世纪商务英语外贸英语实务整套教学教程电子讲义教案

ReadingPart2AnIntroductiontoInternationalTrade

Internationaltrade,alsoknownasworldtrade,foreigntradeoroverseastrade,istheexchangeofgoodsandservicesbetweencountries.Itembracestwobasicelements.First,itiscarriedoutbetweentwoormorenations.Whentradeisexecutedbeyondnationalfrontiers,itisinvariablysubjecttopolitical,social,economicandenvironmentalpoliciesintroducedbynationsfromtimetotime.Suchpolicieshaveeithersomewhatencouragedorhamperedthefreeflowofmerchandiseininternationaltrade.Theotherfactoristheuseofdifferentcurrencieswiththeirinherentexchangeratedifferentials,affectingthebalanceoftradewhichproducesfavorableresultsinsomecountriesbutunfavorableinothers.ChineseInternationalTradeUNIT1CaseLead-inPART1ReadingPART2SampleConversationsPART3DescriptionofCommoditiesUNIT2CaseLead-inPART1ReadingPART2SampleConversationsPART3CaseLead-inPart1

AnAmericancompanyApurchased200dozenoftoycarsfromanexportcompanyBinDalian.Inreality,Bshipped198dozen.BthoughtthataccordingtothestipulationsinUCP600,5%moreorlessoftheshipmentwasallowed.ButArefusedtoaccepttheproductsbecauseoftheshortageofcommodities.DidAhavetherighttorefusethetoycars?Why?

Toavoidpossibledisputes,everyeffortshouldbemadetodescribethegoodsinthesalescontractexactlyasthesellerandthebuyerintendthemtobe.Thedescriptionofcommoditiesconsistsofnameofcommodity,quantityofcommodity,qualityofcommodityandpacking.Ininternationaltrade,asdifferentcountriesmayhavedifferentinterpretationsaboutthesamename,quality,quantityorpacking,carefulstipulationinthesalescontractisveryimportant.ReadingPart2DescriptionofCommodities-NameofCommodity

Nameofcommodityisaconceptthatcandistinguishonegoodsfromothers.Asthebasisofatransaction,nameofcommodityconcernstherightsandobligationsofboththesellerandthebuyer.Ifthegoodsdeliveredbythesellerarenotinaccordancewiththeagreednameofcommodity,thebuyerhastherighttolodgeaclaim,refusethegoodsorevencancelthecontract.Therefore,asamainconditionofasale,thenameofcommodityshouldbeclearlystipulated.

Nameofcommodityisusuallystatedoutatthebeginningofthecontract.Usually,itisspecifiedinthecontractunderthesubject“nameofcommodity”orlistedunderthesubject“descriptionofthecommodity”togetherwiththequalityclause.Sometimes,itisjustdescribedatthebeginningofthequalityclause.Sometimes,itisjustdescribedatthebeginningofthecontractsuchas“Theselleragreestosellandthebuyeragreestobuy...onthetermsandconditionsstatedbelow”.ChineseReadingPart2商品描述-商品名称商品名称这一概念能够区分不同商品。商品名称作为交易的基本依据，关系到买卖双方的权利和义务。如果卖方交付的货物不符合约定的品名，买方有权提出索赔要求、拒收货物或甚至撤销合同。因此，作为交易主要条件，品名应加以明确规定。商品名称一般在合同开头就加以阐明。通常，合同双方在“品名”项目下规定商品名称，或在“商品描述”项下和其他品质条款一起列出商品名称。有时，会在品质条款前直接加上商品名称；有时，会在合同开头这样描述商品名称：“买卖双方同意根据下面所列条款买卖XXX”。EnglishReadingPart2QualityofCommodity

Thequalityofcommodityreferstotheoutwardappearanceandtheessentialqualityofthegoods,suchasshape,structure,color,flavoraswellaschemicalcomposition,physicalandmechanicalproperty,biologicalfeature,etc..Ininternationaltransactions,therearedifferentwaysofshowingquality.

