2024年全球包容性语言文化指南报告

©2023

RWSRWS全球包容性语言文化指南20241©2023

RWSRWS全球包容性语言文化指南由

RWS全球来自30多个国家的语言专家编写，作为全球首屈一指的由技术赋能的语言、内容和知识产权服务提供商，此指南的推出旨在为中国企业出海提供无偏见、包容性的英语风格指南和敏感词汇表。从多样性、平等和包容性(DEI)角度出发，重新审视并规范了英文敏感词汇的使用。通过推荐使用“人本语言”、避免偏见与冒犯性词汇、摒弃委婉语、尊重个体偏好等原则，助力企业在全球交流中构建更加和谐、尊重与包容的沟通环境。指南涵盖了以下五个章节：1.无障碍性与健康Accessibility&

Health2.精神、宗教与信仰Spirituality,

Religion,

Belief3.性取向、性别认同与性别关系SexualOrientation,GenderIdentity,GenderRelations

4.年龄、外貌与社会经济地位Age,Appearance,andSocioeconomicStatus5.种族、民族与国籍

Ethnicity,Race,and

Nationality2©2023

RWSAccessibility&Health本章节旨在提高公众对无障碍环境与健康议题中语言使用的敏感度。其中在描述残障或疾病时建议使用“人本语言”（people-first

language），它强调在描述与身体条件、健康状况、能力或其他特性相关的人时，将“人”置于描述的中心，而不是将这些特性或条件放在首位。这种语言风格旨在减少对个体的刻板印象和歧视，强调每个人都是独一无二的，其身份不应仅仅由他们的身体条件或能力所定义。另外应尽量避免使用委婉语，因为这可能会被视为居高临下、冒犯或回避谈论残疾的一种方式•以人为本的语言：推荐使用“人本语言”（people-first

language），即在描述残障或疾病时，将“人”置

于首位，强调人的主体性和多样性，如使用“person

with

a

disability”而非“disabled

person”•避免偏见与冒犯：如“addict”、“AIDSvictim”、“brain-damaged”等存在偏见或冒犯性，建议替换为更中性的表述•避免委婉语：在谈论残疾时，应避免使用委婉语，因为这可能会被视为居高临下、冒犯或回避谈论残疾的一种方式，如“handicapped”、“hearing-impaired”等，建议直接而尊重地描述个体情况•特定术语的正确使用：如“late-termabortion”和“partial-birthabortion”，在医学有效性上具有争议，建议根据具体情况使用更准确的术语或描述。•尊重个体偏好：强调在不确定受众偏好时，应倾向于使用更加普遍接受的术语，同时鼓励尊重个体的自我认同和表达意愿，避免无意识地造成冒犯。“People-first

language"是一种更加包容、尊重和人性化的表达方式，它鼓励我们在谈论他人时，始终将“人”放在首位，尊重他们的独特性和个体性3©2023

RWSTermNotesUseInsteadaddictThistermcan

be

reclaimed

bythe

individual,

butotherwise

prefer

"personwithasubstance

use

disorder“可能带有偏见personwithasubstance

use

disorderAIDSvictimThistermcan

implythata

person

is

powerless,with

no

control

over

their

life.可能暗示一个人无能为力，无法控制自己的生活。HIV

positive;

person

livingwith

HIV;

personwith

HIVthe

blindAvoiddescribingagrouponly

interms

oftheir

disabilities

and

not

as

people.

Notethat

many

individuals

inthe

Blindcommunity

identifyas

blind/Blind

(notethatthisterm

issometimescapitalized).

However,

be

carefulabout

using

"blind"asacollective

noun

for

a

group

of

people,

ortodescribethingsand

situations

ina

pejorative

manner.不要将“blind”用作一群人的集合名词，

或以贬损的方式描述事物和情况。Defertothe

preferences

ofthe

person

or

peoplewithdisabilitiesyou

aretalkingabout.

