用混凝土扩大低碳设计和施工：实现建筑和基础设施净零排放

Incollaborationwith

BostonConsultingGroup

ScalingLow-Carbon

DesignandConstruction

withConcrete:Enabling

thePathtoNet-Zerofor

BuildingsandInfrastructure

WHITEPAPER

MARCH2023

Images:GettyImages,AdobeStock

Contents

Foreword3

Executivesummary4

1Introduction6

2Thepotentialoflow-carbondesignandconstruction9

3Obstaclestoscaling12

4Sevenstepstoscalelow-carbondesignandconstruction15

withconcrete

Conclusion22

Contributors23

Endnotes24

Disclaimer

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ScalingLow-CarbonDesignandConstructionwithConcrete2

March2023

WorldEconomicForumGlobalCementandConcreteAssociationBostonConsultingGroup

ScalingLow-CarbonDesignandConstructionwithConcrete:

EnablingthePathtoNet-ZeroforBuildingsandInfrastructure

Foreword

MartaGuzzafame

ManagingDirectorandPartner,

JeremyJurgensManagingDirector,

ThomasGuillot

ChiefExecutiveOfficer,

Mitigatingclimatechangebydecarbonizingconstruction,andmorespecificallymaterialsusedinconstructionsuchasconcreteandsteel,isacrucialandcomplexpriority.Thisreportfocusesonaddressingthechallengesinreducingemissionsfromcementandconcretebydeployinglow-carbondesigntechniquesandusinglow-carbonmaterialsatscale.

Overthepastseveralyears,ourorganizationsandothershavedonemuchworktocreatedemandforlow-carbonconcreteandconstructionfrompublicandprivatebuyers,inordertocatalyseinvestmentinconcretedecarbonization.ExamplesofthisworkincludeourpreviouspublicationssuchasGreenPublicProcurement:CatalysingtheNet-ZeroEconomyandLow-CarbonConcreteandConstruction:AReviewofGreenPublicProcurementProgrammes,whichprovideframeworksforgreenpublicprocurement;aswellasinitiativessuchastheFirstMoversCoalition,whichatCOP27inNovember2022launchedaprivate-sectorcommitmentframeworkforpurchasingnear-zerocementandconcrete.

Tobuildonourpreviouswork,andtosupportthedesignandconstructionoflower-carbonprojectsatscale,itbecameclearthatwemustalsoengagethedesignandconstructionplayersthatoperatebetweenprojectprocurementandmaterialproductionandmakecriticaldecisionsaboutconcreteuse,whichinfluenceprojects’carbonfootprint.Architecture,engineeringandconstruction(AEC)firmsmustscaletheuseoflow-carbonmaterialsanddesigntechniquesinordertoreducethecarbonfootprintofbuildingsandinfrastructure.

Toproducethisreport,weundertookaseriesofdiscussionsacrosstheAECandcementandconcreteproductioncommunities.Duringthesediscussions,companyleaderssharedtheirobjectives,strategies,reservationsandchallengesrelatedtoscalinglow-carbondesignandreducingconcreteemissions.Weencounteredarangeofcomplexconcernsandinsomecasesfrustrations,butalsoexamplesofpromisingprogressandinnovations,whichhavehelpedtomouldthisreport.

Thepurposeofthisreportistoprovideaframeworkforscalinglow-carbondesignwithconcretethatplayersacrossthevaluechaincanadopt.WhileourprimaryfocusisonthesolutionsthattheAECandcementandconcretemanufacturingindustriescanactupon,wealsorecognizethecriticalinfluenceofprojectbuyersandgovernmentsandhaveincludedtheactionstheycantaketosupportlow-carbondesign.Additionally,whilethefocusofthisreportisoncementandconcrete,manyoftheideasdescribedcanbeappliedtoreducingemissionsfromotherbuildingmaterialsandfromentireprojects.