SalebyActualGoods

Salebyactualgoodsisasalemadeonthebasisofactualqualityofthegoodsthatalreadyexistatthetimeofcontracting.Thebuyerorhisagentnormallyexaminesthequalityofthegoodsattheseller’splace.Hewillthenbuythegoodsundertheconditionofthisinspectionwithoutanyguaranteeofqualityformtheseller.Andthesellerdoesnotpromisethatthegoodsheissellingareingoodconditionorarerightforaparticularpurpose.Thismethodisoftenusedinconsignment,auctionandexhibition,whichappliestoitemssuchasjewelry,paintings,craftsandmostproductsinstock.

SalebySample

Asampleisaproduct,oftentakenoutfromawholelotofconsignmentorspeciallydesignedandprocessed.Salebysamplereferstothetransactionconcludedonthebasisofsamplesrepresentingthequalityofthewholelot.Salebysamplecanbefurtherdividedintothreekinds,i.e.,salebytheseller’ssample,salebythebuyer’ssampleandsalebycountersample.ChineseReadingPart2English商品质量商品质量是指商品的外在表象及内在品质，如形状、结构、颜色、味道及化学组成、物理及化学成分、生物特性等。在国际贸易中，标示品质的方法多种多样：凭实际品质买卖

凭实际品质买卖是根据签订合同时现有商品的实际品质进行买卖。买方或其代理人先在卖方场所检查货物。买方根据现场检验结果购买商品，卖方不对商品品质进行保证。卖方不会做出如下承诺：所售商品品质良好，适合某一特定用途。这一方法通常应用于珠宝、艺术品、工艺品和大部分库存商品的寄售、拍卖和展示中。凭样品买卖

样品即从一批货物中提取的，或经特殊设计及处理的某一产品。凭样品买卖指根据代表整批产品质量的样品来达成交易。凭样品买卖可以进一步划分为三类，即凭卖方样品买卖、凭买方样品买卖和凭对等样品买卖。ReadingPart2QualityofCommodity

1.SalebytheSeller’sSample

Samplescouldbeofferedbytheseller.Thesellershallsupplyarepresentativesampleandatthesametimekeepaduplicatesamplewhichshallbeinthesamequalityasoronthewholeasthestandardsample.Thesampledispatchedandtheduplicatesamplekeptshallhavethesamearticlenumbersoastomakeitconvenientfordeliveryandverificationwhenhandlingqualitydisputesorfuturetransactions.

2.SalebytheBuyer’sSampleWhenthebuyer’ssampleservesasthequalitystandardforthegoodstobeproducedanddeliveredbytheseller,wecalli“tsalebythebuyer’ssample”.Undersuchcondition“,qualityasperthebuyer’ssample”istobeclearlystatedinthecontract.

3.SalebyCounterSample

Thereisanotherkindofsamplecalled“countersample”.Whenthesampleisofferedbythebuyer,thesellermaynotbeverysurewhetherhecouldsupplythegoodsinconformitywithitornot.Inordertotaketheinitiative,thesellermayreproducethebuyer’sample,andsenditbacktothebuyerasatypesample.Afterthebuyerconfirmsthissample,salebythebuyer’ssampleischangedintosalebytheseller’scountersample.ChineseReadingPart2English国际贸易的原因

1.凭卖方样品买卖样品可以由卖方提供。这种情况下，卖方应提供代表样品，同时保留复样，复样应与标准样品质量一致或与标准商品一样。派送的样品应与复样标号一致，以便于在处理质量争议或将来交易时发货或加以确认。

2.凭买方样品买卖如果以买方样品作为卖方生产或发货的品质标准，我们称之为“凭买方样品买卖”。在这种情况下，合同中会清晰规定“品质根据‘买方样品’”。

3.凭对等样品买卖另一种样品叫做对等样品。当样品由买方提供时，卖方可能无法确定其商品与买方样品相符。为了采取主动，卖方可根据买方样品加工复制出一个类似的样品交买方确认。买方确认后，凭买方样品买卖变为凭卖方对等样品买卖。ReadingPart2QualityofCommodity

Itshouldbenotedthatsometimesthesellermaysendasampletothepotentialbuyerbeforethecontractisconcluded.Thiskindofsampleisthereferencesampleandoftenlabeled“forreferenceonly”.Suchasampleisnotthebasisofdeliverybytheseller.However,thepartiesmayagreetodeliverthegoodsinconformitywithitinthecontract,andthenitwillbethebasisofdelivery.