Ifyoudo

not

know

the

preferences

ofyouraudience,

prefer

"personwho

is

blind/Blind".bonkersThis

isderogatory

languagethatcontributesto

negativeattitudes

and

stigmasurrounding

mental

illness.一种贬损性语言，会助长对精神疾病的消极态度和污名化。personwitha

mental

healthconditionbrain-damagedpersonwithan

intellectual

disability;

personwithatraumatic

brain

injury.committedsuicideAvoidframingsuicideasanachievement

(successful/unsuccessful)

or

a

crime

(committed).避免将自杀描述为完成（successful/unsuccessful）或罪行（committed）。died

by

suicideAccessibility&HealthTermNotesUseInsteadcrazy;crazed;insaneThis

isderogatory

languagethatcontributesto

negativeattitudes

andstigmasurrounding

mental

illness.这是一种贬损性语言，会助长对精神疾病的消极态度和污名化。person

livingwith

mental

illness;

with

mental

healthconditions.

If

tosituationsand

things,

remove

rewrite.person

referring

andcripple;crippled;cripThesetermsareoffensiveto

peoplewith

physical

disabilities.

对身体有残疾的人来说是具有冒犯性。personwitha

physical

disabilitythe

deafAvoiddescribingagrouponly

in

terms

oftheir

disabilities

and

not

as

people.

Many

individuals

inthe

Deafcommunity

identifyasdeaf/Deaf

(notethatthisterm

issometimescapitalized).

However,

becarefulabout

using

"deaf"asa

collective

noun

for

a

group,

or

to

describesthingsandsituations

ina

pejorative

manner.不要将“the

deaf”用作一群人的集合名词，或以贬损的方式描述事物和

情况。Defertothe

preferences

ofthe

personor

peoplewithdisabilitiesyou

aretalkingabout.

Ifyoudo

not

knowthe

preferences

ofyouraudience,

prefer

"personwho

isdeaf/Deaf".deaf-mutePeoplecanexpressthemselvesthroughwriting,

sign

language,vocaldevicesandotherways.

Generally

peoplewith

hearing

loss

havefunctioningvocalcords,so

"mute"

is

inappropriateandoffensive.人们可以通过书写、手语、发声装置和其他方式来表达自己。

一般来说，

听力受损的人声带是正常的，所以“mute”这一说法是不恰当的。Defertothe

preferences

ofthe

personor

peoplewithdisabilitiesyou

aretalkingabout.

Ifyoudo

not

knowthe

preferences

ofyouraudience,

prefer

"personwho

isdeaf/Deaf",

"personwitha

hearingdisability",

"personwho

usesadevice

to

communicate",etc.Accessibility&HealthTermNotesUseInsteaddefective；deformedThiscan

be

usedtodescribe

objects,

but

never

people.

可以用来描述物体，但不能用来描述人Removeand

rewritedisabled

personIngeneral,

prefer

people-first

language

unlessthe

peopleyouare

talkingabout

prefer

otherwise.一般来说，除非你所谈论的人有特别的偏好，否则最好使用以人为本的语

言。避免使用冒犯性语言personwitha

disabilityfreakAvoidoffensive

language,even

as

a

joke.避免使用冒犯性的语言，即使是开玩笑。Removeand

rewritehandi-capableAvoideuphemismswhenspeakingabout

disability,

as

it

can

beperceived

ascondescending,offensiveoraway

ofavoiding

talking

aboutdisability.

Use

people-first

language.在谈论残疾时，应避免使用委婉语，

因为这可能会被视为居高临下、冒犯

或回避谈论残疾的一种方式。请采用“人本语言”来表达。personwitha

disabilityhandicappedaccessible

(whenspeaking

aboutinfrastructure);withadisability

(with

speakingabout

a

person)handicappedparking/bathroomAvoidusing

"handicapped"to

refertoaccessible

infrastructure.

避免使用“handicapped”来指代无障碍基础设施accessible

parking/bathroomharelipThisterm

isoffensiveas

it

impliesthe

medical

condition

makes

someone

resemblea

hare.具有冒犯性，因为它暗示了某种医疗状况使人看起来像一只兔子。cleft

lipAccessibility&HealthAvoideuphemismswhenspeakingabout

disability,

as

it

can

beperceived

ascondescending,offensiveoraway

ofavoiding

talking

aboutdisability.

Use

people-first

language.Theword

“impaired”

focusesonwhata

person

can’t

do.在谈论残疾时，避免使用委婉语，因为这可能被视为居高临下、冒犯或避免谈

论残疾的方式。使用以人为本的语言。“impaired”这个词关注的是一个人不

能做什么。Thiscan

be

usedtodescribethingsor

processes,

but

never

people.

