2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第二册（译林版）UNIT 2 Grammar and usage教学课件

UNIT2

SportscultureGrammarandusageGrammarandusagePassivevoiceinthepastcontinuousandpastperfecttensesLookatthesentencesandanswerthequestions.Lead-ina

WhenIhurriedtothestore,Isawthebookswerealreadybeingpacked

intoboxes.b

WhenIhurriedtothestore,Isawthebookswerealreadypacked

intoboxes.1

Whatisthedifferencebetweensentences(a)

and(b)?Passivevoiceinthepastcontinuoustenseisusedinsentence(a)andpassivevoiceinthepastsimpletenseisusedinsentence(b).Insentence(a)theactionwasbeingdonewhileinsentence(b)theactionwasalreadyfinished.2

Whichsentenceemphasisesprocess

andwhichemphasisesresult?Sentence(a)emphasisesprocessandsentence(b)emphasisesresult.Lookatthesentencesandanswerthequestions.Lead-ina

Atthestartofthedetox,over100studentshadbeenpersuadedtostopusingsocialmedia,inANYform,forsevendays.b

Atthestartofthedetox,peoplehadpersuadedover100studentstostopusingsocialmedia,inANYform,forsevendays.1Werethestudentsinsentence(a)persuadedbeforethedetoxstarted,orafterwards?Thestudentswerepersuadedbeforethedetoxstarted.2Whatisthedifferencebetweensentences(a)and(b)?Theydifferinvoice.Thepassivevoiceisusedinsentence(a),whiletheactivevoiceisusedinsentence(b).ExploringtherulesMyheartwasbeatingrapidlyinmychestasIfoundashadyplacetorestmytiredbody.Mycheekswerered,andIcouldhearmyselfbreathingheavilyasIlookedupatthebluesky.Whenmybreathingreturnedtonormal,Ireflectedonwhathadjustbeenachieved.Sixweeksago,myfriendstoldmethatacityhalf-marathonforamateurswasbeingorganizedtohelpraisemoneyforcharity,andencouragedmetotakepart.Despitemylackofrunningexperience,Iagreed.Inordernottohurtmykneesorankles,Istartedmytrainingverygentlybyrunningjustonekilometreonthefirstday.Overthenextsixweeks,IgraduallyincreasedthedistanceIranineachtrainingsessionandalsomadesuretoallowmybodyenoughtimetorestandrecoveraftereachrun.SoonIwasrunningdistancesIhadneverthoughtpossible.Thedayofthehalf-marathonfinallyarrivedandIfeltwellprepared.IateaheartybreakfastsoIknewIcouldgetthroughtotheend.Iranmyracerelaxedandconfident,eventhoughmylimitswerebeingtestedlikeneverbefore.Iwashappytolearnthatalotofmoneyhadbeenraisedforcharity.Ifeltreallyproudofmyself,andmyfriendsandIagreedtoruninthenextcitymarathon!AFindthesentencesthatusethepassivevoiceinthepastcontinuousandpastperfecttensesandfillinthetable.PassivevoiceinthepastcontinuoustensePassivevoiceinthepastperfecttense...acityhalf-marathonforamateurswasbeingorganized...

...，eventhoughmylimitswerebeingtestedlikeneverbefore.Exploringtherules...，Ireflectedonwhathadjustbeenachieved....alotofmoneyhadbeenraisedforcharity.Thepassivevoiceinthepastcontinuoustenseisusedtorefertoanactionbeingdoneataspecifictimeinthepast.Theverbformis“(1)______________________”.Thepassivevoiceinthepastperfecttenseisusedtoexpressanactioncompletedbeforeapasttime.Theverbformis“(2)______________________”.was/werebeingdoneWorkingouttherulesExploringtheruleshadbeendone1

Itwasanamazingachievementforaplayerwho_________________(injure)sorecently.2

Theswimmingpool_________________(clean)thoroughlythedaybeforethecompetitionbegan.3

Hefeltthathistalents_________________(waste)asabasketballplayerandwaseagerforachange.4

Tomwastoldthathisteammatewontheracewhilehe_________________(treat)bytheteamdoctor.5