SalebyDescription

Itmainlyincludesthefollowingtypes.

1.SalebySpecification

Thespecificationreferstocertainmainindicatorswhichindicatethequalityofthegoods,suchascomposition,content,purity,size,length,etc..Itisoftenexpressedbyindexes.Forexample,thespecificationofironoremaybeexpressedas“thecontentofiron>80%”.

2.SalebyGrade

Thegradereferstotheclassificationofthegoodsandisindicatedbywords,numbersorsymbols.Forexample,thefresheggweighed55-60gisclassifiedintoGradeA,50-55gGradeB,45-50gGradeC.However,thegradeofthesameproductmaybedifferentindifferentcountries.Itisnecessarytomakesurethatthegradeofthecommodityisunderstoodidenticallybythepartiesiftheywanttosellbythegrade.ChineseReadingPart2English国际贸易的原因应该指出的是有时在签订合同前，卖方可能送交潜在买方一份样品，这种样品即参考样品，通常标明“仅供参考”。这种样品不能作为卖方交货的依据。然而如果双方在合同中表明发货品质与此相符，则成为交货依据。

凭说明买卖凭说明买卖包括下面形式：

1.凭规格买卖规格是指表明商品质量的指标：如成分、材质、纯度、规格、长度等。规格通常以指数形式来表示。例如铁矿石的规格可以用“含铁量>80%”来表示。

2.凭等级买卖等级是指商品的分级，用文字、数字或符号来表示。例如，重量在55-60克之间的鲜蛋被归为A等，重量在50-55克之间的鲜蛋被归为B等，重量在45-50克之间的鲜蛋被归为C等。然而，相同产品的等级在不同国家也可能不同。因此，如果采用凭等级买卖，必须确保双方对产品的等级理解一致。ReadingPart2QualityofCommodity

3.SalebyStandard

Thestandardreferstothespecificationsorgradeswhicharestipulatedandannouncedbythegovernmentorthechambersofcommerce,etc..QualityofcommoditycanbedescribedinthecontractbytheinternationalstandardlikeISO,orthenationalstandardeitheroftheexporter’sortheimporter’scountrywhichisagreeduponbybothparties.

Inthetradeofagriculturalproducts,FAQ(FairAverageQuality)isoftenemployed.FAQmeansaquantityofaproductisofferednotonaparticularqualityspecificationbutonthebasisthatisequaltotheaveragequalityofthecurrentgrouporrecentshipment.Whenusingthiswaytoindicatethequality,specificationsarestillnecessaryunlessthetransactionisdonebetweenregulartradingpartners.

Forthetradingofwoodandaquaticproducts,GMQ(GoodMerchantableQuality)isemployedtoindicatethequality.GMQreferstothesoundqualitythatisfreefromdefectsandisgoodenoughtosatisfythepurposeforwhichthebuyerintendstousethegoodsorforwhichthesellerintendsthattheyshouldbeused.GMQisusuallynotsupplementedwithspecificationsandwhendisputesonqualityarise,thesellerswillhavetobeinvitedtomakethearbitration.ChineseReadingPart2English国际贸易的原因

3.凭标准买卖标准是指由政府或商会等规定或发布的规格或等级。合同中商品质量可以用国际标准如ISO表示，或用双方同意的进口国或出口国的国家标准表示。在农产品贸易中，经常使用良好平均品质。良好平均品质是指不按特定商品规格，而以近期的一批货物或装船货物的平均品质为基础提供的一批货物。用良好平均品质表示质量时，除非交易发生于长期贸易伙伴，否而仍需使用规格。在木材和水产品交易中，常使用上好适销品质表示质量。上好适销品质则指无次品、产品质量足以满足买方使用货物的目的或卖方旨在货物被使用的目的的良好品质。上好适销品质通常不需要规格，发生争议时，卖方会加入仲裁。ReadingPart2QualityofCommodity

4.SalebyBrandorTradeMark

Abrandisthename,term,symbol,designoracombinationofthesetoidentifyaproduct,whileatrademarkincludesallthosewords,symbols,ormarksthatarelegallyregisteredforusebyasinglecompany.Someproductsmayhavebeensoldintheglobalmarketformanyyearsandenjoyhighreputation,andtheirqualitycouldberepresentedbytheirbrandnamesortrademarks,forexample,Coca-Cola.