Implementingthesesolutionswillnotbeeasybutdefiningthemisanimportantstartingpointandonethatwehopewillinspireaction.Trendsincorporatedecarbonizationcommitmentsandgreenpublicprocurementprogrammes–aswellasthegrowingpressureoncompaniestoliveuptotheirsustainabilitygoals–indicatethatlow-carbondesignandproductionoflow-carbonmaterialswillincreasinglybecomecapabilitiesthatAECfirmsandmaterialsproducerswillneedtoadopttoremaincompetitiveinthefuture.Webelievethatfirmsthatbeginthejourneyofscalinglow-carbondesignnowaremakingsmartinvestments,notonlyinthesustainabilityofourplanet,butinthesustainabilityoftheirbusinesses.

ScalingLow-CarbonDesignandConstructionwithConcrete3

Executivesummary

Theworldisinthemidstofaninfrastructureandbuildingsboom.Ineverypartoftheglobe,andespeciallysointhedevelopingworld,urbancommercialcentresandresidentialhousingareexpandingaseconomiesgrow.Atthesametime,newroadsandbridgesarebeingpavedanddesignedtoprovidelogisticschannelsformovingparts,supplies,manufacturedgoodsaswellascommuters,whileoldinfrastructureisbeingmodernized.Thisisallpotentiallygoodnewsfortheglobaleconomy,exceptoneglaringdownside:buildingsandinfrastructureareresponsibleforapproximately40%ofglobalcarbonemissionseachyear,around15gigatonnes(Gt).1

Unabated,thisnumbercouldgrowdramatically,effectivelyundercuttingdecarbonizationeffortsinothersectors.

Asubstantialshareoftheseemissionsisreleasedbeforeanassetiseverused.Theproductionofmaterialsaccountsfor15-20%ofbuildingsemissionsand50-60%ofinfrastructureemissions(seeFigure1).Amongbuildingmaterials,concreteaccountsforaround30%ofbuildingmaterialsemissions(seeFigure2)and7%ofglobalcarbonemissions.2

Yet,concretepossessesqualitiesthatmakeitubiquitousandimportantinconstruction–durability,resilience,thermalcapacity,localavailability,relativeaffordabilityandtheabilitytomeethighlyvariablefunctionalrequirements.Therefore,inordertoreducethecarbonfootprintofbuildingsandinfrastructure,itiscriticaltoexaminethemanufactureanduseofconcrete.In2021,thecementandconcreteindustrypublisheditsroadmaptonet-zeroconcreteby2050throughtheGlobalCementandConcreteAssociation,inwhichitidentifiedtheactionsandpolicyenablersnecessarytodecarbonizetheentirevaluechainofthesector.Theroadmapidentifiedthevaluableroleoflow-carbondesignandconstruction.

Thispaperexamineshowtoscalethislever.

Thepotential

ThedecisionsmadebyAECfirmsabouthowtouseconcretehaveanimpacton–andifdecidedwithintentionality,canreduce–astructure’slifetimeemissionsinseveralways.Mostimmediately,decarbonizingthecementmanufacturingprocessusingnear-term(availableby2030)technologies,specifyinglower-carbonconcreteformulations,andoptimizingthevolumeofmaterialused,canreduceproject-levelcarbonemissionsfromconcretebyupto40%(seeFigure4).Furthermore,thewayconcreteisusedinastructure’sdesigncanbeoptimizedtoimproveitsthermalefficiency,longevityandcircularity,furtherreducingitscarbonfootprint.

Theobstacles

Althoughreducingcarbonemissionsinbuildingsandinfrastructureisanimportantopportunityrequiringswiftaction,aseriesofobstaclespreventslow-carbondesignandconstructionwithconcretefrombeingdeployedatscaletoday.

Tobeginwith,measurementofcarbonemissionsacrosstheentirelifecycleofaproject,anduseofdatatoimprovedesigndecisionsandtrackprogress,isnottheindustrynorm.Thisis,inpart,becauseofthecomplexityoflifetimecarbonassessmentcalculationsandalackofavailabledatainputs.Itcanalsobeattributedtoalackofmandatesforcarbonmeasurementfromgovernments,clientsandfirms.

Fragmentationinthedesignandbuildingprocessalsostandsinthewayofachievinglower-carbonoutcomes.Differentphasesofdesignandconstructionarehandledbydifferentteamsandfirms,oftenwithminimalcoordination,limitingvisibilityintosupplychainsandimpedingexchangesofinformationandideas.