Photosoftheriders_________________(take)beforetheygotontheirhorses.B1Completethesentenceswiththecorrectformsoftheverbs.ApplyingtheruleshadbeeninjuredhadbeencleanedwerebeingwastedwasbeingtreatedhadbeentakenBythetimeCathyandI,togetherwithothervolunteersforthecityhalf-marathon,arrivedat4:30a.m.,tables(1)_________________onbothsidesoftheroad.Bottlesofwaterandpapercups(2)_________________todifferenttables,soCathyandIimmediatelywenttohelp.Then,wetookourplaceatthetableandquicklystartedtoarrangethebottlesandcupssothattheylookedlikeanarmyofsoldiersstandinginlineforinspection.Itookastepback,andlookedatthescenewithsatisfaction.Forthepreviouscoupleofweeks,I(3)_________________onhowtobeavolunteerforthehalf-marathon.Idecidedtovolunteerforthisyear’shalf-marathonafterthechairmanoftheorganizingcommitteevisitedmyschool.Weweretoldthatthecompetitorswouldberaisingmoneyforcharity,andwhileIdidn’tfeelthatIhadastrongconstitutiontorunthatfar,Ithoughtthenextbestthingwouldbetohelpthosewhocould.B2Completethepassagewiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebox.Applyingtherules

make

train

blow

place

carry

cheer

hadbeenplacedwerebeingcarriedhadbeentrainedAfterallthepreparations(4)_________________,theexcitinghalf-marathonbegan.CathyandIwaitedpatientlyuntilwordspreadthatthefirstrunnerswouldbearrivingsoon.Asthetired,thirstyrunnersranalong,they(5)___________________bythecrowds.CathyandIquicklypouredwaterintothecupsforthem.Afterthelastrunnerpassed,Ifoundpapercupsandplasticbottleseverywhere.Thelitter(6)_________________aroundbythewindasIbentovertopickupaplasticbottle.CathyandIstartedclearingup.Weweretiredandwetwithsweatbutitfeltreallygoodtoknowthatwehadbeenabletohelpothers.B2Completethepassagewiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebox.Applyingtherules

make

train

blow

place

carry

cheer

hadbeenmadewerebeingcheeredwasbeingblown过去进行时与过去完成时的被动语态一过去进行时的被动语态（一）构成肯定句：主语+was/were+being+及物动词的过去分词+其他.否定句：主语+was/were+not+being+及物动词的过去分词+其他.一般疑问句：Was/Were+主语+being+及物动词的过去分词+其他?特殊疑问句：疑问词+was/were+（主语+）being+及物动词的过去分词+其他?AnotherbridgewasbeingbuiltovertheYangtzeRiverthen.那时长江上正在建造另一座桥。Themoviestarwasn’tbeingfollowedbyafan.那个电影明星没有被粉丝跟踪。Wasanewlibrarybeingputupintheirschoollastyear?他们学校去年正在建一座新图书馆吗？Whatwasbeingdonetothemachinethen?那时正对这台机器采取什么措施？附：单元语法全解（二）用法（1）过去进行时的被动语态表示过去的某一特定时间正在进行的被动动作。Hewasbeinginterviewedbyourdirectoryesterdayafternoon.他昨天下午正在接受我们经理的面试。Thisfilmwasbeingshownthen.那时这部电影正在上映。（2）过去进行时的被动语态一般不与表示一段时间的状语或表示次数的状语连用，这时可以用完成时态的被动语态。Thehouseovertherewasbeingbuiltfortwomonths.（×）Thehouseovertherehasbeenbuiltfortwomonths.（√）Thewatchwasbeingrepairedtwice.（×）Thewatchhasbeenrepairedtwice.（√）（三）过去进行时的被动语态与一般过去时的被动语态的区别过去进行时的被动语态表示的是过去正在进行且尚未完成的被动动作，而一般过去时的被动语态表示已经完成的被动动作。Thisroadwasbeingbuiltthistimelastyear.这条路去年这个时候正在修建。Thisroadwasbuiltlastyear.这条路是去年修建的。◆单句语法填空(1)Ameeting______________（hold）whenIwasthere.(2)Thecollege______________（build）atthistimelastyear.(3)Theywerelivingwiththeirparentsforthemomentbecausetheirownhouse________________（rebuild）.(4)WastheTVset______________（fix）thistimeyesterday?(5)Afterschoolwewenttothereading-roomtodosomereading,onlytobetoldthatit____________________（decorate）.(6)Theman____________________（question）bythepoliceatthattime.wasbeingheldwasbeingbuiltwasbeingrebuiltbeingfixedwerebeingdecoratedwasbeingquestioned◆改写句子(7)Atthattimethevillagersweredestroyingtheirforest.=Atthattimetheirforest_______________________bythevillagers.(8)Wewerepreparingthefeastwhenitbegantosnowoutside.=Thefeast_______________________byuswhenitbegantosnowoutside.(9)Wewerecleaningtheroomsatnineyesterdaymorning.=Therooms______________________byusatnineyesterdaymorning.wasbeingdestroyedwasbeingpreparedwerebeingcleaned二过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。当句子的主语是谓语动词动作的承受者，并且该动作发生在过去的某一时间或动作之前时，谓语动词应用过去完成时的被动语态。（一）构成肯定句：主语+had+been+及物动词的过去分词+其他.否定句：主语+had+not+been+及物动词的过去分词+其他.一般疑问句：Had+主语+been+及物动词的过去分词+其他?Bythetimetheteachercamein，thefirstexperimenthadbeenfinished.老师进来的时候，第一个实验已经完成了。Theclassroomhadn’tbeencleanedbeforetheteachercamein.老师进来之前教室还没有打扫。Hadthenewplanbeendiscussedbeforethemeetingstarted?会议开始前讨论过这个新计划吗？（二）用法（1）表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的被动动作，常与bythetime，before等引导的时间状语连用。Bythetimewegotthere，alltheticketshadbeensoldout.我们到那里时，所有的票都卖完了。（2）表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的被动动作，常与for，since等引导的时间状语连用。Itwasreportedthatthesalehadbeenadvertisedforseveralweeks.据报道，这场拍卖会已经做了几个星期的广告了。（3）用在宾语从句中，常放在told，said，knew，heard，thought，wondered等动词过去式的后面，表示在这些动作之前已经发生的被动动作。Hetoldusthattheprojecthadbeencompleted.他告诉我们工程竣工了。（4）在“Itwasthefirst/second/...time+that从句”句型中，当从句主语为动作的承受者时，从句用过去完成时的被动语态，表示“这是第一/二……次……”。Itwasthefirsttimethathehadbeenawarded.这是他第一次获奖。（5）在“Hardly/Scarcelyhad...when...”和“Nosoonerhad...than...”句型中，当主句主语是动作的承受者时，主句用过去完成时的被动语态，表示“一……就……”。Hardlyhadthefrontdoorbeenopenedwhenwecouldsmellsomethingburning.前门一被打开，我们就能闻到烧焦的气味。（6）在虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反，当主语是动作的承受者时，用过去完成时的被动语态。IfIhadbeeninvitedthere，Iwouldhavegonewithyou.如果我受到邀请去那里的话，我就会和你一起去了。◆单句语法填空（1）Anewagreement