这个词可以用来描述事物或过程，但绝不能用来描述人。Avoidoffensive

language,evenasa

joke.

Do

not

usethis

word

to

mean

"boring"or

"uncool.“避免使用冒犯性语言。不要用这个词来表示“boring”或“uncool”。终止妊娠）的时间点并没有一个全球统一、明确界定的“晚期”标准。如有必

要，请提及手术发生的具体孕期。This

isderogatory

languagethatcontributesto

negativeattitudes

and

stigmasurrounding

mental

illness.贬损性语言，会助长对精神疾病的负面态度和污名化。Accessibility&HealthTerm

Notes

Use

InsteadThisterm

has

no

medicalvalidityand

iscontroversial.

If

necessary,

refer

tothetrimester

inwhichthe

procedure

isoccurring.late-term

abortion

这个词没有医学上的有效性，而且颇具争议。在医学领域，对于堕胎（也称为personwitha

disabilityusescrutches;walkswith

a

cane

When

used

metaphorically,removeand

rewrite.person

livingwith

mental

illness;

personwith

mental

healthconditionshardof

hearing;

personwith

a

hearingdisabilityRemoveand

rewritehearing-impairedlunaticinvalidlameTermNotesUseInsteadmaimedThis

isaderogatorytermwhen

applied

to

people.这个词用于人时是贬义词Removeand

rewritementally

illPrefer

“personwith

mental

healthconditions”

unlessyouraudience

prefers

otherwise.

除非当事人另有偏好，否则请优先考

虑使用

"personwith

mental

healthconditions”personwith

mental

healthconditionmidget"Midget"

isalwaysoffensive.

Peoplewithdwarfism

may

ormay

notconsiderthemselvesto

havea

disability.

Usethe

term

they

preferanddo

not

refertotheir

stature

unless

necessary.

带有冒犯性。患有侏儒症的人可能认为自己有残疾，也可能不这么

认为。请使用他们喜欢的术语，除非必要，

否则不要提及他们的身

高。personwithdwarfism,

little

person虽然"littleperson"在某些情况下可能被误解为带有贬义，但在

当今的语境中，它更多地被用作一种无冒犯性的、描

述身高异常矮小个体的方式。特别是在关注残障人士

权益和避免使用冒犯性语言的背景下，

"little

person"

成为了比"midget"等旧有词汇更为合适的选择。mongoloidThis

isaderogatorytermfor

peoplewith

Down

syndrome

and

should

never

be

used.这是对唐氏综合症患者的贬义词，应该杜绝使用。personwith

DownsyndromemuteThingscan

be

mute(d),

suchastrumpets.

Peopleshould

never

bedescribed

as

mute.可以用来描述物品，不适合描述人Focuson

howthe

personcommunicates,whetherthat'ssign

language,

usinga

device,

or

otherwise.

It

is

recommendedtoaskthe

person

howtheywantyouto

refertotheir

disability.normalpersonThiscan

implythat

peoplewithdisabilities

arethe

abnormal

exception.

Use

“normal”only

in

medical/scientific

contextsuch

as

“normal

test

result”or

“normal

growth.”这可能暗示有残疾的人是异常的例外。仅在医学/科学背景下使用“normal”一词，如“normal

test

result”或“normal

growth”personwithoutadisability;

personwithout

visibledisabilitiesAccessibility&HealthTermNotesUseInsteadpartial-birthabortionThisterm

has

no

medicalvalidityand

iscontroversial.

Refer,

if

necessary,to

"dilationandextraction"

procedures.该术语没有医学上的有效性，并且具有争议性。如有必要，请使用

“dilation

and

extraction”手术来指代。Removeand

rewriteretardedAvoidoffensive

language,even

as

a

joke.具有冒犯性，应避免使用，即使是开玩笑。personwithan

intellectual

disability;

personwitha

learning

disability;personwith

mental

illness.short

busAvoidableist

languageto

referto

individualeducation

services.

避免使用带有歧视残障人士色彩的语言来指代个别教育服务。Removeand

rewritespecial

needsAvoideuphemismswhenspeakingabout

disability,

as

it

can

beperceived

ascondescending,offensiveoraway

ofavoiding

talking

aboutdisability.

