江苏专用届高考英语一轮复习专题十二推理判断课件

专题十二推理判断高考英语

(江苏专用)Passage1(2019江苏,C)词数:444Whocaresifpeoplethinkwronglythattheinternethashadmoreimportantinfluencesthanthe

washingmachine?Whydoesitmatterthatpeoplearemoreimpressedbythemostrecentchanges?Itwouldnotmatterifthesemisjudgmentswerejustamatterofpeople'sopinions.However,they

haverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)revolution,represented

bytheinternet,hasmadesomerichcountrieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsisso“yester-

day”thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.Thisbeliefin“post-industrialsociety”hasledthose

countriestoneglecttheirmanufacturingsector(制造业),withnegativeconsequencesfortheire-

conomies.Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwiththeinternetbypeopleinrichcountrieshasmovedthe

internationalcommunitytoworryaboutthe“digitaldivide”betweentherichcountriesandthe

五年高考A组自主命题·江苏卷题组poorcountries.Thishasledcompaniesandindividualstodonatemoneytodevelopingcountriesto

buycomputerequipmentandinternetfacilities.Thequestion,however,iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuch

asdiggingwells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachines

wouldhaveimprovedpeople'slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptopcomputerorsettingup

internetcentresinruralvillages.Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimportant,

butmanydonatorshaverushedintofancyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelative

long-termcostsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.Inyetanotherexample,afascinationwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievethattherecentchanges

inthetechnologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationaresorevolutionarythatnowwelivein

a“borderlessworld”.Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobe-

lievethatwhateverchangeishappeningtodayistheresultofgreattechnologicalprogress,going

againstwhichwillbeliketryingtoturntheclockback.Believinginsuchaworld,manygovern-

mentshaveputanendtosomeoftheverynecessaryregulationsoncross-borderflowsofcapital,

labourandgoods,withpoorresults.Understandingtechnologicaltrendsisveryimportantforcorrectlydesigningeconomicpolicies,bothatthenationalandtheinternationallevels,andformakingtherightcareerchoicesattheindi-

viduallevel.However,ourfascinationwiththelatest,andourunder-valuationofwhathasalready

ecommon,can,andhas,ledusinallsortsofwrongdirections.1.Misjudgmentsontheinfluencesofnewtechnologycanleadto

.A.alackofconfidenceintechnologyB.aslowprogressintechnologyC.aconflictofpublicopinionsD.awasteoflimitedresources2.TheexampleinParagraph4suggeststhatdonatorsshould

.A.takepeople'sessentialneedsintoaccountB.maketheirprogrammesattractivetopeopleC.ensurethateachchildgetsfinancialsupportD.providemoreaffordableinternetfacilities3.Whathasledmanygovernmentstoremovenecessaryregulations?A.Neglectingtheimpactsoftechnologicaladvances.B.Believingthattheworldhaseborderless.C.Ignoringthepowerofeconomicdevelopment.D.Over-emphasizingtheroleofinternationalcommunication.4.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtomakemoredonations.B.Traditionaltechnologystillhasaplacenowadays.C.Makingrightcareerchoicesiscrucialtopersonalsuccess.D.Economicpoliciesshouldfollowtechnologicaltrends.答案[语篇解读]

本文为说明文,主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为社会进步与人类文明。本

文告诉我们应正确认识科技发展趋势并顺势而为。本文有助于培养学生的思维品质。1.D推理判断题。本题题干意为:对于新科技的影响的错误判断会导致

。根据文章第

二段第二句话However,theyhaverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarcere-