Addingtothesechallenges,low-carbondesigntechniquesandproductsarenotalwaysalignedwithindustrynormsanddocumentedcodesandstandards,makingitriskyforfirmstodeploythem.

Perhapsmostimportantly,manyclients,publicandprivate,arenotprioritizingcarbonreduction(whichcansometimesincreasematerialandprojectcosts)intheirprocurementdecisions.ThisnotonlymakesitdifficultforAECfirmstoprioritizelow-carbondesign,butcreatesuncertaintyamongcementmanufacturersaboutthedemandforlow-carbonproducts,discouragingthemfrominvestingindecarbonizingtheirproductionprocesses.Thisadverselyaffectstheeconomicsandsupplyoflow-emissionscementandconcreteproducts,creatingcircularchallengesandmakingdesignershesitanttospecifythem.

Thesolution

Thisreportoffersaseven-partframeworkforovercomingthechallengesandconcernsthathavestymiedlow-carbondesignofbuildingsandinfrastructureprojectswithconcrete.EnactingthisframeworkrequiresactionandsupportfromAECfirms,cementandconcretemanufacturers,projectbuyersandinvestors,andgovernments.

ScalingLow-CarbonDesignandConstructionwithConcrete4

1.Adoptconsistentlife-cycleemissionsmeasurement

AECfirmsmustconductproject-level,life-cyclecarbonassessments,anddosoconsistently,inordertoinformresponsibledesigndecisionsandcreateaccountability.Thecementandconcreteindustry,onitspart,mustmorefrequentlyprovidedetailedenvironmentalproductdeclarations(EPDs).

2.Increasecollaborationacrossthevaluechain

EnhancedcommunicationduringtheprojectdesignprocessbetweenAECfirmsandconcretemanufacturerscanimprovesupplychainvisibilityandfacilitatelower-carbonprojectoutcomes.

3.Reduceriskthroughpiloting,dataandengagement

Whenstandards,codesandindustrynormsworkagainstreducingcarbonemissionsonbuildingsandinfrastructureprojects,AECfirmsandcementandconcreteproducersmustbewillingtopushforchangebyparticipatingindialogueswithclients,academiaandindustrybodiestorunpilots,investinresearch,gatherdurabilitydataandupdatestandards.

4.Evolveoperatingmodelswithextensiveleadershipsupport

AECfirmsmusthaveclearmandatesfromthehighestlevelsofleadershiptoprioritizelow-carbondesign,sothattheycaneffectivelyupskillandenableteamstoachievelower-carbonoutcomes.

5.Signaldemandandscalesupply

Bycommittingtospecifyanddesignforanincreasedvolumeoflow-carbonmaterialsandprojects,AECfirmscanhelpmakethebusinesscaseforcementandconcretemanufacturerstoinvestintheplantupgradesneededtoproducethesematerialsatscale,improvingtheireconomicsandavailability.

6.Prioritizecarbonreductioninprocurement

Projectbuyers,bothpublicandprivate,canhavemeaningfulinfluenceindrivingtheAECandcementmanufacturingindustriestoact,byrequiringdisclosureofprojectandmaterialsemissionsandprioritizingcarbonreductioninthepartnerselectionanddesignprocess.AlongsidedemandsignalsfromAECfirms,thiscanalsohelpdrivethenecessaryinvestmentsintechnologyandmanufacturing.

7.Establishsupportivepublicpolicy

Governmentscansupporttheabovestepsandaccelerateprogressthrougharangeofpolicyactionsincludingregulation,incentivesandfunding,andbyprovidingleadershiptoaddresskeyindustrychallenges.

Giventheurgencyofreducingemissionsfrombuildingsandinfrastructure,andthepotentialoflow-carbondesignandconstructionusingconcrete,allstakeholders–AECfirms,cementandconcretemanufacturers,publicandprivatebuyersofconstructionprojectsandgovernments–musttaketheseactionsearnestlyandspeedily.

ScalingLow-CarbonDesignandConstructionwithConcrete5

1

Introduction

Scalinglow-carbondesignwithconcrete:Apathtonet-zeroconstruction.

throughenergyconsumption,repairs,maintenanceandattheendofitslife,fromdemolitionandwaste.Thedesigndecisionsmadebyprojectbuyersandinvestors,architectsandengineersbeforeconstructionbegins,andthechoicesthatcontractorsmakethroughoutthebuildingprocessaboutwhichmaterialstouseandhowtousethem,haveameaningfulimpactonthetotallife-cycleemissionsofanasset.

