分析现实主义在《鲁滨逊漂流记》环境描写中的体现

福州大学本科生毕业论文PAGE18PAGE17TOC\o"1-3"\h\uChineseAbstract 2EnglishAbstract 31.Introduction 41.1BackgroundInformation 41.2LiteratureReview 52.TheDescriptionoftheEnvironmentinRobinsonCrusoe 82.1NaturalEnvironment 82.2SocialEnvironment 92.3DetailedEnvironmentdescription 113.TheEmbodimentofRealisticFeaturesintheEnvironmentDescription 123.1TheEmbodimentofRealisticFeaturesintheAuthenticDescription 123.2TheEmbodimentofRealisticFeaturesintheTypicalImageofCrusoeandFriday 133.3TheEmbodimentofRealisticFeaturesintheObjectivityofDescription 144.Conclusion 15References 17分析现实主义在《鲁滨逊漂流记》环境描写中的体现摘要《鲁滨逊漂流记》是丹尼尔•笛福的代表作品，是英国现实主义小说的开山之作，其在英国文坛史上具有深远影响，对该小说现实主义特色进行深入研究具有一定的文学价值。本文将建立在众多学者对这本小说的研究之上，从环境描写角度分析《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的现实主义特色，主要从自然环境，社会环境以及细节环境三方面探讨现实主义在小说中的内容体现，继而剖析环境描写对现实主义特色的作用：细节真实性，人物典型性以及描写方式客观性。研究发现，小说内容离不开环境描写，环境描写也为故事内容提供客观性与真实性，即体现了现实主义特色。环境造就人，主人公鲁滨逊正是生活在当时社会上升时期的代表人物，一方面，他为了追求财富勇于冒险；另一方面，他也有着浓厚的当时的开拓者气息。面对荒岛上恶劣的环境，他不畏惧，保持积极的心态，最终在荒岛上生存了28年后回到自己的祖国，回归社会。鲁滨逊这一人物是笛福生活年代典型人物的真实写照，同时也是作者思想的集中体现。关键词：环境描写；现实主义；细节AnalyzingtheEmbodimentofRealismintheEnvironmentDescriptioninRobinsonCrusoeAbstractRobinsonCrusoethathasgreatinfluenceinthehistoryofEnglishliteratureisthemasterpieceofDanielDefoeandthefirstworkofEnglishrealisticnovels.Ithascertainliteraryvalueforcarryingoutafurtherstudyabouttherealisticfeatures.Basedontheresearchesexploredbyafewscholars,thisstudyanatomizestherealisticfeaturesofRobinsonCrusoefromthefollowingaspectsofenvironmentdescriptionnaturalenvironment,socialenvironmentanddetailedenvironmentdescription.Afterwarditanalyzestheembodimentofrealisticfeaturesintheauthenticdescription,thetypicalimageofCrusoeandFridayandtheobjectivityofdescription.Itillustratesthatthecontentofthenovelcannotbeseparatedfromthedescriptionoftheenvironment,andtheenvironmentdescriptionalsooffersobjectivityandauthenticityforthecontentofthestory,thatis,therealisticfeatures.Environmentmakesaman.Crusoe,theprotagonist,isarepresentativeoftherisingperiodofsociety.Ontheonehand,heisfullofthespiritofadventureinthepursuitofwealth.Ontheotherhand,healsohasastrongsenseofpioneer.Facedwiththeharshenvironmentonthehorribleisland,hedoesn’tfearbutmaintainsapositiveattitudetowardslife.Andeventuallyhereturnstohiscountryandthesocietyafter28yearsofsurvivalonthedesertedisland.TheimageofCrusoeistherealreflectionabouttypicalcharactersofDefoe’sera.It’salsotheembodimentofthewriter’sthoughts.Keywords:environmentdescription;realism;detail1.Introduction1.1BackgroundInformationDanielDefoe(1660-1731),theauthorofRobinsonCrusoe,wasanEnglishwriterwhoenjoyedhighreputationswhilealsohavingupsanddownsoflifeexperiences.HewasacknowledgedasoneofthefoundersofrealisticnovelsbytheEnglishEnlightenmentandrecognizedasthefatheroftheEuropeanrealisticnovels.Defoealsoenjoyedthereputationfor“FatherofModernNewsreporting”,oneofthecrucialreasonswasthathewasincontactwith26magazineagencies.Defoewasborninamerchantfamily,sohetookthespiritofbourgeoisexplorationandinnovation.Heexperiencedalotinhislife.Inhisearlyyears,hewasabusinessmanbecausehisfatherwasalsoamerchant.Then,hejoinedintherebellionthatwasagainsttheCatholicKing.WhenWilliam,aProtestantleader,landedinEnglandandsucceededinthethrone,Defoejoinedthearmyandbecameasolider.Thereafter,hewasforcedtomakealivingsothathewentinformanydifferentoccupations.Hewasapolitician,secretagent,pamphleteerandfinallybecameawriter.Hewasopen-minded,avant-garde,diligentandindependent.Defoe,asoneoftherepresentativewritersofrealism,hashisuniquestyleofwriting.Hisworksmostlyreflectrealisticandmoralissues.AftertheBritishEnlightenmentinthe18thcentury,thewritersofrealismshiftfromreligiousliteraturetothematerialswhichclosetopeople’slife.Thesehottedproblemsarealsotheneedsofbourgeois’development.ManyDefoe’sworksarepublishedsuchasMollFlanders,ColonelJack,CaptainSingleton.HismasterpieceRobinsonCrusoegainslotsoffame.In1719,oncethisnovelwaspublished,itbecamethebestseller.HeisthefirstmanwhocreatestrueEnglishnovel.AsforDefoe,hehasadeepunderstandingaboutthecharactersheshapes.HedoeswellinwritingtheindividualsthatovercomedifficultiesinadversecircumstancesjustlikeCrusoethatsurvivestenaciouslyonadesertedislandfor28years.Thus,hisheroesthatdon’tbelieveintheirownfatesorcommonsensearealwaysfilledwithintelligence,activeness,courage.OneofthemosttypicalcharacteristicsofDefoe’snovelistherealisticandcompactplot.Apartfromthis,heisparticularlyskillfulatdepictingcircumstancesaboutrealisticdetails,whichgivessomeonethefeelingthatisthereeventhoughitisafictionalplot.Heisalsogoodatusingeverydayspeechtodescribethelivesofmediocreindividuals,makingreadersfeelthattheeventsinthenovelarehappeningindailylife.RobinsonCrusoe’sprotagonistisanimagewithstrongwill,intelligence,adventurousspiritandinnovation.Withhiseffortsandintelligence,hefinallygetsanewlife,thatis,hesurvivesinthehorribleislandandevenreturnshismotherland.CrusoeisanidealizedbourgeoisimagesuccessfullycreatedbyDefoe,whichtrulymanifeststhebourgeoisieofDefoe’stime.ThisnovelisbasedontheexperiencesofaScottishsailornamedAlexanderwhoisbanishedtoadesertedisland.DefoecreatestheimageofCrusoeintermsofthearchetypeofAlexander’sexperiences.Hesetscolonialexpansionasthebackgroundandintegrateshisownperceptionsaswell,andalsounderstandstheexpectationoftheera.Hegivesfullplaytohisimaginationandartisticcreativity.MostreadersaredeeplyimpressedbyCrusoe.Somanyyearsafterthenovel’spublication,itstillhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguagesandwidelydistributedaroundtheworld.Rousseau,agreatthinker,recommendsthisnovelasoneoftherequiredreadingsintheyouth’sgrowth(苏艳斋,2008(11):92).Currently,thisworkislistedasoneoftherequiredbooksforteenagers.Overtheyears,therehavebeenmanyscholarsstudyingRobinsonCrusoefromthemultidimensionalperspectivesathomeandabroad.Thoughtherearenumerousresearchesonit,therearestillmanylimitations.RobinsonCrusoeisastapleoftheBritishrealismliterature.Basedontheresearchesofthisnovel,youcanperceivethechangesofthecharacteristicsandrealismliterature.Therefore,manyscholarsandreaderstrytoexplorethetypicaltranscriptionofBritishrealismliteraturethroughit.Fornovel,mostreadersarepronetostressitsplots,charactersorthemes.Evenifthestudyofrealisticstyleisexplored,itisonlyaroughreferencetotheprecisetimeandplaceinthenovel,ortoaseparatestudyofoneaspectaboutthesocialenvironmentsuchasprotagonist’sreligion.Instead,thestudyconcentratingonenvironmentdescriptionisless.Therefore,fromthestyleofauthorDefoe’swriting,wewillappreciatethisnovelcomprehensivelyanddeeply.Alsoitwillprovidemorereferencevaluefortheexplorationofstyle.