sources.(然而,它们有实实在在的影响,因为它们导致了对稀缺资源的错误使用。)可知答案为

D项(对有限资源的浪费)。A项:对科技缺乏信心;B项:科技的缓慢进步;C项:舆论的冲突。2.A推理判断题。本题题干意为:第四段中的例子建议捐赠者应该

。根据第四段第三

句话可知答案为A项(考虑人们的基本需求)。B项:让他们的计划吸引人;C项:确保每一个孩子

都能得到经济资助;D项:提供更多负担得起的互联网设施。3.B推理判断题。本题题干意为:是什么导致许多政府取消了必要的管制?根据文章第五段

第一、三句可知答案为B项(相信世界已经变得无国界)。A项:忽略了科技进步的影响;C项:忽

视了经济发展的力量;D项:过度强调国际交往的作用。4.B推理判断题。本题题干意为:从文章中我们可以推断出什么?根据文章最后一段第二句话可知答案为B项(传统科技在今天仍然占有一席之地)。A项:应该鼓励人们多捐款;C项:正确

的职业选择对个人成功至关重要;D项:经济政策的制定应该遵循科技发展趋势。长难句

原句:Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobelievethatwhatever

changeishappeningtodayistheresultofgreattechnologicalprogress,goingagainstwhichwillbe

liketryingtoturntheclockback.译文:因此,在过去的二十年左右,许多人开始相信,无论今天发生什么变化,都是伟大的科技进

步的结果,而不顺应它将会像试图把时钟转回来一样。分析:本句中主句主语为manypeople,谓语为havecometobelieve,宾语为that引导的宾语从

句。重点词汇misjudgmentn.错误判断fascinationn.迷恋,着迷revolutionn.革命facilityn.设

施,设备Passage2(2018江苏,D)词数:704Childrenasyoungastenareingdependentonsocialmediafortheirsenseofself-worth,a

majorstudywarned.Itfoundmanyyoungsters(少年)nowmeasuretheirstatusbyhowmuchpublicapprovaltheyget

online,oftenthrough“likes”.Somechangetheirbehaviourinreallifetoimprovetheirimageon

theweb.Thereportintoyoungstersagedfrom8to12wascarriedoutbyChildren'sCommissioner(专员)

AnneLongfield.Shesaidsocialmediafirmswereexposingchildrentomajoremotionalrisks,with

someyoungstersstartingsecondaryschoolill-equippedtocopewiththetremendouspressurethey

facedonline.Somesocialappswerepopularamongthechildreneventhoughtheysupposedlyrequireusersto

beatleast13.Theyoungstersadmittedplanningtripsaroundpotentialphoto-opportunitiesand

thenmessagingfriends—andfriendsoffriends—todemand“likes”fortheironlineposts.Thereportfoundthatyoungstersfelttheirfriendshipscouldbeatriskiftheydidnotrespondtoso-cialmediapostsquickly,andaroundtheclock.Childrenaged8to10were“startingtofeelhappy”whenotherslikedtheirposts.However,

thoseinthe10to12agegroupwere“concernedwithhowmanypeopleliketheirposts”,sug-

gestinga“need”forsocialrecognitionthatgetsstrongertheoldertheye.MissLongfieldwarnedthatagenerationofchildrenriskedgrowingup“worriedabouttheirap-

pearanceandimageasaresultoftheunrealisticlifestylestheyfollowonplatforms,andincreasing-

lyanxiousaboutswitchingoffduetotheconstantdemandsofsocialmedia”.Shesaid:“Childrenareusingsocialmediawithfamilyandfriendsandtoplaygameswhenthey

areinprimaryschool.Butwhatstartsasfunusageofappsturnsintotremendouspressureinreal

socialmediainteractionatsecondaryschool.”Astheirworldexpanded,shesaid,childrencomparedthemselvestoothersonlineinawaythat

was“hugelydamagingintermsoftheirself-identity,intermsoftheirconfidence,butalsoin

termsoftheirabilitytodevelopthemselves”.MissLongfieldadded:“Thenthereisthispushtoconnect—ifyougooffline,willyoumisssome-thing,willyoumissout,willyoushowthatyoudon'tcareaboutthosepeopleyouarefollowing,

allofthosecometogetherinahugewayatonce.”“Forchildrenitisvery,verydifficulttocopewithemotionally.”TheChildren'sCommissioner