Use

people-first

language.在谈论残疾时，应避免使用委婉语，

因为这可能会被视为居高临下、冒犯或

回避谈论残疾的一种方式。请采用“人本语言”来表达。functional

needs;

supportforintellectualdisabilitiesspecially

abledRemoveand

rewritewheelchairboundAvoid

passivewordsthat

paint

peoplewithdisabilitiesasvictims.

避免使用将残障人士描绘成受害者的消极词汇。wheelchair

user;

personwho

usesa

wheelchairsanity

checkThis

isderogatory

languagethatcontributesto

negativeattitudes

andstigmasurrounding

mental

illness.贬损性语言，会导致对精神疾病的负面态度和污名化。quick

checkAccessibility&Healthspirituality,Religion,Belief宗教信仰一直是跨文化交流中一个敏感且复杂的话题。主动学习和了解不同宗教、文化和族群的习俗、信仰和禁忌，对于促进相互理解和尊重至关重要。本章节列举了多个与宗教、信仰及族群相关的敏感词汇，并提供了更中性、更尊重的替代词汇，提醒我们在沟通中应避免使用这些可能引发冒犯或不快的用语，从而构建更加和谐与包容的交流环境。•宗教信仰：“

Bible-thumper”等词汇对信奉基督教的宗教人士具有贬损意味，建议使用“Christians”等

中性词汇替代。同样，针对犹太人的“Heeby”、“Kike,

kyke”等词汇也被列为贬义，建议去除并重写。•种族与族群：“

Kaffir”在南非历史中是对非洲人的种族侮辱，应被完全避免。其他如“raghead”对阿拉

伯人、印度锡克教徒等的贬损也应被替换为更中性的表达。•特定语境：“

pow-wow”和“spiritanimal”等词汇应仅在原住民语境中使用，或由原住民使用，以避免

文化误用。•节日与庆祝方式的表述：Christmas

holiday;

merryChristmas：避免使用特定宗教节日表示时间或假期，

建议使用“holidays;

happy

holidays”。•地域与文化差异：某些词汇的贬义性质在不同地域和文化背景下可能存在差异，如“Mullah”在印度对穆斯林的侮辱，但在其他语境中可能无此含义。10©2023

RWSNotesThis

isaderogatorytermto

referto

religious

peoplewhofollow

Christianity.

贬义词，用于指代信奉基督教的宗教人士。Avoid

usingaspecific

religious

holidayto

indicate

atimeofyearorseasonal

break,as

everyone

does

not

observe

the

same

holidays.避免使用特定的宗教节日来表示一年中的某个时间或季节性假期，因为并非每个人都

会庆祝相同的节日。This

isaderogatorytermto

refertosomeonewithout

a

religious

affiliation.

贬义词，用来指代没有宗教信仰的人。This

is

a

derogatory

term

to

refer

to

Jews.

贬义词，用来指代犹太人。This

isaderogatorytermto

refertosomeonewithout

a

religious

affiliation.

贬义词，用来指代没有宗教信仰的人。This

isaderogatorytermto

referto

Mormonsthat

do

not

strictly

observe

religious

doctrine.贬义词，用来指代不严格遵守宗教教义的摩门教徒。This

isaderogatorytermto

refer

toJewish

men.贬低犹太男性的贬义词。UseInsteadChristiansholidays;

happy

holidayspersonwithouta

religious

affiliationRemoveand

rewrite.personwithouta

religious

affiliationRemoveand

rewrite.Removeand

rewrite.TermBible-thumperChristmas

holiday;

merryChristmasheathenHeebyinfidelJack

Mormonjewboyspirituality,Religion,BeliefTermNotesUseInsteadKaffirThis

isaderogatorytermfor

peoplewithAfricandescent.