（sign）bythetimewegotthere.（2）Thehouse

（pick）upbythehurricanebeforetheytookmeasures.（3）Bytheendoflastweek,morethan$50,000

（collect）fortheaffectedarea.（4）He

（trap）intheburninghousefornearlytwohoursbeforethefirefighterscametohisrescue.（5）Theprofessorwasdelightedtofindthattheproject

（finish）bythestudentsindependently.（6）Shereturnedhomeandfoundallherfurniture

（ruin）bytheflood.hadbeensignedhadbeenpickedhadbeencollectedhadbeentrappedhadbeenfinishedhadbeenruinedLanguagepoints1Mycheekswerered，andIcouldhearmyselfbreathingheavilyasIlookedupatthebluesky.我的脸颊通红，抬头仰望蓝天时，我能听到自己沉重的喘息声。hear+宾语+宾补在hear复合结构中，宾补通常由省略to的动词不定式、现在分词或过去分词充当。（1）省略to的动词不定式表示动作发生过或者经常发生。Iheardhimsinginthenextroomlastnight.昨晚我听见他在隔壁房间唱歌。IoftenhearDoristalkaboutheremotionallife.我经常听到多丽丝谈论她的感情生活。（2）现在分词作宾补，宾语与宾补是主动关系，表主动进行。Iheardhimsinginginthenextroomat11o’clocklastnight.昨晚11点我听到他在隔壁房间唱歌。Hardlyhadshesatdownwhensheheardsomeoneknockingatthedoor.她还没来得及坐下来，就听到有人敲门。（3）过去分词作宾补，宾语与宾补是被动关系，表被动。Wecanhearthewindowsbeatenbytheraindrops.我们能听到雨点敲打窗户的声音。◆说明（1）除hear外还有一些动词，如see，notice，watch，feel等，也可用省略to的动词不定式、现在分词或过去分词作宾语补足语。Isawhimenterthehall.我看见他进了大厅。Ilookedupandnoticedasnakewindingitswayupthetreetocatchitsbreakfast.我抬头一看，发现一条蛇正蜿蜒爬树，准备捕捉它的早餐。Assoonasheenteredtheoffice，henoticedhiscupbroken.他一进办公室就注意到他的杯子被打碎了。（2）省略to的不定式作宾语补足语时，如变成被动句，应加上to，这时不定式成为主语补足语；分词作宾语补足语时，如变成被动句，则不需要变化，可直接用作主语补足语。IheardthestudentssinganEnglishsong.我听到学生们唱了一首英文歌。→ThestudentswereheardtosinganEnglishsong.IheardthestudentssinginganEnglishsong.我听到学生们正在唱一首英文歌。→ThestudentswereheardsinginganEnglishsong.◆单句语法填空（1）Iwon’thearanything