forEngland'sstudy—LifeinLikes—foundthatchildrenasyoungas8wereusingsocialmedia

platformslargelyforplay.However,theresearch—involvingeightgroupsof32childrenaged8to12—suggestedthatasthey

headedtowardtheirteens,theybecameincreasinglyanxiousonline.Bythetimetheystartedsecondaryschool—atage11—childrenwerealreadyfarmoreawareof

theirimageonlineandfeltunderhugepressuretoensuretheirpostswerepopular,thereport

found.However,theystilldidnotknowhowtocopewithmean-spiritedjokes,orthesenseofpe-

tencetheymightfeeliftheycomparedthemselvestocelebrities(名人)ormorebrilliantfriendson-

line.Thereportsaidtheyalsofacedpressuretorespondtomessagesatallhoursoftheday—espe-

ciallyatsecondaryschoolwhenmoreyoungstershavemobilephones.TheChildren'sCommissionersaidschoolsandparentsmustnowdomoretopreparechildrenfor

theemotionalminefield(雷区)theyfacedonline.Andshesaidsocialmediacompaniesmustalso

“takemoreresponsibility”.Theyshouldeithermonitortheirwebsitesbettersothatchildrendo

notsignuptooearly,ortheyshouldadjusttheirwebsitestotheneedsofyoungerusers.JavedKhan,ofchildren'scharityBarnardo's,said:“It'svitalthatnewcompulsoryage-appro-

priaterelationshipandsexeducationlessonsinEnglandshouldhelpequipchildrentodealwiththe

growingdemandsofsocialmedia.”“It'salsohugelyimportantforparentstoknowwhichappstheirchildrenareusing.”1.Whydidsomesecondaryschoolstudentsfeeltoomuchpressure?A.Theywerenotprovidedwithadequateequipment.B.Theywerenotwellpreparedforemotionalrisks.C.Theywererequiredtogivequickresponses.D.Theywerepreventedfromusingmobilephones.2.Somesocialappcompaniesweretoblamebecause

.A.theydidn'tadequatelychecktheirusers'registrationB.theyorganizedphototripstoattractmoreyoungstersC.theyencouragedyoungsterstopostmorephotosD.theydidn'tstopyoungstersfromstayinguplate3.Children'scomparingthemselvestoothersonlinemayleadto

.A.lessfriendlinesstoeachotherB.lowerself-identityandconfidenceC.anincreaseinonlinecheatingD.astrongerdesiretostayonline4.AccordingtoLife

in

Likes,aschildrengrew,theybecamemoreanxiousto

.A.circulatetheirpostsquicklyB.knowthequalitiesoftheirpostsC.usemobilephonesforplayD.getmorepublicapproval5.Whatshouldparentsdotosolvetheproblem?A.Communicatemorewithsecondaryschools.B.Urgemediacompaniestocreatesaferapps.C.Keeptrackofchildren'suseofsocialmedia.D.Forbidtheirchildrenfromvisitingtheweb.6.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Theinfluenceofsocialmediaonchildren.B.Theimportanceofsocialmediatochildren.C.Theprobleminbuildingahealthyrelationship.D.Themeasuretoreducerisksfromsocialmedia.答案[语篇解读]研究发现,青少年变得依赖社交媒体来找到自我价值。他们中很多人都以网上

的点赞量来衡量自己的地位,这在很多方面带来了不利影响。因此家长、学校和媒体应该肩

负起更多的责任。1.B推理判断题。根据第三段第二句的socialmediafirmswereexposingchildrentomajore-

motionalrisks,withsomeyoungstersstartingsecondaryschoolill-equippedtocopewiththe

tremendouspressuretheyfacedonline可知,社交媒体公司使孩子们在情感方面面临危险,因为

这些开始上中学的年轻人并未做好准备去应对网络带来的巨大压力。即他们并没有为情感

方面的危险做好充分准备。故选B项。2.A推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Somesocialappswerepopularamongthechildreneven

thoughtheysupposedlyrequireuserstobeatleast13.可知,尽管有些社交应用程序应该要求用

户至少满13岁,但是这些应用程序还是受到孩子们的欢迎。由此可见,社交应用程序公司并没

有充分检查用户的注册是否符合要求,所以这些公司应该受到谴责。故选A项。3.B细节理解题。根据第九段第一句中的childrencomparedthemselvestoothersonlineinawaythatwas“hugelydamagingintermsoftheirself-identity可知,随着孩子交际圈的扩大,他们

