2025版高考英语总复习高考语法与写作专题8定语从句教学案外研版

PAGEPAGE1专题八定语从句(一)语法讲练——过学问关要点一关系代词Eachgraduatestandingontheplayground,whowasaccompaniedbyaparent,wouldbeawardedadiplomabytheheadmaster.每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发毕业文凭。Mydaughter,whosejobrequireshertodoalotoftravelling,isalwaysawayfromhome.我的女儿总不在家，她的工作须要常常出差。1．关系代词that与which的用法(1)限制性定语从句中只用that不用which的状况：①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosayforyourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？②先行词被序数词，形容词最高级，theonly，thevery，thejust,thelast等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。ThisisoneofthemostexcitingfootballgamesthatIhaveeverseen.这是我见过的最激烈人心的足球竞赛之一。Thisistheonlythingthatwecandonow.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。③先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。Thescientistandhisachievementsthatyoutoldmeaboutareadmiredbyusall.我们全部人都敬佩你告知我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。④定语从句出现在which或who的特别疑问句中时用that。Whichisthebikethatyoulost?哪辆是你丢的自行车？⑤有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory,whichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。⑥当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。(2)只用which不用that的状况：①引导非限制性定语从句。Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,which,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然让其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子。②关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。③引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。ThepresidentoftheWorldBanksayshehasapassionforChina,whichheremembersstartingasearlyashischildhood.世界银行主席说他对中国有一种情结，他记得这种情结始于他的儿童时代。Theresultwasnotthesameastheyhadexpected,whichwasratherdisappointing.结果与当时预料的不一样，这让人觉得很悲观。2．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区分whichas位置上只能放在主句的后面位置敏捷，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等意思上意为“这一点”意为“正如……，正像……的那样”Shemarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.她再婚了，这是始料不及的。Shemarriedagain,asweexpected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。[名师指津]as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；such(pron.)＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；thesame＋名词＋as(和……同样的)。Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。Ihavethesamebookashehas.我和他有同样的书。[热点即训]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2024________showedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.[解析]考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为astudy，且定语从句中缺少主语，故填关系代词that/which。[答案]that/which2．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005—whenthegovernmentstartedasoil－testingprogram________givesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers—and2011,fertilizerusedroppedby7.7milliontons.[解析]考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，asoil－testingprogram是先行词，指物，且定语从句中缺主语，所以应填关系代词that或which。[答案]that/which3．(2024·浙江卷)Manywesterners________cometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.[解析]考查定语从句。依据语境并分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是Manywesterners，故填关系代词who/that。[答案]who/that4．(2024·天津卷改编)Kate,________sisterIsharedaroomwithwhenwewereatcollege,hasgonetoworkinAustralia.[解析]考查定语从句。依据句意：凯特到澳大利亚去工作了。读高校的时候我和她的姐姐住一个寝室。从句子结构看，本空须要关系词引导定语从句，先行词为Kate，且关系代词在从句中作定语，因此用关系代词whose引导这个定语从句。[答案]whose5．(2024·北京卷改编)Sheandherfamilybicycletowork,________helpsthemkeepfit.[解析]考查定语从句。依据句意：她和她的家人骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。