5.SalebyNameofOrigin

Somecountriesandplacesarefamousforcertainproductsandthequalityoftheseproductsmaybedescribedbytheirorigincountriesorplaces,forexample,Chineseporcelain,Jinhuabam,etc..However,inordertoavoidpossibledisputes,itisadvisableforthepartiestousethespecificationstogetherwiththebrandnameandotherwaysinthecontract.

6.SalebyDescriptionsandIllustrations

Thequalityofsomecommoditiessuchastechnologicalinstruments,electricmachines,etc.cannotbesimplyindicatedbyqualityindexes.Instead,itisquitenecessarytoexplainindetailthestructure,material,performanceaswellasmethodofoperation.Ifnecessary,pictures,photos,etc.shouldalsobeprovided.ChineseReadingPart2English国际贸易的原因

4.凭品牌或商标买卖品牌是指确认某一产品的名称、符号、设计或这些组合，而商标是某一公司使用的法定注册的文字、符号或标记。某些商品可能在全球市场上销售很多年，并享有较高的声誉，其品质可以以其品牌或商标来表示，如可口可乐。

5.凭产地名称买卖某些国家或地区以某种产品而闻名，这些产品的质量可以用原产国或原产地来表示，如中国瓷器、金华火腿等。然而，为避免产生争议，明智的做法是在合同中将这种方法与品牌或规格一起使用。

6.凭说明书或图样买卖技术设备、电子仪器等商品的质量不能简单用质量参数来表示，相反，有必要详细解释其结构、材质、功能及操作方法。必要时，还需提供图片、照片等。ReadingPart2QualityofCommodity

Sometimes,itisimportanttoadda“QualityTolerance”or“QualityLatitude”clauseinthecontract.Tolerancemeansthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalitysuppliedbythesellermaybeeithersuperiororinferiortothequalitystipulatedinthecontract.Qualitytolerancemaybeagreeduponbetweenthesellerandthebuyerbeforehand,orgenerallyrecognizedbytradeassociations.Itisusuallyusedinthetradeofagriculturalproducts,industrialrawmaterialsorsomelightindustrialproducts.

Qualitylatitudemeansthatthequalityindexesofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybecontrolledflexiblywithincertainlatitude.Therearethreewaystostipulatequalitylatitude.

(1)Tostipulateacertainscope,forexample,thewidthofthecottonclothis47/48inches.

(2)Tostipulateamoreorlessclause,forexample,astogreyduck’sdown,wemaystipulateduck’sdowncontent18%(1%moreorless).

(3)Tostipulate“max”or“min”,forexample,moisture(max.)15%.ChineseReadingPart2English国际贸易的原因有时，有必要在合同中加订诸如“品质公差”或“品质机动幅度”等条款。公差指卖方交货品质优于或劣于合同规定质量的许可范围。品质公差可以是买卖双方事先达成的，或由贸易联合会普遍认可的。品质公差被广泛应用于农产品、工业原材料或轻工产品交易中。品质机动幅度是指卖方交货品质的质量指数可以在一定的幅度内变动。有三种方法来规定品质机动幅度。（1）规定范围，如棉布的宽度是47-48英寸；（2）规定上下差异，如灰鸭绒，含绒量18%，上下浮动1%；（3）规定极限，如湿度最大15%。ReadingPart2QuantityofCommodity

Asdifferentproductshavedifferentcharacteristics,differentwaysofmeasurementmaybeused.Waysofmeasurementincludeweight,length,area,volumeandcapacity.

UnitsofMeasurement

Differentcountriesadoptdifferentsystemsofweightsandmeasures.ThecommonlyusedsystemsaretheMetricSystem,theBritishSystem,theAmericanSystemandtheInternationalSystemofUnits(S.I.).

WeightUnits:kilogram,ton,metricton,gram,pound,ounce,longton,shortton,etc.Theyareusuallyusedformineralproducts,agriculturalproductsandbyproductssuchaswool,cotton,grain,minerals,oilandmedicine.