会与他人在网上进行比较,这会严重损害他们的自我认同、自信心以及发展自我的能力。故

选B项。4.D推理判断题。根据第十一、十二和十三段可知,这项研究发现8岁的孩子利用社交媒体

平台主要是为了玩儿,而到10岁左右时,他们上网就开始变得焦虑了,到了11岁时,他们更加关

注自己的网络形象,他们要确保自己发布的内容受到别人欢迎。由此判断,随着孩子的成长,他

们上网更加渴望得到他人的赞同。故选D项。5.C推理判断题。根据倒数第一段It'salsohugelyimportantforparentstoknowwhichapps

theirchildrenareusing.可知,要解决这个问题,家长们要清楚自己的孩子在用什么社交媒体,即

要跟踪孩子们对社交媒体的使用。故选C项。6.A主旨大意题。通读全文可概括得知,文章主要介绍了一项研究发现:随着孩子们的成长,

社交媒体给他们带来了不利影响,故选A项。长难句

原句:MissLongfieldwarnedthatagenerationofchildrenriskedgrowingup“worriedabouttheirappearanceandimageasaresultoftheunrealisticlifestylestheyfollowonplatforms,andincreas-

inglyanxiousaboutswitchingoffduetotheconstantdemandsofsocialmedia”.译文:Longfield女士警告说一代孩子的成长面临着风险——因为他们在社交平台上追求不切

实际的生活方式,所以很担心自己的外貌和形象,而且由于社交媒体持续不断的要求,他们对于

关闭社交媒体变得越来越焦虑了。分析:warned后为that引导的宾语从句,形容词短语worriedabout...和anxiousabout...作状语,they

followonplatforms为定语从句,修饰先行词lifestyles,asaresultof和dueto均为表示原因的介

词短语。重点词汇expose...to...使暴露于;使接触atrisk处于危险中tremendousadj.极大的;巨大的

intermsof在……方面;就……而言compulsoryadj.义务的;强制的Passage3(2017江苏,C)词数:452Anewcommoditybringsaboutahighlyprofitable,fast-growingindustry,urgingantitrust(反垄断)

regulatorstostepintocheckthosewhocontrolitsflow.Acenturyago,theresourceinquestion

wasoil.Nowsimilarconcernsarebeingraisedbythegiants(巨头)thatdealindata,theoilofthe

digitalage.ThemostvaluablefirmsareGoogle,Amazon,FacebookandMicrosoft.Alllookun-

stoppable.Suchsituationshaveledtocallsforthetechgiantstobebrokenup.Butsizealoneisnotacrime.

Thegiants'successhasbenefitedconsumers.Fewwanttolivewithoutsearchenginesoraquick

delivery.Farfromchargingconsumershighprices,manyoftheseservicesarefree(userspay,inef-

fect,byhandingoveryetmoredata).Andtheappearanceofnew-borngiantssuggeststhatnew-

comerscanmakewaves,too.Butthereiscauseforconcern.Theinternethasmadedataabundant,all-presentandfarmorevalu-

able,changingthenatureofdataandcompetition.Googleinitiallyusedthedatacollectedfrom

userstotargetadvertisingbetter.Butrecentlyithasdiscoveredthatdatacanbeturnedintonewservices:translationandvisualrecognition,tobesoldtoothercompanies.Internetcompanies'con-

trolofdatagivesthemenormouspower.Sotheyhavea“God'seyeview”ofactivitiesintheir

ownmarketsandbeyond.Thisnatureofdatamakestheantitrustmeasuresofthepastlessuseful.Breakingupfirmslike

Googleintofivesmalloneswouldnotstopremakingthemselves:intime,oneofthemwouldbe-

comegreatagain.Arethinkisrequired—andasanewapproachstartstoeapparent,two

ideasstandout.Thefirstisthatantitrustauthoritiesneedtomovefromtheindustrialageintothe21stcentury.