（say）againsthimbehindhisback.（2）Afteraknockatthedoor，thechildheardhismother’svoice

（call）him.（3）Hesaidhestayedathomelastnight.Buthisfatherinsistedthatheheardhim__________（go）outateighto’clock.（4）Themanagerwassatisfiedtoseemanynewproducts

（develop）aftergreatefforts.callingsaidgodeveloped2Sixweeksago，myfriendstoldmethatacityhalf-marathonforamateurswasbeingorganizedtohelpraisemoneyforcharity...六个星期前，我的朋友告诉我，一个业余爱好者的城市半程马拉松正在组织，以帮助筹集慈善资金……amateur

n.业余运动员，业余爱好者；生手，外行adj.业余的（1）Thetournamentisopentobothamateursandprofessionals.这次锦标赛业余选手和职业选手均可参加。Jerryisanamateurwhodancesbecausehelikesit.杰瑞是一位业余（舞蹈）爱好者，他跳舞是因为他喜欢。Thisworkwasdonebyabunchofamateurs!这项工作是一帮外行干的！（2）Angelasaysshelongstojoinanamateurdramaticsclass.安吉拉说她渴望参加业余戏剧班。◆语块积累abunchofamateurs一帮外行anamateurphotographer业余摄影爱好者amateurathletics业余体育运动◆单句语法填空（1）Hewas

amateursingeruntiltheageof40，whenheturnedprofessional.（2）Iwon’tgivethemanymorework—they’reabunchof

（amateur）.anamateurs3Overthenextsixweeks，IgraduallyincreasedthedistanceIranineachtrainingsession...在接下来的六个星期里，我逐渐增加了每次训练的距离……graduallyadv.逐渐地，逐步地（→gradualadj.逐渐的，逐步的，渐进的）（1）Gradually，apicturecameintoview.渐渐地，一幅图画映入眼帘。Inthegoodcareofthenurses，theboyisgraduallyrecoveringfromhisheartoperation.在护士的精心照料下，这个男孩在心脏手术之后正逐渐恢复。（2）Therehasbeenagradualimprovementinoursalesfiguresoverthelasttwoyears.在过去的两年里，我们的销售额在逐步上升。◆语块积累deepenedgradually逐渐加深agradualchangeofclimate气候的逐渐变化◆单句语法填空（1）

（gradual），sherealizedthathewasn’ttellingherthetruth.（2）Electricitylinesto30，000homeswere

（gradual）beingrestoredyesterday.Gradually

gradually

session

n.一段时间，一场；会议，开庭；学年（1）Thecourseismadeupof12two-hoursessions.这门课总共上12次，每次两小时。（2）Thecommitteemetinclosedsession（=withnobodyelsepresent）.委员会举行了秘密会议。Thecourtisnowinsession.法庭现在正在开庭。◆语块积累aquestion-and-answersession问答时间aphoto/recording/trainingsession一次摄影课/一场录音课/一堂训练课asessionoftheUNGeneralAssembly一届联合国大会insession在开庭；在开会summersessions暑期班◆单句语法填空（3）Aftertwolatenight

（session），theSecurityCouncilhasfailedtoreachagreement.（4）FromSeptemberuntilDecember，Congressremained

session.（5）The21-year-oldrunnertwistedhisanklein

trainingsessionlastFriday.sessions

ina4Iranmyracerelaxedandconfident，eventhoughmylimitswerebeingtestedlikeneverbefore.我轻松自信地跑着比赛，尽管自己的极限正受到前所未有的考验。形容词（短语）作主语补足语Wewenthomefromschool，tiredandhungry.我们从学校回到家，又累又饿。Helefthomewithoutaword，determinednevertoreturn.他一句话没说就离开了家，决定再也不回去了。Crusoestaredatthedeadboy，fulloffear.克鲁索盯着死去的男孩，充满了恐惧。Yourfriendcomestoschoolveryupset.你的朋友来上学时心烦意乱。Shesatthere，silent.她坐在那儿，一声不吭。◆说明形容词的上述用法还可理解为形容词（短语）作状语，表示伴随、让步或结果等，该形容词（短语）的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。Theyspentsevendaysinthewindandsnow，coldandhungry.他们又冷又饿地在风雪中度过了七天。（伴随）Unhappy，shereturnedtowork.尽管不高兴，她还是回去工作了。（让步）Thedogfelldown，dead.那条狗倒下，死了。（结果）◆单句语法填空（1）