LengthUnits:meter,kilometer,centimeter,yard,foot,mile,etc.Theyaremostlyusedfortextiles,electricwires,metalcordsandropes.

AreaUnits:squaremeter,squareyard,squarefoot,squareinch,etc.Theyareoftenusedforglass,textileproductssuchascarpets.

VolumeUnits:cubicmeter,cubicyard,cubicfoot,cubicinch,etc.Theyaremostlyusedforchemicalgasandwood.ChineseReadingPart2English商品数量由于不同商品的特性相异，采用的计量方法也不同。计量方法包括重量、数量、长度、面积、体积和容积。

计量单位不同国家采用不同的计量体系，其中较为常用的是公制、英制、美制和国际单位制。

重量单位：千克、吨、公吨、克、磅、盎司、长吨、短吨等，常用于羊毛、棉花、粮食、矿石、油和医药等矿产品和农副产品。

长度单位：米、千米、厘米、码、英尺、英里等，常用于纺织品、电线和金属绳。

面积单位：平方米、平方码、平方英尺、平方英寸等，常用于玻璃和地毯等纺织品。

体积单位：立方米、立方码、立方英尺、立方英寸等，常用于化学气体和木头。ReadingPart2QuantityofCommodity

CapacityUnits:liter,gallon,bushel,etc.Theyareoftenusedforcereals,fluidproductsandgasproducts,suchaswheat,corn,gas,gasolineandbeer.

NumberUnits:piece,package,pair,set,dozen,gross,ream,roll,head,case,bale,barrel,bag,etc.Theyareconstantlyusedfordailyindustrialproductsandgeneralproductssuchasstationery,paper,toys,ready-madeclothes,vehiclesandliveanimals.

MoreorLessClause

Itisverydifficulttomeasureaccuratelysomeagriculturalandmineralproductslikecorn,wheat,coal,etc.,thena“moreorlessclause”,alsocalleda“plusorminusclause”,maybeusedtoallowsometoleranceinthequantity.Usually,themoreorlessclauseincludesthefollowingaspects:theallowancepercentageofthegoods,whichpartydeterminesthequantityallowanceandthepriceoftheover-loadorunder-loadquantity.Thewordingofsuchaclausemightbe“500M/T,5%moreorlessattheseller’soption”,whichmeansthatthesellermaychoosetodeliver475to525M/T.ChineseReadingPart2English商品数量

容积单位：升、加仑、蒲式耳等，常用于小麦、玉米、煤气、汽油和啤酒等粮食、液体产品、煤气产品。

数量单位：条、件、双、套、打、罗、令、卷、头、包、箱、桶、袋等，常用于文具、纸、玩具、成衣、车辆和活畜等日常工业产品和一般产品。

溢短装条款有时难以精确衡量玉米、小麦、煤炭等农产品和矿物质的数量，因此会使用溢短装条款或称增减条款以允许数量差额。通常，溢短装条款包括：产品数量浮动比例、有权决定数量浮动的当事方和数量浮动下的价格变化。这一条款的描述可能是“500公吨，由卖方决定多装或少装5%”，表示卖方可以装475公吨—525公吨。ReadingPart2QuantityofCommodity

ApproximateClause

Sometimeswecanputwordssuchas“about”or“approximately”infrontofthequantityinthecontracttoindicatethequantityallowance,whichis,theapproximateclause.

Article30ofUCP600stipulatesthatthewordssuchas“about”and“approximately”usedinconnectionwiththeamount,thequantityortheunitpriceinthecreditaretobeinterpretedasallowingatolerancenottoexceed10%moreor10%lessthantheamount,thequantityortheunitpricetowhichtheyrefer.

