《西方文化概要（双语）》-课程教学大纲

PAGEPAGE1OutlineofWesternCulture:ABriefIntroductionPublicAdministrationCollege:ZhongzeZhu1．Thebasicinformationofthecourse(课程基本信息)CourseCode(课程代码)：16091203CourseName(课程名称)：WesternCulture:ABriefIntroductionCourseType(课程类别)：SpecializedDirectionCoursefortheSubjectofCulturalIndustryManagementPeriod(学时)：48hoursCredit(学分)：3AssessType(考核方式)：classroomtest2.CourseDescription（课程简介）ThiscoursefocusesontheWesterntraditionofhumanitarianandintellectualdevelopment,whichisrepresentedbyalargegroupoftheselectedintellectualelitewhocametotheforeandhelpedtochangegreatlythesocialandculturalcircumstancesinareasofknowledge,suchassociology,philosophy,economics,psychology,biology,anthropology,artandliterature.ThiseliterangedfromSocrates,PlatoandAristotle,toDante,Shakespeare,Locke,FrancisBacon,Voltaire,Rousseau,I.Kant,Hegel,Betham,JohnMill,Marx,Engels,CharlesDarwin,AugusteComte,Schopenhauer,Nietzsche,Sigmund,Jung,Bergson,EinsteinandJean-PaulSartreetc.3.RequirementsandGrading（教学要求与考核评分标准）Readings:西方文化概论，方汉文著,中国人民大学出版社Routine:worthtotalgrade40%(includingmidtermexam30%,attendance15%,discussion15%,assignment40%).FinalExam:worthtotalgrade60%.Groupwork:mainmethodtolearn.Attitude:academichonesty.4.Contents(教学内容)Introduction:TheconceptofWesterncultureisgenerallylinkedtotheclassicaldefinitionoftheWesternworld.Inthisdefinition,Westerncultureisthesetofliterary,scientific,political,artisticandphilosophicalprincipleswhichsetitapartfromothercivilizations.MuchofthissetoftraditionsandknowledgeiscollectedintheWesterncanon.ThetermhascometoapplytocountrieswhosehistoryisstronglymarkedbyWesternEuropeanimmigrationorsettlement,suchastheAmericas,andAustralasia,andisnotrestrictedtoWesternEurope.SometendenciesthatdefinemodernWesternsocietiesaretheexistenceofpoliticalpluralism,prominentsubculturesorcountercultures(suchasNewAgemovements),increasingculturalsyncretismresultingfromglobalizationandhumanmigration.Chapter1:CultureinAncientGreeceThetermancientGreeceCulturereferstotheperiodofGreekhistorylastingfromtheGreekDarkAgesca.1100BCandtheDorianinvasion,to146BCandtheRomanconquestofGreeceaftertheBattleofCorinth.ItisgenerallyconsideredtobetheseminalculturewhichprovidedthefoundationofWesterncivilizationandshapedculturesthroughoutSouthwestAsiaandNorthAfrica.GreekculturehadapowerfulinfluenceontheRomanEmpire,whichcarriedaversionofittomanypartsoftheMediterraneanregionandEurope.ThecivilizationoftheancientGreekshasbeenimmenselyinfluentialonlanguage,politics,educationalsystems,philosophy,science,andthearts,inspiringtheIslamicGoldenAgeandtheWesternEuropeanRenaissance,andagainresurgentduringvariousneo-Classicalrevivalsin18thand19thcenturyEuropeandtheAmericas.Discussion:AncientideasaffectingwesterncivilizationChapter2:CultureinAncientRomeAncientRomancultureevolvedthroughoutthealmost1200-yearhistoryofthatcivilization.ThetermreferstothecultureoftheRomanRepublic,latertheRomanEmpire,which,atpeak,coveredanareafromCumbriaandMoroccototheEuphrates.ThecityofRomewasthelargestmegalopolisofthattime,withapopulationthatmaywellhaveexceededonemillionpeople,withahighendestimateof3.5millionandalowendestimateof450,000.ThepublicspacesinRomeresoundedwithsuchadinofhoovesandclatterofironchariotwheelsthatJuliusCaesarhadonceproposedabanonchariottrafficatnight.StartinginthemiddleofthesecondcenturyBC,ineveryaspectoftheprivatecultureoftheupperclasses,Greekculturewasincreasinglyinascendancy,inspiteoftiradesagainstthe"softening"effectsofHellenizedculturefromtheconservativemoralists