日语语法大全重点笔记教案

日语语法大全整理笔记之目录

日语基本读音....................................................................11

常识............................................................................13

1.外来语....................................................................13

1日语的音调（重音）......................................................14

1常用中国姓氏读法........................................................15

生常用H本姓氏读法........................................................15

L语法术语名..............................................................16

LH语词汇分类............................................................16

1地名和读法..............................................................17

区英文字母II语读法........................................................18

各种常用词......................................................................19

1.数词和量词..............................................................19

1.1.数词............................................................19

1.2.量词............................................................21

1数量、顺序词汇的读法...................................................21

1星期的表示..............................................................22

4日期表达法..............................................................22

1月份表达法..............................................................23

团四季表达法..............................................................23

L时分秒表达法............................................................23

区其它时间相关表达法.....................................................23

语法............................................................................25

L判断句..................................................................25

1」.基本句型（肯定式）..................................................25

12过去肯定式..........................................................25

1.3.否定式.............................................................25

1.4.过去否定式........................................................25

1.5.将来推测式........................................................26

1.6.疑问式.............................................................26

1.7.特殊疑问式........................................................26

1.8.中顿式.............................................................26

1存在句..................................................................27

2.1.存在动词的含义....................................................27

2.2.存在动词的分工....................................................27

2.3.存在句句型........................................................27

2.3.1.表示“有”含义的基本句型...................................28

2.3.2.表示"在"含义的基本句型...................................28

生愿望句式............................................................28

3.1.（第一人称+…力寸。/（第—人称）想…............28

3.2.（第一人称+（士）…力:/在…k1、占思I、兴寸。/（第一人称）想…....28

3.3.（第一人称+（J：）…在…/J;5jz思I、杀。/（第一人称）想要….....28

生形容词.............................................................29

4.1.词形特征............................................................29

4.2.词尾变化............................................................29

4.2.1.连用形......................................................29

4.2.2.终1卜形......................................................29

4.2.3.连体形......................................................30

4.2.4.假定形......................................................30

4.2.5.推量形......................................................30

4.3.形容词的简体与敬体.................................................30

5.形容动词...........................................................31

5.1.词形特征...........................................................31

5.2.词尾变化（活用）...............................................31

5.2.1.连用形......................................................31

5.2.2.终止形......................................................31

5.2.3.连体形......................................................31

5.2.4.假定形......................................................32

5.2.5.推量形......................................................32

5.3.判断助动词与形容动词词尾[k]...................................................................32

5.4.形容动词的简体、敬体及其应用.....................................32

6.动词.....................................................................33

6.1.动词分类.......................................................33

6.1.L按活用形式分类............................................33

6.1.1./.五段活用动词.................................................................................33

6.1.1.2.一段活用动词..................................................................................33

6.1.1.3.力行变格活用动词.......................................................................34

6.L1.4.廿行变格活用动词.......................................................................34

6.L2・按语法作用分类............................................34

6.2.动词的活用形......................................................34

6.2.1.动词的终1卜形...............................................34

6・2-2.动词的连体形...............................................35

6.2.3.动词的连用形.............................................35

6.2.3.L五段动词的连用形............................................................................35

6.2.3.2.一段动词的连用形........................................................................35

6.2.3.3.力行变格活用动词的连用形......................................................35

6.2.3.4.廿行娈格活用动词的淬用形.......................................................36

6.23.5.五段动词的音便形........................................................................36

6.2.4.动词的未然形.................................................37

6.2.4.1.五段活用动词的未然形...................................................................37

6.2.4.2.—E殳活用动词的未然形...................................................................37

6.2.4.3.力行变格活用动词的未然形...........................................................37

6.2.4.4.廿行变格活用动词的未然形......................................................38

6.2.5.动词的假定形...............................................38

6.2.6.动词的命令形..............................................38

6.2.6.1.五段动词的命令形......................................38

6.2.6.2.一段动词的命令形......................................39

6.2.6.3.力变动词的命令形....................................39

6.2.6.4.廿变动词的命令形....................................39

6.2.7.动词的推量形及推量助动词（5・上"......................39

6.2.7.1.五段动词的推量形....................................40

6.2.7.2.一段动词的推量形....................................40

6.2.7.3.力变动词的推量形....................................40

6.2.7.4.廿变动词的推量形....................................40

6.3.授受关系动词及其用法.............................................40

6.3.1.授受关系动词...............................................41

6.3.2.授受关系动词构成的补助动词句............................42

6.3.3.授受关系三原贝［］............................................42

6.4.动词的使役态、使很助动词「5.6.5.芯6.6.、使役句....43

6.5.动词的被动态及被动助动词（:盲）........................44

a.被动句的基本句型：..............................................45

b.被动句的扩展句型.................................................45

a）处理双宾语句................................................45

b）处理汉语“…的…”结构.......................................45

6.6.可能态及可能动词.................................................46

a.动词原形+二士力＜7?.........................................46

b.动词未然形+46

c.五段动词词尾「5」段假名-＞「完」段假名+马...................46

d.•变动词词干+Y...........................................47

7.助词、助动词.......................................................47

7.1.提示助词［⑶......................................................47

7.2.提示助词［＜＞］......................................................47

7.3.助词［力:］..........................................................47

7.3.1.主格助词［力巧...............................................48

7.3.2.格助词［力打.................................................48

7.3.3.接续助词［力气...............................................48

7.4.领格助词［CD］.......................................................48

7.5.终助词［力、］.........................................................48

7.6.接续助词.......................................................49

7.7.提示助词［（妇.......................................................49

7.8.挎续助词［力.................................................49

7.9.补格助词［上也.................................................49

7.10.副助词...................................................49

7.11.终助词.................................................49

7.12.传囿助动词57^］.............................................50

7.13.补格助词［仁］....................................................50

7.14.副助词［力'］......................................................50

7.15.并列助词［i：］...................................................50

7.16.副助词［和.....................................................51

7.17.位格［G］........................................................51

7.18.敬体助动词［来寸］...............................................51

7.19.宾格助词［在］...................................................52

7.20.宾格助词［Y］....................................................52

7.21.过去完了助动词［k］.............................................52

7.21.1.的终1卜形...........................................52

7.21.2.［k］的连体形..............................................53

7.21.3.员］的假定形［Z:针........................................53

7.22.接续助词［t］...................................................53

7.23.补助动词［~C］....................................................53

7.23.1.补助动词.........................................54

7.23.2.补助动词［~C办马］........................................54

7.24.接续助词....................................................54

7.25.补格助词［仁］....................................................54

7.26.补格助词［力、.................................................55

7.27.否定助动词［玄I、］...............................................55

7.27.1.连用形...................................................55

7.27.2.连体形....................................................55

7.27.3.终止形....................................................56

7.27.4.假定形....................................................56

7.27.5.推量形....................................................56

7.28.判断助动词「5.7.31.T$＞^」5.7.32..............................56

7.29.补格助词［乜...................................................57

7.30.补助动词「（！：）l、＜,（~C）L杀5」............................57

7.30.1.…（G1、＜..............................................57

7.30.2.…（~C）L5............................................57

7.31.表示假定的助词及助动词「（1/2:/玄"/^^」.....................58

7.31.1.揩续助词“了」............................................58

7.31.2.接续助词「＜h」...........................................58

7.31.3.助动词「玄三」...........................................58

7.31.4.助动词..........................................59

7.32.否定助动词「必（4）」...........................................59

7.33.样态助动词............................................60

7.34.补格助词「杀7?」................................................60

7.35.副助词.................................................60

7.36.副助词£2512..................................................60

7.37.接续助词...............................................61

7.38.补助动词「（~C）＜马/（~C）扫盲」.............................61

7.38.1.•••（1：）〈飞..............................................61

7.38.2.•“（！：）扫盲................................................61

7.39.愿望助动词「赵1'」.............................................61

7.40.助词「在」.....................................................62

7.41.副助词r＜bLVCbl'J..........................................62

7.42.复合助词「杀TI：：」..............................................63