Racial

slur

in

South

Africa.在南非及其历史中，这个词被用作贬低和歧视非洲人的词语，与种族隔离制度和种族歧

视紧密相连，被视为不恰当和不尊重的用语。Removeand

rewrite.Kike,

kykeThese

are

derogatory

terms

to

refer

to

Jews.贬义词，用来指代犹太人。Removeand

rewrite.MullahIn

India,this

isa

religious

slurfor

Muslims.在印度，这是对穆斯林的宗教侮辱。Removeand

rewrite.pow-wow;powwowThistermshouldonly

be

used

intheappropriate

Indigenous

context

or

byan

Indigenous

speaker.这个词只能在适当的原住民语境中使用，或者由原住民使用。huddle;

meeting;

meetupragheadThis

isaderogatorytermforArabs,

Indian

Sikhs,

etc.这是对阿拉伯人、印度锡克教徒等的贬义词。Removeand

rewrite.spirit

animalThistermshouldonly

be

used

intheappropriate

Indigenous

context

or

byan

Indigenous

speaker.这个词只应在适当的原住民语境中使用，或者由原住民使用。role

model;

kindred

spirittotem

polehierarchyVoodooRemoveand

rewrite.spirituality,Religion,Beliefsexualorientation,Gender

Identity,Gender

Relations随着西方社会对于性别与性取向多样性的认识和接纳程度不断提升，

LGBTQ+群体（即女同性恋者、男同性恋者、双性恋者、跨性别者等及其相关群体）的权益日益受到重视。在构建包容平等社会时，更新蕴含性别偏见或过时用语至关重要，以充分尊重个性的差异，创造包容尊重的语言环境，让每个人都能自由表达身份与性取向，无惧歧视。•

性取向的现代表达：•告别旧词：放弃如“dyke”等可能带有冒犯性的词汇，改用自我认同的积极表达，如“queer”（注意在正

面语境下使用）•积极标签：鼓励使用“LGBTQIA+community”等包容性强的英文词汇来代表多元性取向和性别认同的群

体，以此传递正能量，促进社会的包容与和谐。•尊重个人选择：当提及他人性取向时，尽量使用他们自我认同的词汇，或采用中性描述•

性别认同的现代术语：•性别中立：推荐使用性别中立的词汇，如“business

person

”代替“businessman

”以减少性别偏见•自我肯定：对于跨性别者，避免使用“sexchange”等过时且可能引发误解的词汇，改用“gender-affirming”或“transgender

person”等，因为许多接受手术的跨性别者认为自己是在肯定自己的性别，

而不是改变它。•非二元性别：拓展性别认同的边界，认识到性别不仅限于男女二元，可以使用“differentsex/gender

expressions

”来替代传统的“oppositesex”等词汇，以体现性别认同的多样性和复杂性。13©2023

RWS14©2023

RWSTermNotesUseInsteadbimboThis

is

a

sexist

term.

带有性别歧视的词。Removeand

rewrite.businessman;businesswomanUse

gender-neutral

terms.建议使用性别中立的术语。business-person;executivechairman,chairwomanchair;chairpersondykeSometimesconsideredoffensive;can

be

reclaimed

bytheindividual.

Generally,

do

not

use

unlessquotingsomeonewho

identifies

assuch.可能被认为具有冒犯性，可以被个人重新定义。除非当事人自称，否

则不建议使用。Whendescribing

people,

usetheir

language,

or

referto

"membersof

the

LGBTQIA+community."female-to-maletransgender

person;trans

mangayTo

beavoidedwhen

used

negatively,tosay

something

is

bad,

foolish,excessive,

etc.Can

be

usedasa

description

of

sexual

orientation,especiallywhenself-identified.当用于负面含义，比如形容某物不好、愚蠢、过度等时，

应避免使用。

它可以作为性取向的描述，特别是当自我认同时。Removeand

rewritewhen

used

in

a

pejorativesense.guysAvoidgendered

nounsthatfavoronegender

over

the

otherwhen

speaking

to

a

mixed

group,

e.g.

"Hi

guys.“在与混合性别群体交谈时，避免使用带有性别偏见的名词，比如“Higuys”。everyone;folks;

people;teamssexualorientation,GenderIdentity,Gender

RelationsTermNotesUseInsteadhermaphroditeThis

is

an

outdated

and

derogatory

term.

过时且带有贬义。intersex

person;

intersex

(adj)homoThis

is

pejorative

to

gay

men.对男同性恋者具有冒犯性。Removeand

rewrite.homosexualThistermcan

be

used

ina

neutral,

scientificcontext,especially

to

describe

a

behavior

(forexample,the

homosexual

mating

patternsofbonobos).Thistermshould

not

be

usedwhen

referringto

people,

unlesstheychoosethat

termthemselves.