.BythetimeofAugustus,culturedGreekhouseholdslavestaughttheRomanyoung(sometimeseventhegirls);chefs,decorators,secretaries,doctors,andhairdressers—allcamefromtheGreekEast.GreeksculpturesadornedHellenisticlandscapegardeningonthePalatineorinthevillas,orwereimitatedinRomansculptureyardsbyGreekslaves.TheRomancuisinepreservedinthecookerybooksascribedtoApiciusisessentiallyGreek.RomanwritersdisdainedLatinforaculturedGreekstyle.OnlyinlawandgovernancewastheItalicnatureofRome'saccretiveculturesupreme.Chapter3:CultureduringtheMiddleAgesTheMiddleAgesofEuropeanhistorywasaperiodinhistorywhichlastedforroughlyamillennium,commonlydatedfromthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthe5thcenturytothebeginningoftheEarlyModernPeriodinthe16thcentury,markedbythedivisionofWesternChristianityintheReformation,theriseofhumanismintheItalianRenaissance,andthebeginningsofEuropeanoverseasexpansion.Thereissomevariationinthedatingoftheedgesoftheseperiodswhichisduemainlytodifferencesinspecializationandfocusofindividualscholars.TheMiddleAgesformthemiddleperiodinatraditionalschematicdivisionofEuropeanhistoryintothree"ages":theclassicalcivilizationofAntiquity,theMiddleAges,andthemodernperiod.TheideaofsuchaperiodizationisattributedtoFlavioBiondo,anItalianRenaissancehumanisthistorianbutcommonlyseenperiodizationrangesspantheyearsca.

400–476AD(thesackingsofRomebytheVisigothstothedeposingofRomulusAugustus)toca.

1453–1517(theFallofConstantinopletotheProtestantReformationbegunwithMartinLuther'sNinety-FiveTheses).TheMiddleAgeswitnessedthefirstsustainedurbanizationofnorthernandwesternEurope.ManymodernEuropeancountriesowetheiroriginstoeventsunfoldingintheMiddleAges;presentEuropeanpoliticalboundariesare,inmanyregards,theresultofthemilitaryanddynasticachievementsduringthistumultuousperiod.Empiricalanalysis:TheculturalcontributionofthedarkagesChapter4:CultureduringtheRenaissanceTheRenaissancewasaculturalmovementthatspannedroughlythe14thtothe17thcentury,beginninginFlorenceintheLateMiddleAgesandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.Thetermisalsousedmorelooselytorefertothehistoricera,butsincethechangesoftheRenaissancewerenotuniformacrossEurope,thisisageneraluseoftheterm.Asaculturalmovement,itencompassedaresurgenceoflearningbasedonclassicalsources,thedevelopmentoflinearperspectiveinpainting,andgradualbutwidespreadeducationalreform.Traditionally,thisintellectualtransformationhasresultedintheRenaissancebeingviewedasabridgebetweentheMiddleAgesandtheModernera.AlthoughtheRenaissancesawrevolutionsinmanyintellectualpursuits,aswellassocialandpoliticalupheaval,itisperhapsbestknownforitsartisticdevelopmentsandthecontributionsofsuchpolymathsasLeonardodaVinciandMichelangelo,whoinspiredtheterm"Renaissanceman".TheRenaissancehasalongandcomplexhistoriography,andtherehasbeenmuchdebateamonghistoriansastotheusefulnessofRenaissanceasatermandasahistoricaldelineation.SomehavecalledintoquestionwhethertheRenaissancewasacultural"advance"fromtheMiddleAges,insteadseeingitasaperiodofpessimismandnostalgiafortheclassicalage,whileothershaveinsteadfocusedonthecontinuitybetweenthetwoeras.Indeed,somehavecalledforanendtotheuseoftheterm,whichtheyseeasaproductofpresentism–theuseofhistorytovalidateandglorifymodernideals.ThewordRenaissancehasalsobeenusedtodescribeotherhistoricalandculturalmovements,suchastheCarolingianRenaissanceandtheRenaissanceofthe12thcentury.Discussion:TheinspirationoftheRenaissancetotheculturalrevivalofChinaChapter5:CultureduringtheReformationTheProtestantReformationwasaChristianreformmovementinEuropewhichisgenerallydeemedtohavebegunwithMartinLuther'sNinety-FiveThesesin1517althoughanumberofprecursorssuchasJohannesHuspredatethatevent.TheReformationisconsideredtohaveendedwiththePeaceofWestphaliain1648;however,manyofthedenominationsthataroseduringthatperiodcontinuetoexistandProtestantismconstitutesoneofthebranchesofChristianitytoday.TheCounter-Reformation(alsoCatholicReformationorCatholicRevival)denotestheperiodofCatholicrevivalbeginningwiththeCouncilofTrentandendingatthecloseoftheThirtyYears'War,1648.SuchreformsincludedthefoundationofseminariesforthepropertrainingofpriestsinthespirituallifeandthetheologicaltraditionsoftheChurch,thereformofreligiouslifebyreturningorderstotheirspiritualfoundations,andnewspiritualmovementsfocusingonthedevotionallifeandapersonalrelationshipwithChrist,includingtheSpanishmysticsandtheFrenchschoolofspirituality.Discussion:TheformationoftheChristianreligiouspatternChapter6:CultureduringtheEnlightenmentTheAgeofEnlightenment,orsimplyTheEnlightenment,isatermusedtodescribeatimeinWesternphilosophyandculturallife,centeredupontheeighteenthcentury,inwhichreasonwasadvocatedastheprimarysourceandlegitimacyforauthority.DevelopingmoreorlesssimultaneouslyinGermany,France,GreatBritain,theNetherlands,Italy,Spain,andPortugal,themovementspreadthroughmuchofEurope,includingthePolish-LithuanianCommonwealth,RussiaandScandinaviaaswellastheUnitedStatesandLatinAmerica.IthasbeenarguedthatthesignatoriesoftheAmericanDeclarationofIndependence,theUnitedStatesBillofRights,theFrenchDeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen,andthePolish-LithuanianConstitutionofMay3,1791,weremotivatedby"Enlightenment"principles.Empiricalanalysis:theEnlightenmentoftheChineseDreamChapter7:CultureduringtheSocial&IndustrialRevolutionTheAgeofRevolutionwasatimeperiodexperiencingachangeofpower:fromabsolutismtoamorefree,democraticgovernment.TheAgeofRevolutionisatermusedtodenotetheperiodfromapproximately1760to1830,atimeinwhichanumberofsignificantrevolutionarymovementsoccurredonbothsidesoftheAtlanticOceaninEuropeandtheAmericas.Theperiodisnotedforthechangeingovernmentfromabsolutistmonarchiestoconstitutionaliststatesandrepublics.TheAgeofRevolutionincludestheAmericanRevolutiontheFrenchRevolution,HaitianRevolution,therevoltoftheslavesinLatinAmerica,andtheindependencemovementsofnationsinLatinAmerica.TheperiodwouldgenerallyweakentheimperialistEuropeanstates,whowouldlosemajorassetsthroughouttheNewWorld.FortheBritish,thelossoftheThirteenColonieswouldbringachangeindirectionfortheBritishEmpire,withAsiaandthePacificbecomingnewtargetsforoutwardexpansion.TheIndustrialRevolutionwasaperiodinthelate18thandearly19thcenturieswheremajorchangesinagriculture,manufacturing,mining,andtransporthadaprofoundeffectonthesocioeconomicandculturalconditionsintheUnitedKingdom.ThechangessubsequentlyspreadthroughoutEurope,NorthAmerica,andeventuallytheworld.TheonsetoftheIndustrialRevolutionmarkedamajorturningpointinhumansociety;almosteveryaspectofdailylifewaseventuallyinfluencedinsomeway.Discussion:theenlightenmentofSocial&IndustrialRevolutiontoChina’sintellectualcreationChapter8:CultureduringtheModernageTheModernageoftheCommonErabeganonJanuary1,1901andendedonDecember31,2000,accordingtotheGregoriancalendar.TheBritishEmpire,theRussianEmpire,theGermanEmpire,theOttomanEmpire,andtheAustro-HungarianEmpiredissolvedinthefirsthalfofthecentury,withallbuttheBritishEmpirecollapsingduringthecourseofWorl