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To-infinitives
动词不定式Oneofthemostpopularwintersportsisskiing.Cross-countryskiingrequiresskierstousetheirownstrengthandmovementtogetacrossanareathatiscoveredwithsnow.Manypeopleenjoycross-countryskiingbecauseitallowsthemtogoatapacethatisslowenoughtoexplorethecountryside.Itisalsoagoodwaytogetsomeexercise.Otherpeopleprefertoskidownahillbecausetheythinkitismorethrilling.Downhillskiinginvolvesriding
amechanicalliftupahillormountain.Fromthere,skiersglidedown.Downhillskiingcanbedangerous.Somepeopleworryaboutgettinginjured.Tocontrolone’sspeedproperlytakesalotofpractice.
Agerundcanbeusedasthesubjectofasentenceortheobjectofaverb.Agerundcanalsobeusedastheobjectofapreposition.
Skiingrequiresalotofstrength.Manypeopleenjoy
skiing.subjectobjectoftheverbSomepeopleworryabout
gettinginjured.objectofthepreposition
Likegerunds,infinitivescanalsobeusedasthesubject
ofasentenceortheobjectofaverb,butitisnotcommontouseaninfinitiveasthesubject.
Somepeopleprefertoskidownahill.Tocontrolone’sspeedproperlytakesalotofpractice.objectoftheverbsubjectHaveyouevertried
snowboarding?Itisawintersportthatwasinspiredbyskateboarding,surfing,andskiing.Itinvolvesgoingdownaslopewithasnowboardattachedtotherider’sfeet.SnowboardingwasdevelopedintheUnitedStatesinthe1960s.Inthe1970ssnowboardersbegantogototraditionalskiresorts.Manyskiersdidn’tappreciate
sharing“their”mountainwithsnowboarders,butsnowboardingkept
growinginpopularity.Bythe1990s,almostallskiresortshadagreed
toacceptbothskiersandsnowboarders.Inthelate1990s,theInternationalOlympicCommitteedecidedtomakesnowboardinganofficialsportoftheWinterOlympics.Gerundscanbeusedastheobjectsofcertainverbs.
Manyskiersdidn’tappreciate
sharingthemountain.Snowboardingkept
growinginpopularity.enjoyquit(giveup)avoidappreciatefinish(getthrough)considerpostponediscussminddelaymentionsuggestkeep(keepon)Someverbsarefollowedimmediatelybyinfintives.
Skiresortsagreed
toacceptbothskiersandsnowboarders.Thecommitteedecidedtomakesnowboardinganofficialsport.wantto refuseto intendtohopeto needto promisetoplanto offerto seemtoliketo agreeto pretendtodecideto appearto asktoPRACTICE1
Completeeachsentencewithagerundorinfinitive.
1.Bothskiingandsnowboardingcanbedangerous.Somepeoplearescaredof(get)__________injured.2.Tatianaenjoys(competing)___________inraces.3.Shehopes(participate)_____________intheWinterOlympicsnextyear.4.Sheneeds(practice)______________everyday.5.Tatiana’scoachhasagreed(work)___________withhereverydayuntilit’stimefortheOlympictry-outs.6.Thecoachintends(see)__________Tatianawinamedal.
gettingcompetingtoparticipatetopracticetoworktoseeSomeverbscanbefollowedbyeitheraninfinitiveoragerundwithnodifferenceinmeaning.Snowboardersbegantogototraditionalskiresorts.samemeaningSnowboardersbegan
goingtotraditionalskiresorts.Someverbscanbefollowedbyeitheraninfinitiveoragerund,butthemeaningisdifferent.Johnstopped
snowboarding
afterhehurthisknee.Sometimesondrivesthroughmountains,Ellastopstosnowboard.(stop+gerund
=stopanactivity)(stop+infinitive=stoponeactivityinordertostartanother.Ellastopsdrivinginordertosnowboard)Scott,Mazzen,andRaywentcamping
inthemountains.Theyhadfunspendingtimetogether,buttheyhadtroublehikingupthemountain.Theyhadtousesnowshoestogettotheirdestination.Snowshoeslooklikebigpaddlesthatpeopleattachtothebottomoftheirshoesinordertowalk
ontopofsnow.Withoutthesnowshoes,theirfeetmightsinkdeepintothesnow.Thiscanbeverydangerous,especiallyindeepsnow.Itisdifficulttogetoutofveryhighsnow.Goisfollowedbyagerundinsomeidiomaticexpressions,usuallytoexpressrecreationalactivities.
Theydecidedtogocamping.Theywenthikingin
theirsnowshoes.gobiking gofishing goshoppinggocamping gohiking goskatinggocanoeing gojogging goskiinggodancing gorunning goswimming-ingformfollowscertainspecialexpressions.Theywerehavingagoodtime
usingtheirsnowshoes.Theywerehavingfun
usingtheirsnowshoes.haveagoodtimehavefun+verb-ing-ingformfollowscertainspecialexpressions.They
hadahardtime
walking
upthemountain.havetrouble/difficultyhaveahardtimehaveadifficulttime+-ingThey
hadtrouble
walking
upthemountain.Aninfinitivephraseisoftenusedwithitasthesubjectofasentence.Itis
difficulttohikeinthesnow.Itisfuntotrynewsports.Itisn’tnecessarytospendalotofmoneyonsports.PRACTICE21.Whatwinteractivitiesdoyouenjoy?2.Whichwintersportsdoyouwanttotry?3.Haveyoutriediceskating?4.Wouldyouprefertogoskiingorsnowboarding?5.Haveyoueverhadahardtimelearningsomethingnew?6.Whatsportsaredifficulttodo?Areyoureadytotryskiingorsnowboarding?Beingpreparedforthecoldwinterconditionsisveryimportant.Beforeyoucanbegin,youneedtobedressedinpropergear.Youneedagoodskibiborskipantsandajacket.Agoodskisuitshouldbeflexibleenoughtoallowyoutomovefreely.Youalsoneedagoodpairofglovesthatarethick,buttheyshouldnotbetoostifftomove.Finally,you’llneedapairofskigogglesinordertoprotectyoureyesandahelmettoprotectyourhead.Inorderto
isusedtoexpresspurpose.Itanswersthequestion“Why?”Inorder
isoftenomitted.Youneedagoodpairofgoggles
toprotectyoureyes.Youneedagoodpairofgoggles
inordertoprotectyoureyes.Enoughcanbefollowedbyaninfinitive.Enoughfollowsanadjectiveandusuallyprecedesanoun.Toocanalsobefollowedbyanadjective+infinitive.Itimpliesanegativeresult.Yourglovesshouldbeflexibleenoughtoallowyoutomoveyourfingers.Itistoocoldtogoskiingwithoutproperwintergear.enough+nounYouneedenoughgeartostaywarm.adjective+enoughtoo+
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