依据句子结构可知，此处用which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的事。[答案]whichⅡ.单句改错1．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)Intheirsparetime,theyareinterestedinplantingvegetablesintheirgarden,thatisontherooftopoftheirhouse.____________[解析]分析句子结构可知，其次个逗号后面为一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面句子中的garden，定语从句中缺少主语，故用which。[答案]that→which2．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Likeanything,itispossibletohavetoomuchofboth,thatisnotgoodforthehealth.____________[解析]句意：“像其他任何事情一样，两者可能摄入过多，这一点对健康没有好处。”分析句子结构，由逗号以及句意可知，此处是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，且意为“这一点，这件事”，故应用关系代词which指代前面整个句子。[答案]that→which3．(2024·四川卷改编)ThedisheswhatIcookedwereMom'sfavorite.____________[解析]依据句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，先行词为Thedishes，关系词在从句中作动词cooked的宾语，所以用关系代词that/which引导，关系代词在从句中作宾语时也可以省略。[答案]what→that/which或去掉what4．(2024·北京卷改编)Ilivenextdoortoacouplewhochildrenoftenmakealotofnoise.____________[解析]句意：我住在一对夫妻的隔壁，他们的孩子总是很吵闹。分析句子结构可知，此处是定语从句修饰acouple，且关系词在从句中作定语，故用关系代词whose。[答案]who→whose5．(2024·江苏卷改编)Manyyoungpeople,mostofwhichwerewell－educated,headedforremoteregionstochasetheirdreams.____________[解析]定语从句的先行词是youngpeople，most表示他们中的大多数，因此应当运用mostofwhom。[答案]which→whom要点二关系副词关系副词先行词句法功能when时间时间状语where地点地点状语why缘由缘由状语(只引导限制性定语从句)Thereasonwhyhefailedintheexamwasthathedidn'tstudyhard.他考试失败的缘由是他学习不努力。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。[名师指津]当先行词为situation,case,stage,point等表示抽象意义的词，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where。Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.他们已经到了必需分手的地步。[热点即训]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2024·江苏卷改编)Self－drivingisanarea________Chinaandtherestoftheworldareonethesamestartingline.[解析]考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，先行词是area，关系词在从句中充当地点状语，因此用where，相当于inwhich。[答案]where2．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ改编)ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid－1980s,________IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter.[解析]考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语从句，且在从句中作时间状语，故填关系副词when。[答案]when3．(2024·天津卷)Wewillputoffthepicnicintheparkuntilnextweek,________theweathermaybebetter.[解析]分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语从句，先行词为nextweek，且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when。[答案]when4．(2024·广东卷)Whenharvestcamearound,hewasalreadysellingherbs,vegetablesandcottoninthemarket________peoplefromthetownsmetregularly.[解析]________peoplefromthetownsmetregularly是定语从句，修饰market，where在定语从句中作地点状语。[答案]whereⅡ.单句改错(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Theyalsohadasmallpondwhichtheyraisedfish.____________[解析]考查定语从句。本句中定语从句的先行词是pond，在从句中作地点状语，故应在which前加in或把which改为where。[答案]在which前加in或which→where要点三“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句1．“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句构成句法功能用法指津名词(代词)＋介词＋关系代词主语可转化为“whose＋名词”结构数词(形容词最高级)＋of＋关系代词主语数词还可以被some,many,most,each等不定代词替换介词(短语)＋关系代词状语关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换介词＋关系代词＋名词状语关系代词常用which和whose介词＋关系副词状语有时为了表达清晰，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或toRecently,Iboughtanancientvase,thepriceofwhichwasveryreasonable.最近，我买了一个古代花瓶，它的价格很合理。Wearelookingforthepersontowhomthebookbelongs.我们正在找寻这本书的主子。Lilymightpossiblycome,inwhichcaseI'llaskher.莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。Thereisabigwindowinmyroom,fromwhereIcanseetherailwaystation.我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。2．“介词十关系词”引导的定语从句的2个考查点(1)考查该结构中关系代词的选用若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。(2)考查该结构中介词的选用一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词和介词的搭配习惯；从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配习惯；句子意思表达的须要。[热点即训]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2024·北京卷改编)Thetimeisn'tfaraway________youwillhavetotaketheCollegeEntranceExamination.[解析]句意：参与高校入学考试的时间不远了。此句为分隔式定语从句，先行词为thetime，从句中缺乏时间状语，要用关系副词when。[答案]when2．(2024·浙江卷改编)Scientistshaveadvancedmanytheoriesaboutwhyhumanbeingscrytears,noneof________hasbeenproved.[解析]依据句意：科学家已经提出了很多关于人类为什么会流泪的理论，其中没有一个得到了证明。该句中的先行词是manytheories，关系词在定语从句中作of的宾语，应当用关系代词which，noneofwhich共同构成从句的主语。[答案]which3．(2024·安徽卷改编)Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskillupon________schooleducationdepends.[解析]分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是skill，关系代词可用that或which，但dependupon(依靠，依靠，取决于)为固定短语，此处介词upon提前，而that不行以用在介词后，故填which。[答案]which4．(2024·上海卷改编)Aliceaskedthepolicemanwith________heworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.[解析]此题考查介词＋关系代词引导的定语从句，workwithsb和某人一起工作，whom作介词的宾语，用来引导定语从句，修饰policeman。[答案]whom5．(2024·重庆卷改编)Johninvitedabout40peopletohiswedding,mostof________arefamilymembers.[解析]先行词为40people，定语从句中of缺少宾语，故运用whom。[答案]whomⅡ.单句改错1．(2024·天津卷改编)Hewroteabout200novels,ofthatthisisthemostsuccessful.____________[解析]考查定语从句，of为介词，先行词为novels，介词后的关系代词用which，不用that。[答案]that→which2．(2024·天津卷改编)Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriends,whoweenjoyedasplendidviewofthelake.____________[解析]句意：我和挚友们走上山顶，在那里我们观赏了壮美的湖景。先行词是thetopofthehill，先行词与定语从句被withmyfriends分隔开了。先行词是表示地点的词，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用where引导定语从句。[答案]who→where(二)语法写作——过应用关定语从句在书面表达中的增分点[增分技法]1．as作关系代词很有用。起初，我认为李老师有点怪，因为他总是问一些没人能回答的问题。Atfirst,IthoughtMr.Liwaskindofodd,becausehewasalwaysaskingsuchquestionsasnoonecouldanswer.2．as,which引导非限制性定语从句。①我发觉一个老人躺在公路上，我乘出租车马上把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的缘由。IfoundanoldmanlyingonthegroundandItookhimtohospitalinataxiimmediately,whichwaswhyIwaslatethatmorning.②正如一句谚语所说，“只工作，不玩耍，聪慧孩子也变傻。”Asasayinggoes，“AllworkbutnoplaymakesJackadullboy.”3．运用非限制性定语从句，是写出长的高级句子的最常用方法。①我们的学校，位于内乡西北角，有34年历史。Ourschool,whichislocatedinthenorthwestofNeixiang,hasahistoryofthirty－fouryears.②我们学校里的老师，大多数都是三十多岁，把他们的一切都奉献给了我们。Theteachersofourschool,mostofwhomareintheirthirties,havedevotedalltheirlivestous.[巧用增分]①他不是这样一个把今日能做的事拖到明天做的人。(suchaman，putoff...untiltomorrow)He_isn't_such_a_man_as_put_off_what_he_can_do_today_until_tomorrow.②正如图表所显示的那样，这个城市的空气质量在过去两年越来越糟。(asisshowninthechart,theairquality)As_is_shown_in_the_chart,_the_air_quality_of_the_city_has_become_worse_and_worse_in_the_past_two_years.③在汉语演讲竞赛中获得一等奖，这是我做梦也没有想到的。(winthefirstprize,Chinesespeechcompetition,beyondmywildestdreams)I_won_the_first_prize_in_the_Chinese_speech_competition,_which_was_beyond_my_wildest_dreams.[专题过关训练]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Getyourselffamiliarwithlocallawsandcustomsofthecountriesto________youaretravelling.[答案]which2．AtthattimeIwasinTexasandIhadafriend________familybusinesswasrunninghotels.[答案]whose3．(2024·河北鸡泽一中模拟)Thiswomanhassetagoodexampletoherson,________isareallyluckyguy.[答案]who4．