1.2LiteratureReview1.2.1DomesticresearchontherealismandenvironmentdescriptioninRobinsonCrusoeDomesticresearchesstudyRobinsonCrusoefromthefollowingaspects:religiousculture,colonialism,translationandwritingstyle.ThescholarChuXiuyou(2012)holdshisownopinionsinTheProtestantWorkEthnicinRobinsonCrusoe,whichisbasedontheperspectiveofWeber’sprotestantethictheory,breakingthroughthesingleanalysisfromtheperspectiveofeconomyorreligiousnoveltraditions.Thisstudycombinesreligiousculturewithlaborworkandanalyzestheinfluenceoftheprotestant’sworkethicofmoderncapitalistCrusoe,middleclasspeopleandtheformationoftheBritishcolonists’personalidentity.ItcanbesaidthatthisresearchfullyexplainsthebackgroundabouttheemergenceofCrusoeinDefoe’sworks,andvividlyshowsthecolonizedpeopleinthatera.Theviewbreaksthroughtheestablishedtradition.LiuJia(2018),inChristianityinRobinsonCrusoe,comparesthesethreeprocesses:before,whileandafterCrusoe’sconversion.Christiancultureisanaspecteasilyignoredbymostscholars.Nevertheless,LiuJiaopensupanewperspectiveandexploresthetransformationfromtheaspectsoftheprotagonist’sreligion,tosomeextent,enrichingthestudyofRobinsonCrusoe.ButthereisstillroomtobeimprovedonthisstudysuchastheChristianculturebehindDefoe’sthoughtsofChristianculturebyfurtherstudyingthecharacterCrusoe.XuCunyong(2012),whoseessayThePostcolonialistElementsofRobinsonCrusoeisbasedonEdwardW.Said’sorientalism,fromtheperspectiveofpost-colonialism,analyzestheprotagonist’sthoughtsofEurocentrismandculturalhegemony.HenotonlysuccessfullyunderstandstheauthorDefoe’sculturalview,atthesametimeproposingrealisticinspiration.Thatis,tounderstandtheessenceofwesterncolonialismortocherishtheirowncultureandsubjectconsciousness,thoroughlyremovingtheshadowofcolonialculture.ThisresearchcangraduallyinterpretRobinsonCrusoefromtheherototheauthorandthentothecurrentreality,whichisbasedonthetextbutoutofthetext,reflectingtheleveloftheauthor’sthoughts.Itconformstothecurrenttrendofworldintegration,andopposestohegemonism.Thethoughtsareclearlyvisible,sotheresearch’spracticalsignificanceisself-evident.YuanMan(2019),inAStudyontheAcceptanceandEvolutionofRobinson’sImageinChina,basedontheyearsofmanyChinesescholarsofexaminingthetranslationofthenovelandtheinfluenceonChinesesocietyandenlightenment,analyzestheCrusoe’simagerheology.Atthesametime,theauthortriestofindoutitscommonandindividualcharacteristicswiththeentireprocessofSinicizationofEuropeanandAmericanliterature.Theanalysisofimagechangesinthetranslationundoubtedlyhelpreadersbetterunderstandthemainstandpointofthenovel,ratherthanmisreadingthenovelduetothedeviationofculturalunderstanding.Inheracademicwork,CreatingtheRealisticTraditionofEnglishLiteratureontheRealisticCreationTechniqueinRobinsonCrusoe,scholarWangXiaoli(2007)discussestherealismofthenovelfromthefollowingfiveaspects:thematerialofthenovel,thedetailedandaccuratedescriptionofthebackground,thenarrativeperspectiveofthefirstperson,thedetaileddescriptionoftheactionoftheheroandthelanguagecharacteristicsofthenovel.Thisstudyanalyzesandgraspstherealisticcharacteristicsofthenovelfromthewholeaspectofthenovelsuchascolonialculture,ratherthanfromaspecificaspect.TuoYingji’s(2017)essay,AnalyzingoftheCharacteristicsofRealisminRobinsonCrusoe,analyzesthattheelementsofrealismfromthethreeaspects:theintroductionofDefoe,thebackgroundandtheplotsofthenovel.Andthenitfurtheranalyzesthecharacteristicsofrealism,andhighlightthestyleofthenovel.Buttheanalysisofthedetailsofthenovelisstillrare.WangXiaoliandTuoYingjibothanalyzethenovelfromtheperspectiveofrealism.Theyanalyzethecharactersandthestory.Previousstudiesaremainlyexploringnovelcreationcharacteristicinawiderange,suchasrealism,thefirstpersonnarration,etc.Whiletheresearchupcomingwillbedevelopedfromtheenvironmentaldimensionwithasmallerandmorespecificaspect:thenaturalenvironment,socialenvironmentanddetailedenvironmentdescriptiontoexploretherealisticembodimentinenvironmentdescription.Fromtheperspectivesofdomesticstudies,Chinesescholarshaveconductednumerousstudiesonthisnovelfrommultipleperspectives,butfewstudieshavefocusedontheanalysisofrealismfromtheperspectiveofenvironmentdescription.TheupcomingstudywillalsoenrichresearchesonthisnovelinChina.ThisthesiswilldiscusshowtheauthorDefoeachievesrealismbyusingconcreteenvironmentdescriptionfromanewperspective.Basedonfurtheranalysisontheenvironmentdescription,readerswillunderstandclearlyandcomprehensivelythisnovelfromtheseaspects:theauthenticdescription,thetypicalimagesofCrusoeandFriday,andtheobjectivityofdescription.Throughthisstudy,wecangetadeeperviewofDefoe’srealism,whichisofgreatsignificanceandvalueforunderstandingthethemeandwritingcharacteristics

ofhisotherworks.Therefore,readerscanalsoappreciateDefoe’sotherworksthroughhisrealismfeaturesofthisnovel.1.2.2OversearesearchontherealismandenvironmentdescriptioninRobinsonCrusoeForeignscholarshavestudieditfromtheaspectsofreligion,utopia,colonialandpost-colonialvisionandindividualism.ThescholarKim(2013),inPuritanRealism:TheWide,WideWorldandRobinsonCrusoe,analyzestheauthor’srealisticcharacteristicsintheplotofthedesertedisland,includingdetaileddescriptionofthecharacters’growthandreligion.HeholdstheviewthatCrusoe’smanyhousesontheislandinthenovelareactuallyplacesofspiritualsustenancewithfreedomandwarmth.However,E.NovakMaximillian(1963),inRobinsonCrusoeandEconomicUtopia,pointsout

theislandisaplaceabundantinresources.Andthenaturalenvironmentonthebarrenislandhaslaidafoundationfortheideaofutopia.Thisstudyreferstonaturalenvironmentcomparedwithotherstudies.ThisessaylinksthenaturalenvironmentwithUtopianthoughts,whichcanalsobesaidtoberelatedtorealism.ThispointisnotexplicitlypointedoutinMaximillian’sstudy,however,itwillbepresentedintheupcomingstudy.Incolonialandpostcolonialview,stateuniversityofNewYorkJonathan(2009),Edwardisthemostsignificant.