Whenconsideringamerger(兼并),forexample,theyhavetraditionallyusedsizetodetermine

whentostepin.Theynowneedtotakeintoaccounttheextentoffirms'dataassets(资产)whenas-

sessingtheimpactofdeals.Thepurchasepricecouldalsobeasignalthatanestablishedcompany

isbuyinganew-bornthreat.Whenthistakesplace,especiallywhenanew-borncompanyhasno

revenuetospeakof,theregulatorsshouldraiseredflags.Thesecondprincipleistoloosenthecontrolthatprovidersofon-lineserviceshaveoverdataandgivemoretothosewhosupplythem.Companiescouldbeforcedtorevealtoconsumerswhatin-

formationtheyholdandhowmuchmoneytheymakefromit.Governmentscouldordertheshar-

ingofcertainkindsofdata,withusers'consent.Restartingantitrustfortheinformationagewillnotbeeasy.Butifgovernmentsdon'twantadata

economycontrolledbyafewgiants,theymustactsoon.1.Whyisthereacalltobreakupgiants?A.Theyhavecontrolledthedatamarket.B.Theycollectenormousprivatedata.C.Theynolongerprovidefreeservices.D.Theydismissedsomenew-borngiants.2.WhatdoesthetechnologicalinnovationinParagraph3indicate?A.Datagiants'technologyisveryexpensive.B.Google'sideaispopularamongdatafirms.C.Datacanstrengthengiants'controllingposition.D.Datacanbeturnedintonewservicesorproducts.3.Bypayingattentiontofirms'dataassets,antitrustregulatorscould

.A.killanewthreat

B.avoidthesizetrapC.favourbiggerfirms

D.chargehigherprices4.Whatisthepurposeoflooseningthegiants'controlofdata?A.Bigcompaniescouldrelievedatasecuritypressure.B.Governmentscouldrelievetheirfinancialpressure.C.Consumerscouldbetterprotecttheirprivacy.D.Smallcompaniescouldgetmoreopportunities.答案[语篇解读]本文为说明文,属于社科类文章。文章说明了人们在受益于大数据的同时,还成

就了一些通过数据发财的商业巨头。为了防止这些巨头控制某一领域和市场,政府需要采取

行动。1.A推理判断题。第二段第一句中的Suchsituations指向第一段所描述的情况。根据第一段

最后三句Nowsimilarconcernsarebeingraisedbythegiantsthatdealindata,theoilofthedigital

age.ThemostvaluablefirmsareGoogle,Amazon,FacebookandMicrosoft.Alllookunstop-

pable.可知,正是因为商业巨头们掌控大数据市场,人们才提出要分化它们。故选A项。2.C细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句Internetcompanies'controlofdatagivesthemenor-

mouspower.Sotheyhavea“God'seyeview”ofactivitiesintheirownmarketsandbeyond.可

知,应选C项。3.B细节理解题。根据第四段第一句Thisnatureofdatamakestheantitrustmeasuresofthe

pastlessuseful.及第五段内容可知,在这样一个数据时代,以前的反垄断措施已经不怎么有用

了,而在兼并公司时,传统的做法是通过考虑公司的规模来决定何时介入,现在他们需要考虑这些公司有多少数据资产了。这样,关注数据资产就可以帮助监管者避开仅看公司规模的陷