Buildingsandinfrastructureareresponsible

forapproximately40%oftheworld’scarbon

emissionseachyear.Ameaningfulshareofthese

emissionsisreleasedbeforeanassetiseverused

–throughtheproductionofbuildingmaterials(an

estimated15-20%forbuildingsand50-60%for

infrastructure,althoughitcanvarywidelybyproject

andgeography)andconstructionactivities.The

remainderareemittedduringtheuseofanasset

FIGURE1Thebuiltenvironmentisresponsibleforaround40%ofglobalemissions

acrossthefullprojectlife-cycle

Builtenvironmentlifecycle

PrimaryAECandcementindustryengagement

~40%oftotalglobalCO2

75-80%

2

Negligible,but

%emissions

ofGtCO2

50-60%

2

Sources:IEA,“2020EnergyTechnologyPerspectives”;IEA,“TrackingReport-Buildings”;BCGanalysis.

Note:Life-cycleanalysisbasedonEuropeanStandardsEN-15978–includesmaterials,construction,operationandend-of-lifeemissions;excludescreditofmaterialreuseandrecycling.

influences

emissions

across

valuechain

11-13GtCO

Buildings

Infrastructure

20-30%

15-20%

10-15%

5-10%

2-3GtCO

<5%

<5%

emissions(37GtCO2)AECandcementindustryinfluence

~15GtCO2Architecture,MaterialBuildingof

TotalbuiientCO2sfproi

Endoflife

StageDesignProductConstructionUse

Disassemblyand

recyclingor

disposalofwaste

Theroleofcementandconcrete

Concreteandcement(anessentialmaterialinconcrete)arethemostconsumedhuman-maderesourcesonEarth,responsibleforapproximately7%ofglobalcarbonemissionsand30%ofmaterialemissionsforbuildings.Thecentralityofconcreteandcementaffectsthecarbonfootprintofbuildingsandinfrastructureintwocrucialways:directlythroughtheirowncarbonemissionsgeneratedduringmanufacturingandconstruction,andindirectlythroughtheirpositivecontributiontothebuiltproject’senergyefficiency,durabilityandlongevity.

Globaldemandforcementisincreasing,andintheabsenceofanyactiontorespondtocallsfornetzeroemissions,itisforecasttogrowby20%from2020to2030.3Manyofconcrete’spropertiesincludingitsstrength,durability,fireresistance,circularity,availability,resilience,thermalpropertiesandaffordabilitymakeitindispensableforcriticalinfrastructureandbuildings,whichultimatelyimpactthehealth,safetyandqualityoflifeofbillionsofpeople.Therefore,inordertoreducetheemissionsofbuildingsandinfrastructurewhilemeetingsocietalneeds,itisimperativetoexaminetheuseofconcrete,andwaystoreducethecarbonemissionsrelatedtoit.

ScalingLow-CarbonDesignandConstructionwithConcrete6

FIGURE2Concreteisresponsibleforapproximately30%ofmaterialsemissionsforbuildings

Buildingsandshareofmaterials-relatedemissions

25%

Steel

10%

Chemicals

andplastics

23%

Other

buildingmaterials

12%

Aluminium

30%

Concrete

Source:BCGanalysis.

Theroleofdesign

Alongwithmaterialsproducersthatsupplythecement,concreteandothermaterialsusedinconstruction,AECfirmscansignificantlyinfluenceaproject’scarbonemissions.Thechoicesthesefirmsmakeintheinitialstagesofaprojectdeterminethematerialsandconstructiontechniquesused,theenergyconsumption,repairsandmaintenanceduringoperation,andtheresilience,longevity,circularityandrecyclabilityattheendoflife.Thesefactorsultimatelydetermineaproject’stotalcarbonemissionsovermanyyears.Thesedesigndecisionsareofcoursealsoinfluencedbyprojectbuyers(publicandprivate),whosetprojectprioritiesandbudgets,andbygovernmentsthatissuebuildingandconstructionregulations.