Ingeneral,

prefer

"gay"orother

more

specificterm.这个词可以在中性、科学的语境中使用，特别是用来描述一种行为（例如，倭黑猩

猩的同性恋交配模式）。但在指代人时，除非当事人自称，否则应避免使用。

一般

来说，更倾向于使用“gay”或其他更具体的术语。Whendescribing

people,

use

their

language,

or

referto"members

of

the

LGBTQIA+

community."lady

boyThis

isaderogatoryterm,traditionally

referringtoatransgender

woman

of

Thaiethnicity.这个词带有贬义的色彩，传统上用来指代泰国裔的跨性别女性。Removeand

rewrite.mailmanUsegender-neutraltermswhenever

possible,suchas

"mail

carrier"

or

"postal

worker.“尽可能使用性别中立的术语mailcarrier;

postalworkermale-to-femaleSometimesconsideredoffensive;can

be

reclaimed

bythe

individual.

Generally,

do

not

use

unlessquotingsomeonewho

identifies

assuch.可能被认为具有冒犯性，可以被个人重新定义。除非当事人自称，否则不建议使用。transgender

person;trans

womansexualorientation,GenderIdentity,Gender

RelationsTermNotesUseInsteadman

hoursUse

gender-neutral

terms.建议使用性别中立的术语work

hoursmanpowerstaff;employeesnancy

boyThis

isaderogatoryterm

to

refer

to

gay

man.这个词带有贬义的色彩，用来指代男同性恋者。Removeand

rewrite.normalDo

not

use

in

relationtogender

orientationorsexual

identity.

不要在与性别取向或性身份相关的语境中使用。cisgender;straightopposite

sexUse

non-binary

language.建议使用非二元性别语言。different

sex/genderqueerThistermshould

never

be

used

inadisparaging

manner.

However,

itcan

be

usedwhere

itdescribesan

identitytowhichan

individualwillingly

ascribes.

不能以贬义的方式使用。在描述个人自我认同的身份时可以使用。说明：在适当的

语境下，这个词可以被用作正面的自我认同，但使用时需注意不会冒犯他人。salesman;saleswomanUse

gender-neutral

terms.建议使用性别中立的术语sales

person;sales

associatesex

changeThis

isanoutdatedterm.

Manytransgender

peoplewho

havesurgery

see

themselvesasaffirmingtheir

gender,

notchanging

it.这是一个过时的术语。许多接受手术的跨性别者认为自己是在肯定自己的性别，而

不是改变它。transition;gender-affirming

care;sex

reassignmentsexualorientation,GenderIdentity,Gender

Relations16©2023

RWS17©2023

RWSTermNotesUseInsteadshe-maleUse

gender-neutral

terms.使用性别中立的术语。transgender

person;transwomanspokesmanUse

gender-neutral

job

titles.使用性别中立的职位名称。spokesperson;

representativestewardessflightattendantsuperstraightThistermshould

never

be

used,as

itwasthe

product

ofonline

anti-

LGBTQIA+discourse.避免使用这个词，它是网络上反

LGBTQIA+言论的产物。Removeand

rewrite.trannyThis

isanoutdatedandoffensive

term;

use

"transgender"

instead

unlessthe

person

inquestion

identifies

otherwise.这些是过时且具有冒犯性的术语，除非当事人自己认同，

否则应使用

“transgender”。transgender

person;trans

persontransexualtransgender

(adj);transgender

person;trans

persontransgenderedtransgender

(adj)tranvestitetransgender

person;trans

personsexualorientation,GenderIdentity,

Gender

RelationsAge,Appearance,socioeconomicstatus•年龄不应成为定义个人能力的界限，外貌也不应成为评判价值的唯一标准，而社会经济地位更不应成为阻碍公平与尊重的壁垒。通过增进对这些议题的理解与敏感性，我们努力营造一个环境，让每个人都能超越这些外在

标签，以真实的自我被看见、被尊重，共同促进一个更加包容、平等与公正的社会。•避免偏见与刻板印象•

避免使用如“big-boned,

chubby,

plump”等对体型有贬损性的描述，以及“low-class

people,the

poor”等对收

入水平的贬低•年龄表述：用“older

adults,older

persons”替代“the

aged,the

elderly”