Thewatch,________wasagiftfromhisfather,wasveryimportanttohimandhewasdeterminedtofindit.[答案]which5．(2024·河南新乡一中模拟)Thesettlementishometonearly1,000people,manyof________lefttheirvillagehomesforabetterlifeinthecity.[答案]whom6．(2024·福建泉州模拟)Everywheretherearenewfree－ways,tunnelsandbridges________carrytheeverincreasingtrafficunderorovertheriver.[答案]which/thatⅡ.单句改错1．(2024·华南师大附中模拟)Readinghasalotofadvantages,oneofthemisthatithelpsyoudevelopreadingskills.____________[答案]them→which2．First,theplacewherewe'vedecidedtovisit—theForestParkisnotfarawayfromthecity.____________[答案]where→which/that或去掉where3．(2024·黑龙江肇东一中模拟)FromthisexperienceIhavelearntthatquestioningcanserveasabridgehelpsustoseekthetruth.____________[答案]在bridge后加that/which4．Atthesametime,anotherstudent,thatsaweverything,wentuptohelp.____________[答案]that→who5．(2024·辽宁沈阳模拟)Myfatherwaseasilycheated,whatsurprisedme.____________[答案]what→which6．(2024·安徽合肥一中模拟)Actually,itisimportantforustocommunicatewithourparentsbecausetheyarethedearestpeopleinourlife,whomcareforusallthetime.____________[答案]whom→whoⅢ.写作训练1．运用语法写靓句①正如人们所发觉的那样，很多语言学习是在生命的第一年进行的，所以在那个时期父母应当多跟孩子说话。(languagelearning,bediscovered,happen,talkmuch)______________________________________________________________②正如人们所知的一样，中国是一个发展中国家。(as,know)______________________________________________________________③这篇文章可能会触及一些敏感的读者，我提前向他们表示致歉。(offer)______________________________________________________________④我的家乡已不再是十年前的那个小村庄了，那时到处都是破旧房子，人们食不果腹。(thelittlevillage,feedthemselves)______________________________________________________________⑤他是那些学生中唯一一个连续三次获得一等奖的。(theonlyone,winthefirstprize,inarow)______________________________________________________________⑥参观你所在的城市是一次难忘的经验，一次我将恒久珍惜的经验。(visit,one,valuefortherestofmylife)______________________________________________________________[答案]①Alotoflanguagelearning,ashasbeendiscovered,ishappeninginthefirstyearoflife,soparentsshouldtalkmuchtotheirchildrenduringthatperiod.②Asfaraspeopleknow,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.③Thisarticlemayshocksomesensitivereaders,towhomIofferapologyinadvance.④Myhometownisn'tthelittlevillageitwas/isn'twhatitwastenyearsago,whentherewereoldhouseseverywhereandpeoplecouldhardlyfeedthemselves.⑤Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohaswonthefirstprize(for)threetimesinarow.⑥Visitingyourcityisanunforgettableexperience,oneIwillvaluefortherestofmylife.2．语法填空(2024·河北衡水中学模拟)Haveyoueverhadacase①____________amistakehelpedyouunderstandanideaoraskill?Forme,itwassailing.ItookasailingclasswhenIwasinhighschool.NomatterhowmanytimesIreadthe②____________(explain),Icouldnotunderstandthedifferencebetweena“tack”anda“jibe”—twomethodsofturningaboat—onemuch③____________(safe)thantheother.Later,oneday,whenIwassailing,aheavywindblewup.Weneededtoheadback,④____________Imistookthe“tack”forthe“jibe”andpushedtheboatinthewrongdirection.BeforeIrealized⑤____________(I)mistake,itwaslate.Luckily,noone⑥____________(hurt).OnlyafterthisexperiencedidI⑦____________(clear)understandthesailingphrase“turningonthewind”thatI⑧____________(read)somanytimesinthetextbook.Ineverconfuseda“jibe”with“tack”again!NowIoftensharethisstory⑨____________mystudentsaftertheyhavemademistakes.Ihopetheycanlearnsomethingfromtheirmistakesandcorrecttheminsteadof⑩____________(regret)allday.[答案]①where②explanation(s)③safer④but⑤my⑥washurt⑦clearly⑧hadread⑨with⑩regretting3．短文改错(2024·辽宁葫芦岛协作体模拟)WhenIwassevenyearsold,onedayIgotothesupermarketwithmymotherand