阱。故选B项。4.D推理判断题。根据第六段内容可知,放松巨头对数据的控制的目的是让一些小公司从中

获得更多的机会。故选D项。长难句原句:Anewcommoditybringsaboutahighlyprofitable,fast-growingindustry,urging

antitrust(反垄断)regulatorstostepintocheckthosewhocontrolitsflow.译文:一种新商品促成了一个利润丰厚、增长迅速的行业,这迫使反垄断监管人员介入此事,严

查控制这一商品流动的人。分析:本句为复合句。句子主干为Anewcommoditybringsaboutahighlyprofitable,fast-grow-

ingindustry,urging...为现在分词短语作结果状语,其中who引导的是定语从句,先行词是those。重点词汇bringabout导致,引起Passage4(2016江苏,C)词数:443ElNiño,aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild”,wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermenwho

noticedthattheglobalweatherpattern,whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears,reducedthe

amountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.ElNiñoseeswarmwater,collectedoverseveralyears

inthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,or

sometimestheotherwayround.Theweathereffects,bothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces.Richcountriesgainmorefrom

powerfulNiños,onbalance,thantheylose.AstudyfoundthatastrongNiñoin1997-98helped

America'seconomygrowby$15billion,partlybecauseofbetteragriculturalharvests:farmersin

theMidwestgainedfromextrarain.Thetotalriseinagriculturalesinrichcountriesis

greaterthanthefallinpoorones.ButinIndonesiaextremelydryforestsareinflames.Amulti-yeardrought(干旱)insouth-east

Brazilisingworse.ThoughheavyrainsbroughtaboutbyElNiñomayrelievethedrought

inCalifornia,theyarelikelytocausesurfacefloodingandotherdisasters.ThemostrecentpowerfulNiño,in1997-98,killedaround21,000peopleandcauseddamageworth

$36billionaroundtheglobe.ButsuchNiñoscomewithmonthsofwarning,andsomuchisknown

abouthowtheyhappenthatgovernmentscanprepare.AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopment

Institute(ODI),however,just12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneon

reducingrisksinadvance,ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.Thisisdespiteevidence

thatadollarspentonrisk-reductionsavesatleasttwoonreconstruction.Simpleimprovementstoinfrastructure(基础设施)canreducethespreadofdisease.Bettersewers

(下水道)makeitlesslikelythatheavyrainisfollowedbyanoutbreakofthediseaseofbadstom-

ach.Strongerbridgesmeanvillagesarelesslikelytobeleftwithoutfoodandmedicineafter

floods.Accordingtoapaperin2011byMrHsiangandco-authors,civilconflictisrelatedtoElNi

ño'sharmfuleffects—andthepoorerthecountry,thestrongerthelink.Thoughtherelationship

maynotbecausal,helpingdividedcommunitiestopreparefordisasterswouldatleastreducethe

riskthatthosedisastersarefollowedbykillingandwoundingpeople.Sincethepoorestareleast

likelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNiño,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.1.WhatcanwelearnaboutElNiñoinParagraph1?A.ItisnamedafteraSouthAmericanfisherman.B.Ittakesplacealmosteveryyearallovertheworld.C.ItforcesfishermentostopcatchingfisharoundChristmas.D.Itseesthechangesofwaterflowdirectionintheocean.2.WhatmayElNiñosbringabouttothecountriesaffected?A.Agriculturalharvestsinrichcountriesfall.B.Droughtsemoreharmfulthanfloods.C.Richcountries'gainsaregreaterthantheirlosses.D.Poorcountriessufferlessfromdroughtseconomically.3.ThedataprovidedbyODIinParagraph4suggestthat

.A.moreinvestmentshouldgotoriskreductionB.governmentsofpoorcountriesneedmoreaidC.victimsofElNiñodeservemorecompensationD.recoveryandreconstructionshouldcomefirst4.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?A.TointroduceElNiñoanditsorigin.B.ToexplaintheconsequencesofElNiño.C.ToshowwaysoffightingagainstElNiño.D.TourgepeopletoprepareforElNiño.答案[语篇解读]