However,uptonowthereisnouniforminterpretationof“about”or“approximately”ininternationaltradepractice.Thus,itisnotadvisabletoemploythismethodininternationaltradepractice.ChineseReadingPart2English商品数量约量条款有时，买卖双方会在合同数量上加上“大约”或“近似于”来表示数量变动的幅度，即约量条款。《跟单信用证统一惯例》中的第三十条规定：凡“大约”、“近似于”或类似的词语用于信用证金额、货物的数量或单价时，应解释为有关金额、数量或单价有不超过10%的增减幅度。然而，直至今日，在国际贸易惯例中对“大约”或“近似于”也没有统一解释。因此，在国际贸易中，不建议使用约量条款。ReadingPart2Packing

FactorsInfluencingPacking

Packingshouldbedesignedaccordingtotheneedofthecargo.Bulkcargoesrequirelittlepacking.Generalmerchandisesrequireadequatepackingofvarioustypes.Factorsinrelationtotransportsuchasthenatureoftransit,loadingandunloadingfacilitiesandtransportunitsshouldbeconsidered.Thedimensionandweightlimitmayalsoinfluencetheshape,sizeandweightofthecargopacking.Packingshouldcomplywithcustomsorstatutoryrequirements.Forexample,insomecountries,strawisanunacceptableformofpackingduetotheriskofinsects.Packingmustmeetinsuranceacceptanceconditions,andmakethehandlingaseasyaspossible.Itshouldalsobeeconomicalwhilebeingsufficient.

TypesofPacking

Accordingtoitsfunctioninthecommoditycirculation,packingcanbeclassifiedintotwotypes:transportpackingandsalespacking.ChineseReadingPart2English包装影响包装类型的因素包装应按货物的需要来设计。散装货几乎不用包装，大路货需要不同类型的合适包装。应考虑如运途性质、装卸设施及运输单位等有关运输方面的因素。有关尺寸和重量的方面的限制也可能影响到货物包装的形状、尺寸和重量。包装应该符合海关要求或有关法律的规定。例如，有些国家不接受用可能招致虫害的稻草来包装。包装必须满足保险公司承保的要求，并尽量便于货物的搬运。包装应既牢靠又要节省费用。包装类型根据在商品流通中起到的作用，包装可分为两种类型：运输包装和销售包装。ReadingPart2Packing

Transportpacking,alsocalledouterpacking,ismainlyadaptedtoprotectthegoodsfrombeingdamagedorstoleninthehandling,transportandstorageprocess.Transportpackingfallsintotwokinds:unittransportpackingandcollectivetransportpacking.

Unittransportpackingmeansthatthecargoesarepackedasasingleunitinthetransportationprocess.Itcanbefurtherdividedintocase,drum,bag,bundle,barrel,box,carton,crateorskeletoncase,corrugatedcartonandsoon.

Collectivetransportpackingmeansacertainnumberofsinglepiecesaregroupedtogethertoformabigpackingorarepackedinabigcontainer.Typicalcollectivetransportpackingincludescontainer,palletandflexiblecontainer.ChineseReadingPart2English包装运输包装，又称外包装，主要用于保护商品在搬运、运输和存储过程中免受损伤或被盗。运输包装分两类：单件运输包装和集合运输包装。单件运输包装是指货物在运输过程中作为一个计件单位的包装，可以被细分为箱、卷、袋、包、桶、盒、纸箱、板条箱和瓦楞箱等。集合运输包装是指将若干个单件包装组合成一件大包装或装在一个大的包装容器内。典型集合运输包装包括集装箱、托盘和集装袋。ReadingPart2MarkingofGoods

Inordertomakeitveryconvenienttoarrangetheloading,unloading,transit,storage,inspectionaswellastoavoidwrongshipment,itisveryimportantforthesellertomarktheouterpackingclearlywithidentifiablesymbolsandnumbers.

Generallyspeaking,marksareclassifiedintofourcategories,i.e.,shippingmarks,indicativemarks,warningmarksandsupplementary(oradditional)marks.

ShippingMarks

Inmostcases,ashippingmarkconsistsofthenameoftheconsignee,referenceNo.,thedestinationandpackagenumber.Symbolswithasimpleidentitycodeorinitialsareoftenusedinsteadofwritingoutthefullnameoftheconsigneeinordernottodisclosetheconsignee’sname;referenceNo.isS/CNo.,orderNo.,B/LNo.orL/CNo.;thenameofthedestinationisusuallyplacedabovethepackagenumberandpackagesmaybenumberedconsecutivelyormarkedmerelywithatotalnumber.