Bysettingandworkingtowardsagoaltominimizecarbonemissionsfromtheverybeginningofaproject,projectbuyers,AECfirms,andcementandconcreteproducerscancollaborateto

reducecarbonemissionsacrossthebuildingandinfrastructurelifecycle.Thereareobstaclestodoingthisandchallengestoaddress,butthisisahugeopportunitythatcouldmakeacriticaldifferenceinreachingthegoaloflimitingtheglobalaveragetemperatureincreaseto1.5°Cabovepre-industriallevels.

ScalingLow-CarbonDesignandConstructionwithConcrete7

FIGURE3Anillustrativeviewofthebuildingsandinfrastructurevaluechain

Industry

Designsandbuildsprojects

Cementandconcreteproducer

Manufacturesanddeliversmaterials

Engineeringfirm

Designsstructuralsystemandspecifiesmaterials

Constructionfirm

Procuresmaterials,

schedulesprojectsand

constructsstructure

Designsaccordingtoclientneedsandgovernment

regulations

Architecturefirm

Client

Definesprojectrequirementsandfunctionalandaestheticneeds

Government

Regulatesbuildingsandconstruction

Source:BCGanalysis.

accordinglybeprioritizedbyAECfirms,cementandconcreteproducers,projectbuyers,investorsandgovernments.

Toscalelow-carbonpracticesintheindustry,

low-carbondesignandconstructionmustbe

recognizedasacriticalenablerforreducing

thecarbonfootprintofbuildings,andmust

ScalingLow-CarbonDesignandConstructionwithConcrete8

2

~16%

100%

Furtheractionsareneededtoreachnetzeroby2050

Thepotentialoflow-carbondesignandconstruction

Large-scaledeploymentoflow-carbondesigntacticsandtheuseofexistingandupcomingmanufacturingtechnologiescanmeaningfullyreducethecarbonfootprintofconstructionprojects.

Thetotalconcreteemissionsinaprojectcanbereducedbyupto40%by2030(seeFigure4)byusingexistingorupcomingtechnologyinthemanufacturingprocess,specifyingtheuseoflow-carbonconcreteproducts,andoptimizing

thevolumeofmaterialsused.Additionally,other

techniquesrelatedtotheconstruction,useand

end-of-lifestagescanfurthershrinkastructure’s

carbonfootprintoveritslifecycle.

FIGURE4

Low-carbondesigncanreducethecementandconcreteemissionsof

constructionprojectsbyupto40%inthenearterm

2030outlook

~6%

~18%

~60%

Manufacturingprocessdecarbonization

Specifyinglower-carbon

cementandconcrete

products

Optimizingvolumeofmaterial

Remainder

CementandconcreteCO2

emissions

Expected2030emissionsin

theabsenceofanyaction

MostdirectlyinfluencedbycementandconcreteproducersMostdirectlyinfluencedbyAEC

Sources:GlobalCementandConcreteAssociation,ConcreteFuture–TheGCCA2050CementandConcreteIndustryRoadmapforNetZeroConcrete,2021;InstitutionofCivilEngineers,LowCarbonConcreteRoutemap,2021;AProject-BasedComparisonBetweenReinforcedandPost-TensionedStructuresfroma

SustainabilityPerspective,2011;UniversityofWollongong,Environmentalimpactassessmentofposttensionedandreinforcedconcreteslabconstruction,2013;BCGanalysis.

ScalingLow-CarbonDesignandConstructionwithConcrete9

BOX1

highermaintenanceandearlierreplacement?Thesealternativesshouldnotbecomparedonlyoninitialcarbonimpacts,butovertheentirelifetime.

ClientsandAECfirmsmustalsoconsidertrade-offsbetweenemissionsreductiondesigntacticsandotherprojectcriteriasuchascost,projectschedulingandaesthetics.Theymustalsobethoughtfulabouthowmuchnewconstructionisundertakenwhilekeepinginmindopportunitiesforrefurbishingandrepurposingexistingstructures.

Holisticdesigndecision-making

Designersmustholisticallyassessthevariousleverstheyuse,andoverthewholeprojectlifecycle,inordertomaximizeemissionsreductionswhilemeetingprojectgoals.Forexample,designsthatmaximizeenergyefficiencymayrequiremorecarbon-intensivematerials.