7.43.补格助词「I?」.................................................63

7.44.补格助词四..................................................63

7.45.终助词「玄」...................................................63

7.46.补助动词「（~C）亦马」.........................................63

7.47.表示时间点概数的「二马...................................64

7.48.补助动词「（~C）扮＜」.........................................64

7.49.补格助词3.................................................64

7.50.样态助动词「上5^」............................................64

7.51.副助词.................................................65

7.52.副助词冶完」..................................................65

7.53.接续助词「玄力、三」..............................................65

7.54.格续助词「（D~C」...............................................66

7.55.并列助词「口..................................................66

7.56.挎续助词「舌♦」................................................66

7.57.补格助词「'」.................................................67

久期..........................................................67

8.1.专用敬语词汇...................................................67

8.1.1.专用尊敬语词汇及其用法....................................67

8.1.2.专用自谦词汇及其用法......................................68

8.2.非专用敬语词汇的构词形式......................................69

8.2.L非专用尊敬语词汇的构词形式及其用法.......................69

8.2.2.非专用自谋语词汇的构词形式及其用法.......................70

8.3.其它敬语形式：.................................................70

8.3.1.借用被动助动词构成尊敬语形式..............70

8.3.2.借用「l、Zr^'＜」或「悦直5」构成自谦句式...................70

II语基本句型...................................................................72

I...心…二.........................................................72

2.…^:…丁寸力'.......................................................72

3.…（j：玄儿•寸力,.....................................................72

4.…9来寸...................................................72

5.…（J：…◎、杀守.....................................................72

6.…仁…力：（｛＞）上＞叮来寸.............................................72

7.•••（二.••力N、杀寸.....................................................73

8.…力:.......................................................73

9,•••Md：…（j：ab叮杀过人...............................................73

10.…仁…力;I、＜2.寸力'..........................................73

11.…补....................................................73

12.…d：…D...............................................73

13.…在…..............................................................74

14.体言词）+6马..................................................74

15.”dj：力:............................................................74

16.B上AO泛5力;•••WW.............................................74

17.A…-e-r...................................................74

18.

一

19.

一

20.（上口上思（无?切I、杀f（第一人称）.......................74

一

用言（动词）连体形+内~e~r.......................................75

21.

一…^75

22.

一定语+75

23.

一…《：”・占言22二占）I、杀寸.....................................75

24.

一（•••（：）.“<h言I、兴..........................................76

25.…在…占言I、杀~T...................................................76

一

26.…在…仁行岂兴寸（来来寸）....................................76

一

27.…（爪、1、3、）...................................................76

一

…a：思I、支支.......................................................76

28.

一…（寸马）前（杀；I）仁............................................77

29.

一…上5.........................................................77

30.

一$）兴9…玄L、.......................................................77

31.

一...上SIR力:...................................................77

32.…•^…9…玄jf.....................................................77

一

33.疑问词+t>…否定式................................................78

一

34.••••••...........................................................78

一

…（②）赵的口.....................................................78

35.

一…；：...................................................78

36.

一…L力'…玄I、.......................................................78

37.

一…"2^±.......................................................78

38.

一…玄力弘...........................................................79

39.…感（力'A-）C力:~1~马>...............................................79

一

40.…才；2…/；...................................................79

一

41.”•O兴兴...........................................................79

一

…八左............................................................79

42.

一…叽W...........................................................80

43.

一…仁................................................80

44.

一…前（（二）.........................................................80

45.

一•••<!:•••（占）15（，（^<5J）"•...................................80

46.疑问词+81

一

…~C堂.............................................................81

…上5C...........................................................81

…玄，j•:tUf玄三玄I、.................................................81

…仁占。1：.........................................................81

…占R-Q...........................................................82

•••一方.............................................................82

•••■Cd：玄巧玄I、.....................................................82

…玄I、.....................................................82

…二（h力:~ewZ>.....................................................83

…（^）乙<h力;注）盲.................................................83

…仁文寸Lt.........................................................83

…C：占仁玄Z>.......................................................83

完…仁lz马.....................................................83

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