≠52UltrasonographyinprenataldiagnosisItisimportanttodetectfetalassessment:fetalage,multiplepregnancies,fetalviability.Itisimportantforthedetectionofmorphologicalanomalies,suchas,anencephaly,cystichygrome(囊性水瘤).53Ultrasonographyingeneticdisorderchromosomeaneuploidy.single-genedisorders(Holt-Oramsyndrome).multifactorialdisorders.Determinationoffetalsex.54Detectingchromosomeaneuploidy
①Theaorticisthmus(主动脉峡)issignificantly
narrowerintrisomy21,18,13,and
Turnersyndromethaninnormal
fetuses.
②Measurmentofnuchaltranslucency
thickness(NTT)at10-14weeksmay
provetobeauseful
methodfor
screeningchromosomaldefects.55Nuchaltranslucencythickness(NTT)Nuchaltranslucencythickness:betweentheskinandthesofttissueoverlyingthecervicalspine.0.12cminanormal11-weekfetus.TheaccumulationoffluidbehindthefetalneckNT↑56Ultrasoundforsingle-genedisorderNormalfetusHolt-OramsyndromeADdiseaseTBX5transcriptionfactorgenemutation57Invasivetesting58TheprincipalindicationsforInvasivetesting①Advancedmaternalage.②Previouschildwithadenovochromosomeabnormality.③Presenceofstructuralchromosomeabnormalityinoneoftheparents.④FamilyhistoryofageneticdisorderthatmaybediagnosedorruledoutbybiochemicalorDNAanalysis.
⑤FamilyhistoryofanX-linkeddisorderforwhichthereisnospecificprenataldiagnostictest⑥Riskofaneuraltubedefect(suchas,highMSAFPofMSS)⑦ThepositiveresultofMSSandultrasound59ThemethodsofinvasivetestingAmniocentesisChorionicvillussamplingCordocentsis60Amniocentesis(羊膜腔穿刺)Amniocentesisreferstotheprocedureofremovingasampleofamnioticfluidtransabdominallybysyringe.time:15-16thweekafterthefirstdayofthelastmenstrualperiod.Method:transabdominally,locatedintheamnioticcavitybyultrasound.Howtoavoidpollutingwithmother’sblood.Culturingamnioticfluidcells61ThepurposeofamniocentesisTheconcentrationofAFP(AFAFP):NTDandAnencephaly(无脑畸形).Chromosomeanalysis-KaryotypeandFISHBiochemicaldetection-enzymeanalysisDNAanalysis62Clinicalexample
-prenataldiagnosisofNTDRiskofaneuraltubedefectpregnancyMSSDetectingMSAFPIfMSAFPisatnormallevelItshouldbedetectedbyultrasoundtoexcludeNTDIfMSAFPishigherthannormallevelItshouldbegivenAmniocentesistodetectAFAFP.IfAFAFPishigherthannormallevel,itshouldbeexcludedothercausesofelevatedamnioticfluid–AFAFP,suchasfetalbloodcontamination,Fetaldeath,twinpregnancy,etc.63Thecomplicationofamniocentesismiscarriageinthemidtrimester.talipesequinovarus(马蹄型内翻足)LeakageofamnioticfluidInfectionInjurytothefetusbyneedlepuncture.64ChorionicVillusSampling65Thevilliarederivedfromthetrophoblast,theextra-embryonicpartoftheblastocyst66Thetimeofcvs:10-12thweeksThevillisampled:tertiaryvilli67ThepurposeofCVSChromosomeanalysis-KaryotypeandFISHBiochemicaldetection-enzymeanalysisDNAanalysis68ThefeaturesofCVSTheadvantagesofCVS:thestageofsamplingisearlierthanamniotensis.ThedisadvantagesofCVS:①AFPcannotbeassayedatthisstage.②Therateoffetallossincreasesapproximately1%③about2%ofCVSsamplingsyieldambiguousresultsduetochromosomal
mosaicism(truemosaicismandpseudomosaicism).69Cordocentensis(脐血穿刺)Cordocentensisisaprocedureusedtoobtainasampleoffetalblooddirectlyfromtheumbilicalcordwithultrasonographicguidance.Time:19-21thweekofpregnancy.70cordocentensis71Laboratorytest72LaboratorytestCytogeneticsBiochemicaltestDNAanalysis73PrenataldiagnosisbycytogeneticSummaryClinicaldiagnsisGeneticcounselingLabortarytestingKaryotype-GbandingGeneticcounselingCVSoramniocentesisKaryotype-Gbanding74?probandmotherFemalefetusPrenataldiagnosisbyPCR-sequencing75ALD-XRFeaturesoflaboratorytesting76Problemsinchromosomeanalysis
forprenataldiagnosisMosaicism:referstothepresenceoftwoormorecelllinesinanindividualortissuesample.CulturefailureUnexpectedadversefindings.无法预测表型的染色体畸形,如染色体数目正常但为常见变异体,罕见的重排或标记染色体,应确定双亲的核型,判断是遗传的还是新发的,才能评估这种变异对胎儿的影响。77MosaicismTruemosaicism:isdetectedinmultiplecoloniesfromseveraldifferentprimarycultures.Mosaicismistrulypresentinthefetus,PseudomosaicismAnartifactoccurringintissuecultureMaternalcellcontamination,especiallyCVS.Confinedplacentalmosaicism,inCVSstudies,2%ofpregnancies.Mosaicismispresentintheplacentalbutnotinthefetus.78ThefeaturesofBiochemicaltests
forprenataldiagnosisAdvantages:Biochemicalassayscanbedetecteddirectlythegeneproduct.Isnoteasytobecontaminatedinthebiochemi
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