本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了厄尔尼诺现象名称的由来、发生的时间、造成

的影响,敦促人们加强风险前资金的投入,改进基础设施,为厄尔尼诺现象的发生做好准备。1.D细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句ElNiñoseeswarmwater,collectedoverseveral

yearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwards

weaken,orsometimestheotherwayround.可知,厄尔尼诺现象见证了大海中水流方向的变化。

故选D项。2.C细节理解题。根据第二段第二句RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNiños,onbal-

ance,thantheylose.可知,总的来说富裕国家收获的比失去的多,故选C项。3.A推理判断题。根据第四段第三句AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI),

however,just12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksin

advance...可知,在过去20年里仅有12%的灾难救济资金用于提前降低风险,因此第四段旨在说

明应该投入更多的资金来降低风险。故选A项。4.D推理判断题。综合全文内容并结合文章最后一段可知,本文旨在敦促人们为厄尔尼诺现象做好准备。故选D项。长难句原句:ElNiño,aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild”,wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermen

whonoticedthattheglobalweatherpattern,whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears,reducedthe

amountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.译文:厄尔尼诺在西班牙语中是“圣婴”的意思,南美洲的渔夫们注意到了这种全球天气模式,

每两年到七年就发生一次,它减少了在圣诞期间捕鱼的数量,从而将其命名为厄尔尼诺。分析:本句为复合句,含有两个定语从句和一个宾语从句。主句ElNiñowasnamedbySouth

Americanfishermen;aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild”为同位语,补充说明主语ElNiño;第

一个定语从句由who引导,其中that引导的从句作noticed的宾语;其中which引导非限制性定语

从句。高级语块1.inadvance提前,预先2.belikelytodosth.可能做某事3.makeupfor弥补Passage1(2019课标全国Ⅲ,C)词数:313Beforethe1830s,mostnewspapersweresoldthroughannualsubscriptionsinAmerica,usually$8

to$10ayear.Today$8or$10seemsasmallamountofmoney,butatthattimetheseamounts

wereforbiddingtomostcitizens.Accordingly,newspaperswerereadalmostonlybyrichpeoplein

politicsorthetrades.Inaddition,mostnewspapershadlittleinthemthatwouldappealtoamass

audience.Theyweredullandvisuallyforbidding.Buttherevolutionthatwastakingplaceinthe1

830swouldchangeallthat.Thetrend,then,wastowardthe“pennypaper”—atermreferringtopapersmadewidelyavail-

abletothepublic.Itmeantanyinexpensivenewspaper;perhapsmoreimportantlyitmeantnews-

papersthatcouldbeboughtinsinglecopiesonthestreet.Thisdevelopmentdidnottakeplaceovernight.Ithadbeenpossible(butnoteasy)tobuysingle

copiesofnewspapersbefore1830,butthisusuallymeantthereaderhadtogodowntotheprinter'

sofficetopurchaseacopy.Streetsaleswerealmostunknown.However,withinafewyears,street

salesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplaceineasterncities.AtfirstthepriceofsinglecopieswasB组统一命题、其他省（区、市）卷题组seldomapenny—usuallytwoorthreecentswascharged—andsomeoftheolderwell-knownpa-

perschargedfiveorsixcents.Butthephrase“pennypaper”caughtthepublic'sfancy,andsoon

therewouldbepapersthatdidindeedsellforonlyapenny.Thisnewtrendofnewspapersfor“themanonthestreet”didnotbeginwell.Someoftheearly

ventures(企业)wereimmediatefailures.Publishersalreadyinbusiness,peoplewhowereowners

ofsuccessfulpapers,hadlittledesiretochangethetradition.Ittookafewyouthfulanddaring

businessmentogettheballrolling.1.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesnewspapersinAmericabeforethe1830s?A.Academic.B.Unattractive.C.Inexpensive.D.Confidential.2.Whatdidstreetsalesmeantonewspapers?A.Theywouldbepricedhigher.B.Theywoulddisappearfromcities.C.Theycouldhavemorereaders.D.Theycouldregainpublictrust.3.Whowerethenewspapersofthenewtrendtargetedat?A.Localpoliticians.B.Commonpeople.C.Youngpublishers.D.Richbusinessmen.4.Whatcanwesayaboutthebirthofthepennypaper?A.Itwasadifficultprocess.B.Itwasatemporarysuccess.C.Itwasarobberyofthepoor.D.Itwasadisasterforprinters.答案[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容是社会进步。文章介