Forexample,inthecasethatthemerchantistheBritainBlueImportandExportCo.,Ltd.and150casesofgoodsarebeingshippedtoLondon,theshippingmarkmaybeillustratedasfollows:ChineseReadingPart2English商品标志为方便安排装卸、运输、存储、检验和避免错误装运，卖方应在外包装上清晰的标示出符号或者数字，这一点非常重要。通常，商品标志被分为四类，分别是：运输标志（唛头）、指示性标志、警告性标志和补充性标志。运输标志（唛头）大多数情况下，运输标志包括收货人名称、参考号、目的地和件数。为不泄露收件人名称，常用包含识别码或首字母的符号表示，而不写明收件人全称。参考号即合同号、订单号、提单号或信用证号。目的地名称通常被置于件数下面，件数可以按顺序标示，也可以只写明总件数。例如，在下列案例中，交易商是英国蓝色进出口有限公司，150件商品将被运往伦敦，那么运输标志可以像下面这样表示：ReadingPart2MarkingofGoods

B.B.I.E…theinitialnameoftheimporter

BIE065referenceNo.

London……thedestination

Nos.1-150…No.ofthecases

IndicativeMarks

Indicativemarksgiveinstructionstofacilitatethesmoothhandlingofthecargothatneedsspecialcare.Thefollowingarethetypicalexamples:ChineseHandlewithcare Fragile KeepindryplacePerishable Openhere KeepcoolLiquid Lifthere KeepuprightB.B.I.EBIE065LondonNos.1-150ReadingPart2English商品标志其中，B.B.I.E.——进口商首字母手缩写

BIE065——参考号

London——目的地

Nos.150——件数

指示性标志指示性标志为某些需要特殊注意的货物给出便于装运的指示。下面是指示性标志的典型例子：轻拿轻放

易碎品

保持干燥易腐烂

此处打开

保持凉爽液体此

处吊起

请勿倒置B.B.I.EBIE065LondonNos.1-150ReadingPart2MarkingofGoods

WarningMarks

Warningmarksareusedtoavoidanypossibleharmtoworkersanddamagetotransportvehicles.Thefollowingarethetypicalexamples:ChineseMaterialradioactive Poison CorrosivesInflammable Compressedgas

Supplementary(oradditional)Marks

Sometimes,accordingtorelativeregulationsorlawsoftheimportingcountry,orupontherequestoftheimporter,itisthepracticetosupplythesupplementarymarks,givingthedimensionsofthepackageorshowingthegrossandnetweight.Forexample:

GrossWeight54kgs NetWeight52kgs

Measurement42“×28”×18” MadeinChinaReadingPart2English商品标志警告性标志

警告性标志被用来避免对工人或运输车辆造成伤害。下面是警告性标志的典型例子：补充性标志有时，根据进口国相关法律或法规，或应进口方要求，会提供补充性标志明确包装的尺码或表明毛重和净重。例如：毛重54千克