，

以减少负面刻板印象•

社会现象描述：

避免使用“illegal

alien,

illegal

immigrant”

，这些词汇对非公民居民具有贬损性•

住房状况：将“ghetto,the

projects”替换为“low-income

housing,

low-income

areas”•

中性与准确性•

社会经济状况：

在描述社会经济状况时，采用中性且准确的词汇，避免任何可能引发误解或偏见的表达•

权力关系：在提及权力关系时，如非必要且非贬损性语境，避免使用“master”来暗示支配，改用其他更中性的词汇•

强调积极面•

资源与能力：在交流中，更多地关注个体或群体所拥有的资源和能力，

而非其缺乏之处，以激发正面能量和积极行动18©2023

RWSTermNotesUseInsteadbig-bonedThis

euphemism

is

generally

to

be

avoided.

应避免使用。Removeand

rewrite.child

prostituteThis

languagesuggestschildren

haveconsent

ina

choiceto

engage

in

prostitution,whichtheydo

not.这种表述暗示儿童在从事卖淫方面有同意权，而事实并非如此。childwho

has

beentraffickedchubbyThis

euphemism

is

generally

to

be

avoided.

应避免使用。Removeand

rewrite.convictAvoidthistermwhen

referringtoa

personwho

is/was

incarceratedor

has

beenconvicted

of

a

crime.在提及被监禁或定罪的人时，应避免使用此词。personwho

is/was

incarcerateddropoutsInsteadofreferringtowhat

people

lack,focus

onwhat

they

have.

Do

not

blame

individualsforsociodemographicobstacles.不要以人们缺乏什么来指代他们，而应关注他们所拥有的。不要将社会人口方面的

障碍归咎于个人。peoplewithouta

high

school

diploma,or

"peoplewho

hadcompleted

10th

grade"forinstance.FirstworldDo

not

usethistermto

referto

nationsoftheworldthat

are

considered

moreeconomicallyandtechnologicallyadvanced.不要使用这个术语来指代世界上在经济和技术上被认为更发达的国家。developed

countriesgrandfatheredThistermshould

not

be

usedfor

historical

reasons,as

it

isderived

from

"grandfatherclause"originated

inthe

1890sasaway

to

defy

the

15th

Amendmentand

prevent

BlackAmericansfromvoting.出于历史原因，这个术语不应使用，

因为它源自19世纪90年代的“祖父条款”，

该条款用于抵制第15条修正案并阻止美国黑人投票。exempted;

excused.Age,Appearance,socioeconomicstatusAge,Appearance,socioeconomicstatusThis

isa

pejorativedescriptionof

income

level.这是对收入水平的一种贬损性描述。Never

use

"master"to

implydominance;othercontexts

of

"master"

may

beappropriate

("mastersommelier").不要使用“master”来暗示支配；其他语境下的“master”可能是恰当的

（如“master

sommelier”）。

说明：这个词在历史和文化背景中，可能

与奴隶制、殖民主义或其他形式的统治和压迫相关联。Thiseuphemism

isgenerally

to

beavoided.应避免使用。Avoid

referringto

povertyasan

illness

or

social

ill.避免将贫困描述为疾病或社会弊病。Thistermcan

be

reclaimed

bythe

individual.这个术语可以被个人自行主张使用。noncitizen;

person

lackingdocumentationpeoplewhose

incomesare

below

thefederal

povertythresholdprimary/subordinate;primary/secondaryUse

languagethatacknowledges

circumstancesorchallengesfaced.homeless

person在强调在描述某人或某群体时，应使用能够理解和尊重他们所面临的实际情况和挑战的语言。illegalalien;alien；Dehumanizingtermsto

refto

residentswho

are

not

citizens.illegal

immigrant这些是对非公民居民的贬损性称呼。peoplewhose

incomesare

below

thefederal

povertythresholdsexworkerNotes

UseInsteadplumppoverty-stricken

prostituteThis

isa

pejorativedescriptionof

housing

status.