Clientsanddesignersfacechoiceswhiledesigningtheservicelifeofaproject:dotheywanttodesignalong-lasting,resilientprojectwithlowmaintenance,oraprojectwithashorterlifespanthatwillneed

carbonintensityandquantityofcementcanbeoptimizedforloweremissions.Forexample,theuseofhigher-strengthconcrete,whichisoftenmorecarbonintensive,sometimesenablestheuseoflesservolume.Thesetrade-offshavetobeassessedonacase-by-casebasis.Beyondthedesignphase,efficientuseofcementandconcreteduringconstructioncanalsoreducethevolumeofmaterialusedandtheassociatedcarbonfootprint.

2.Enablingthermalefficiency

Inmanysituations,designerscanuseconcrete’shighthermalcapacity,thatis,itsabilitytostoreheat,aspartofaheatingand/orcoolingstrategytoreduceoperationalenergy.Thisisacomplexandnuancedconsiderationasdesigntacticsthatincorporatethermalefficiencydependongeography,use,environmentaldesignandotherfactors.

3.Increasingstructuralresilienceandlongevity

Giventheincreaseinextremeweathereventsduetoclimatechange,concreteisanespeciallyvaluablematerialsinceithasinherentpropertiesthatenabledesignerstodeliverlongevityandresiliencewithlittleornoextramaterials.Concrete’shighdensityandrigiditymakeitextremelydurableagainstrain,flooding,humidity,strongwinds,freezing,chemicalsandotherthreats.Therefore,concretecanbeusedtoincreasetheoveralllifespanofbuildingsandinfrastructureandminimizerepairsandmaintenance,delayingoravoidingadditionalproduct-andconstruction-stageemissions.

4.Designingfordisassembly

“Designfordisassembly”(DfD)isanapproachthatusesmodularbuildingtechniquestoallowforreusingmaterialsafterbuildingdeconstruction.TheDfDplanningprocessmakesmaterialreuseandreturnplansclearearlyinthedesignphaseinordertomaximizethereuseofelementsandavoidwasteattheendoflife.

Foursignificantlow-carbondesignleversinclude:

1.Reducingthecarbonfootprintofmaterials

Manufacturingprocessdecarbonization:

Anumberofdecarbonizationleverscan

bedeployedinthecementmanufacturing

processthatdonotaffecttheproperties

oftheendproductsotherthantheirglobal

warmingpotential(GWP,thestandardunit

ofmeasurementofcarbonemissions).

Examplesincludetheuseofalternative

fuelsandrenewableenergyandefficiency

improvements.Whilelargelybeingdeployed

asfirstoftheirkindprojects,carboncapture

andstorage(CCS)technologiesarealso

criticalproduction-sidedecarbonization

leversandareneededtofullydecarbonize

cementandconcretemanufacturing.Although

thesedecarbonizationleversfalllargelyon

manufacturerstoimplement,AECplayerscan

makespecificationsandpurchasingdecisions

basedontheGWPofmaterials.

Specificationoflower-carbonconcrete

products:Architectsandengineerstypically

specifythematerialsthatshouldbeusedinthe

projectstheydesign,sometimeswithinputfrom

constructionfirmsandmaterialsproducers.

SpecifyingconcreteproductswithlesserGWP

(whilemeetingtechnicalperformanceandsafety

requirements)canmakeasignificantdifference

inaproject’semissions.Themostcommon

productofthistypeisblendedcement,made

withsupplementarycementitiousmaterials

(SCMs),reducingthevolumeofclinkerused.

However,useofSCMsathighpercentages

typicallyreducesthestrengthgainrateof

concrete,whichcanimpactconstruction

schedules(andcosts)–anelementthat

engineersandconstructionfirmsmustbear

inmind.

Optimizationofmaterialvolume:The

overallquantityofconcreteinaprojectcan

bereducedthroughdesignchoices,suchas

thespacingandwidthofslabsandcolumns,

andtheuseofhollowspaces(mostfrequently

applicableinbuildings).Additionally,the

ScalingLow-CarbonDesignandConstructionwithConcrete10

Theframeworkdescribedinthisreportfocusesprimarilyonthefi