绍了报纸走向街头,走向大众的过程。文章侧重对学生历史和社会文化素养的培养。1.B细节理解题。本题题干意为:下面哪个选项对19世纪30年代之前美国报纸状况的描述是

最准确的?根据文章第一段的描述可知,当时的报纸很昂贵,只有富人才能买得起。同时,当时

的很多报纸对大众没有吸引力。因此B项(没有吸引力的)符合题意。A:学术的;C:便宜的;D:

机密的。2.C推理判断题。本题题干意为:街头销售对报纸来说意味着什么?根据文章第二段的描述,

当报纸开始在街头销售之后,价格很低,容易买到,所以C项(它们会有更多的读者)符合题

意。A:它们的定价将会更高;B:它们将从城市消失;D:它们将重获公众的信任。3.B细节理解题。本题题干意为:新趋势下报纸的目标群体是哪些人?根据文章第二段和第

三段对报纸改革的描述,尤其是第二段的Thetrend,then,wastowardthe“pennypaper”—a

termreferringtopapersmadewidelyavailabletothepublic.可知,新的趋势为报纸大众化。故B

项(普通人)符合题意。4.A推理判断题。本题题干意为:我们可以如何评价“一分报纸”的诞生?根据文章对“一

分报纸”发展历程的描述,尤其是最后一段的Thisnewtrendofnewspapersfor“themanon

thestreet”didnotbeginwell.(这种面向街头普通人的报纸的新趋势一开始发展得并不好。)

可知,A项(这是一个艰难的过程)符合题意。B:这是暂时的成功;C:这是对贫穷者的掠夺;D:这

对印刷工人来说是灾难。长难句

原句:Inaddition,mostnewspapershadlittleinthemthatwouldappealtoamassaudience.译文:此外,大多数报纸几乎没有吸引大众读者的内容。分析:本句是一个包含定语从句的主从复合句。其中主干是mostnewspapershadlittlein

them。thatwouldappealtoamassaudience是定语从句,修饰little。重点词汇annualadj.一年的subscriptionn.订阅accordinglyadv.因此,于是appealto吸

引overnightadv.一夜之间Passage2(2019课标全国Ⅲ,D)词数:329Monkeysseemtohaveawaywithnumbers.AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeystoassociate26clearlydifferentsymbolscon-

sistingofnumbersandselectiveletterswith0~25dropsofwaterorjuiceasareward.There-

searchersthentestedhowthemonkeyscombined—oradded—thesymbolstogetthereward.Here'showHarvardMedicalSchoolscientistMargaretLivingstone,wholedtheteam,described

theexperiment:Intheircagesthemonkeyswereprovidedwithtouchscreens.Ononepartofthe

screen,asymbolwouldappear,andontheothersidetwosymbolsinsideacirclewereshown.For

example,thenumber7wouldflashononesideofthescreenandtheotherendwouldhave9and8.

Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideofthescreentheywouldberewardedwithsevendropsofwa-

terorjuice;iftheywentforthecircle,theywouldberewardedwiththesumofthenumbers—17

inthisexample.Afterrunninghundredsoftests,theresearchersnotedthatthemonkeyswouldgoforthehigher

valuesmorethanhalfthetime,indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemo-rizingthevalueofeachcombination.Whentheteamexaminedtheresultsoftheexperimentmoreclosely,theynoticedthatthemonkeys

tendedtounderestimate(低估)asumcompar