这是对住房状况的一种贬义描述。low-income

housing;

low-income

areasunhoused;

personexperiencing

homelessnessorwithout

a

homeTermghettolow-class

peoplemaster/slaveNotesThistermisappropriatewhenreferringtoatangiblesituationofhumanenslavement.这个术语在指称实际存在的人类奴役情况时是恰当的。Thistermevokes

negativestereotypes

ofolder

adults.带有对老年人的负面刻板印象。This

isa

pejorativedescriptionof

income

level.这是对收入水平的贬损性描述This

isa

pejorativedescriptionof

housing

status.这是对住房状况的贬损性描述。Do

not

usethistermto

referto

nationsoftheworldthat

are

considered

less

economicallyortechnologicallyadvanced.不要使用此术语来指代世界上被认为在经济或技术上较不发达的国家。Do

not

useasanadjective

(as

in

"undocumented

immigrant").

Itcan

be

usedas

a

predicate

(i.e.,a

person

is

undocumented).不要用作形容词（如“undocumented

immigrant”）。

它可以作为谓语（即，“aperson

is

undocumented”）。Do

not

useto

refertothe

lowestofthe

Indian

castes.不要用来指代印度种姓制度中的最低种姓。This

isa

pejorativedescriptionof

income

level.这是对收入水平的贬损性描述。This

term

is

derogatory

to

women.这个术语对女性具有贬义。UseInsteadsecondarydevice;subordinatedeviceolderadults;

older

personspeoplewhose

incomesare

belowthefederal

poverty

thresholdlow-income

housing;

low-

incomeareasdevelopingcountries;emergingeconomiesForthe

adjective,

use"person

lackingdocumentationorsomethingsimilar"

instead.Dalitpeoplewho

receiveTANF

benefitsRemoveand

rewrite.Termslavethe

aged;the

elderlythe

poorthe

projectsThirdworldundocumenteduntouchablewelfare

queen

whoreAge,Appearance,socioeconomicstatusEthnicity,Race,Nationality•本章节列举民族、种族与国家身份等术语的使用，特别强调这些术语的文化敏感性、历史背景以及潜在的文化挪用问题。呼吁使用更具包容性和准确性的语言，注意特定术语在不同语境下的不恰当性及潜在的冒犯性，

使用替代表述以减少误解和歧视。•

种族与国籍•“Black”和“African-American”在指代上存在细微差别，需考虑受众偏好。“Aryan”等词与种族主义意识形态相关联，应避免在非历史语境中使用。“Asianvirus”错误关联疫情与种族，违背事实且具偏见。“Blacklist”强化了负面刻板印象•

文化与群体指代•“Chinaman”、“Gypsy”等词存在贬损性，应避免使用。特定词汇如“gyp”对罗姆人有贬义，需慎用。•

肤色与刻板印象•“Negro”、“Nigger”等词源于负面历史背景，应避免使用。“Slanteyes”、“Spade”等词是种族刻板印象的体现。•

尊重文化特色•避免使用可能涉及文化挪用的词汇，如“Guru”一词来自印度次大陆，具有深厚宗教和精神内涵。22©2023

RWSTermNotesUse

InsteadAboriginal

Aborigine,ForAustralia:

"Aboriginals"or

"Aborigines"aregenerally

consideredto

beoutdatedterms,while

"Aboriginal"alone

is

not

inclusiveofthediversity

ofculturesand

identities

acrossAustralia.

Moreover,theterm

"Aboriginal

peoples"

is

not

inclusiveofTorres

Strait

Islander

peoples.对于澳大利亚而言，“Aboriginals”或“Aborigines”通常被认为是过时的术语，

而仅

使用“Aboriginal”一词则不包括澳大利亚各地文化和身份的多样性。此外“Aboriginal

peoples”一词也不包括托雷斯海峡岛民。建议使用“First

Nations”或

“First

Peoples”。在可能的情况下，使用更具体的群体、民族或部落名称。"First

Nations"or

"FirstPeoples".

Use

a

morespecificgroup,

people

or

tribe

namewheneverpossible.African-AmericanPrefer

"Black,"

butdefertotheaudience.

BlackandAfricanAmerican

do

notnecessarily

meanthesamethingand

individuals

may

not

identifywithone

term

ortheother.

Never

useAfrican-Americanto

referto

peopleofcolorwho

are

not

American.推荐使用“Black”

，但也要考虑受众的接受度。

Black和African

American不一定指同

一类人，个