（devote）andunited，ChinesepeopleareworkingforanewChina.（2）

（lose）inthought，healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.Devoted

Lostlimit

n.限度，限制；限量，限额；界限vt.限制，限定；限量，减量（→limitedadj.有限的limitlessadj.无限的）（1）Evenbelowthedrinkinglimit，drivingwillbeaffected.即使是低于饮酒限度，开车也会受到影响。Thereisalimittotheamountofpainwecanbear.我们能忍受的疼痛是有限度的。TheEUhassetstrictlimitsonlevelsofpollution.欧盟对污染程度作了严格的限制。Hetriedmypatiencetoitslimits.他把我的耐心逼到了极限。I’mwillingtohelp，withinlimits.我愿意帮忙，可是有一定限度。（2）Theamountofmoneyyouhavetospendwilllimityourchoice.你要消费的金额限制着你的选择。Familiesarelimitedtofourfreeticketseach.每户限发四张免费票。（3）Wearedoingourbestwiththelimitedresourcesavailable.我们用可获得的有限资源在尽最大的努力。Ifyouhaveastrongabilitytolearn，therearealmostlimitlesspossibilities.如果你有强大的学习力，你就有几乎无限的可能。◆语块积累（1）alimitto...对……的限制setlimitson...对……加以限制thetime/speed/agelimit时间/速度/年龄限制withinlimits在某种范围内；适度地thecitylimits市区范围withinatwenty-milelimit20英里范围内（2）measurestolimitcarbondioxideemissions限制二氧化碳排放的措施limit...to...把……限制在……

◆单句语法填空（3）Thereisnolimit

howmuchfreshfruityoucaneatinaday.（4）The

（limit）ofaperson’sintelligencearefixedatbirth，butwhetherhereachestheselimitswilldependonhisenvironment.（5）Don’tbeafraidtosetlimits

theamountoftimespentinfrontofthecomputerortheTV.（6）Yourorderwillbedeliveredfreeofcharge

aten-milelimit.（7）I’velimitedmyself

1，000caloriesadaytoloseweight.（8）Ibelieveteachingshouldnot

（limit）totheclassroom.（9）Thisdictionaryusesa

（limit）numberofwordsaround2，000，initsdefinitions.tolimitsonwithintobelimited

limited5Then，wetookourplaceatthetableandquicklystartedtoarrangethebottlesandcupssothattheylookedlikeanarmyofsoldiersstandinginlineforinspection.然后，我们在桌子旁坐下，迅速开始整理瓶子和杯子，让它们看起来像一队士兵站成一排接受检查。sothat引导结果状语从句sothat引导结果状语从句，意思是“所以，结果”，表示从句动作已经发生。Headjustedhispace，sothathissoncaughtupwithhim.他调整了步伐，所以他儿子赶上了他。Wepaidhimimmediatelysothatheleftcontented.我们立即付钱给他，结果他满意地走了。◆说明（1）sothat也可以引导目的状语从句，意思是“为了，以便”，表示目的，从句动作尚未成为现实，此时相当于inorderthat，从句中常有will，would，can，could，may，might等情态动词。Wepaidhimimmediatelysothat/inorderthathewouldleavecontented.我们立即付钱给他，以便让他满意地离去。（2）sothat引导的目的状语从句只能用于主句之后，inorderthat引导的目的状语从句还可以置于句首。Inorderthathecouldfindagetawayonthemap，heputonhisglasses.为了在地图上找到适合度假的地方，他戴上了眼镜。◆用sothat/inorderthat填空（1）Hesatatthecorner

hesurvivedtheaccident.（2）

wecouldgettothecompanyontime，thebosstooksomemeasures.（3）Hegraspedherarmfirmly

shecouldavoidfallingofftheladder.sothatInorderthatsothat/inorderthat6...whileIdidn’tfeelthatIhadastrongconstitutiontorunthatfar，Ithoughtthenextbestthingwouldbetohelpthosewhocould.……虽然我觉得自己的体质不够强壮，跑不了那么远，但我想退而求其次