净重52千克尺码42英寸*28英寸*18英寸

中国制造放射性物质

有毒物质

腐蚀性物质易燃物质

压缩气体ReadingPart2NewWordsandExpressions1. stipulate vt. (尤指在协议或建议中)规定，约定2. specify vt. 具体说明，详细列举，指定3. composition n. 成分，构成4. property n. 性质,特性,性能5. biological adj. 生物的，生物学的6. lot n. 组，批，套7. consignment n. 托运货物，托运，寄售8. duplicate adj. 复制的，完全一样的n.复制品，完全一样的东西9. dispatch vt. (迅速地)发出，发送10. delivery n. 交货，发送的货物11. verification n. 核实，查对，证实12. conformity n. 符合，一致13. initiative n. 主动性，积极性，自发性14. index n. 指数，指标，量度ReadingPart2NewWordsandExpressions15. identically adv. 同一地，相等地16. aquatic adj. 水生的，水产的17. defect n. 瑕疵，缺陷，毛病18. arbitration n. 仲裁，公断19. register vt. 注册，登记，记录20. porcelain n. 瓷器21. description n. 说明，描写（文字）22. illustration n. 说明，图解，实例23. tolerance n. 公差，偏差24. latitude n. 自由范围，自由25. permissible adj. 可允许的，许可的，容许的26. superior adj. (品质、程度)优良的，较好的27. inferior adj. 低等的，级别低的28. moisture n. 湿气，水分，水气ReadingPart2NewWordsandExpressions29. measurement n. 量度，测量，衡量30. capacity n. 容积，容量31. bushel n. 蒲式耳(在美国1蒲式耳相当于35.238升)32. gross n. 一罗（144个）33. ream n. 令(纸张的计数单位)34. dimension n. 尺寸，度量35. statutory adj. 依照法令的，法定的36. barrel n. 桶37. crate n. 板条箱，柳条箱，一箱(之量)38. skeletoncase 板条箱39. corrugated adj. 瓦楞的40. initial n. (词的)首字母41. consecutively adv. 连续地ReadingPart2I.Answerthefollowingquestions.1Whyshallwestipulatethenameofcommodityinacontractclearly?Becauseasabasisofatransactionandamainconditionofsale,thenameofcommodityconcernstherightsandobligationsofthebuyerandtheseller.ReadingPart2I.Answerthefollowingquestions.2Whatarethewaysofshowingcommodityqualityinacontract?Therearedifferentwaysofshowingqualitysuchassalebysample,salebyactualquality,salebyspecifications,salebygrade,salebystandard,salebybrandortrademarkandsalebynameoforigin.ReadingPart2I.Answerthefollowingquestions.3Whyiscountersamplenecessary?Whenthesampleisofferedbythebuyer,thesellermaynotbeverysurewhetherhecouldsupplythegoodsinconformitywithitornot.Inordertotaketheinitiative,thesellermayreproducethebuyer’ssample,andsenditbacktothebuyerasatypesample.Afterthebuyerconfirmsthissample,salebybuyer’ssampleischangedintosalebytheseller’scountersample.ReadingPart2I.Answerthefollowingquestions.4WhatshallbenotedwhenusingFAQandGMQ?FAQmeansaquantityofaproductthatisofferednotonaparticularqualityspecificationbutonthebasisthatisequaltotheaveragequalityofthecurrentgrouporrecentshipment.WhileGMQreferstothesoundqualitythatisfreefromdefectsandisgoodenoughtosatisfythepurposeforwhichthebuyerintendstousethegoodsorforwhichthesellerintendsthattheyshouldbeused.ReadingPart2I.Answerthefollowingquestions.5WhatareQualityToleranceandQualityLatitude?Qualitytolerancemeansthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalitysuppliedbythesellermaybeeithersuperiororinferiortothequalitystipulatedinthecontract.Qualitylatitudemeansthatthequalityindexesofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybecontrolledflexiblywithincertainlatitude.ReadingPart2I.Answerthefollowingquestions.6Whyshallweincludea“moreorlessclause”inacontract?Howtostipulateitinacontract?Itissometimesdifficulttoshiptheexactquantityofthecommodity,soa“moreorlessclause”maybeusedtoallowsometoleranceinthequantity.Thewordingofsuchaclausemightbe“XXXwithX%moreorlessatseller/buyer/shipper’soption”.ReadingPart2I.Answerthefollowingquestions.7Howcanwedecidewhichtypeofpackingshouldbeusedinabusinesstransaction?(Open)Theneedofthecargo,factorsinrelationtotransport,thedimensionandtheweightlimit,thecustomsorstatutoryrequirements,theinsuranceacceptanceconditions,economyandsufficiencyandotherfactorsshouldbeconsidered.ReadingPart2I.Answerthefollowingquestions.8Whatisthenecessityofmarking?Andhowcanwemarkthegoods?(Open)Markingcanhelpmakeitveryconvenienttoarrangetheloading,unloading,transit,storage,inspectionaswellasavoidingwrongshipmentandsoon.Wecanuseshippingmarks,indicativemarks,warningmarksandsupplementary(oradditional)marks.(Explainfully.)ReadingPart2II.Judgewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).1. Atermfordefiningoneparticulargradeofqualityinonecountrymayhavequiteadifferentmeaninginanothercountry.2. Inthecaseofsalebythebuyer’ssampleorsalebytheseller’ssample,thequalityofthecommoditiesshouldbestrictlythesameasthatofthesample.Otherwise,itshouldbestipulatedinthecontractclearly.3. Thegradesofthesameproductarealwaysthesameindifferentcountries.4. Ininternationaltrade,onlytheMetricSystemisallowedtoindicatethequantityofgoods.5. Differe