HementionsCrusoeisatypicalmalecentrismandEuropeancentrismaboutnamingandsexualityin“RobinsonCrusoe”and“Foe”.ThecolonialisminRobinsonCrusoeisnotonlyinthetwocentralismmentionedbytheauthor,butalsoinmanyplacesbeforeCrusoesettlesdownonthedesertedisland.IanWatt(1956),inTheRiseofthenovel:StudiesinRobinsonCrusoe,referstoDefoewhoismoreindividualisticthananyotherwriters.RobinsonCrusoehastheelementsofcompleteindividualism,providingvariousformsofexamplesforthecorrelationbetweenindividualismandtheriseofthenovel.Crusoe’sobsessionwithoverseasadventuresisduetohiseconomicindividualism.Throughsearchingforthedomesticandforeigndata,itfindsthatmanyscholarsembodylessresearchintherealismofenvironmentdescriptioninRobinsonCrusoe.Thoughtheydopointtheresearchcentertotheenvironmentdescription,stillmentiontheenvironmentdescriptionslightlyintheanalysisofrealisticcharacteristics,whichisnotspecific.Theforthcomingstudywilldisplaytherealisticcharacteristicsofthenovelandenrichthestudyofthenovelatthesametime.2.TheDescriptionoftheEnvironmentinRobinsonCrusoeApartfromtheimpressingprotagonist,thedescriptionoftheenvironmentinRobinsonCrusoeisalsoimpressive.Theauthordescribeswidelyeachsceneindetail,sothateachplotistrueandcredible.Theenvironmentdescriptionsaremainlymadeofnaturalenvironment,socialenvironmentanddetailedenvironmentdescription.2.1NaturalEnvironmentInthisnovel,Defoeusesprecisetimeandplacetoembodythenaturalenvironment,fromthefirstday,theaccuratetimeandplacetorecordedtimeanddate,aswellastheanniversaryofarrivalontheisland.Itgivesreadersahintthattheyarereadingrealexperiencesratherthanamade-upstory.Inthefirstchapterofthisnovel,DefoementionstheexacttimeandbirthplaceaboutCrusoe.Hewasborninarelativelybetter-offfamilyintheyear1632,inYork.HisfatherisaforeignerofBremen,whosettlesfirstatHull(Defoe,2007).ExactdescriptionsaredifferentfromtheworksthatbeforeDefoe’s.Theplace,“Bremen”and“Hull”aretherealplacenamesexistedinthemapinsteadofimaginarynames.Forseveraldisasters,thetimeofthedisasteristhesame,andDefoehasstresseditmanytimes,thatis,the30thSeptember.First,Crusoeleaveshishometogototheseaonthe30thSeptember.ThenheisunfortunatelytakenbytheSalleeman-of-war,andtheresultisbeingaslave.Afterwards,heescapesoutofthewreckoftheshipinYarmouth.Next,heescapesfromSalleeinaboat.Finally,heiscastonshoreintheislandonthesameday(Defoe,2007).Herecordshislifeinadiarywhichprovidesthefoundationforthefirstpersontotellthestory.Andafteryears,hewillcelebratehisanniversarytothankGodthatgiveshimanewlife.Later,hegivesaprecisedateofhisreturntoEngland.Thedescriptionofweatheralsobelongstonaturalenvironment.Thedescriptionofweatherlikestrongstormandsunlight,etc,areenoughtopresenttheauthenticity.Simpleandobjectivewordsareusedtodescribetheweatherafterthestorm,like:“buttowardsnighttheweatherclearedup,thewind...themostdelightfulthateverIsaw”(Defoe,2007:7).Thisistheweatherafterthestorminsailing.Throughtheclearweatherafterthestorm,itreflectstheferociousandtenseatmospherewhenthestormcomes.AfterCrusoecomestothedesertedisland,hegoesbackandforthtotheoriginalshiptosearchforsuppliesmanytimes.Onthetwelfthreturntotheship,heencountersbadweather.Thick,darkclouds,suddenlightingandagreatclapofthundermakehimpanicagain.Untilhearrivesathisdwelling,hefeelssafeandcalm.Duetothelocationoftheisland,inadditiontothesuddenwindandstrongsunlight,Crusoecan’tgooutwithnakedbody.Instead,hehastocoverhisbodywithclothorfurtoprotecthisskinfromthesun.Inmostofthesehotdays,hepreferstostayindoors.Theintensityofsunlightthataccordswiththetropicclimateisstrong.Thusthedescriptionofsunlightisauthentic.Besides,asforthelandscapesaboutthecharacterCrusoe’sactivitiesarevivid.Fortheislandissurroundedbythesea,asfarastheeyescouldsee,thereisnolandinsight,onlyafewisolatedrocksandreefsinthedistance.Tothewestaretwominorislands,aboutfifteenmilesoff.Itisbarren,noinhabitantsexceptwildbeasts.Inthefaceofthishorribleisland,Crusoeisinacomplexmoodandhasmanyattemptstoescapethere.Byobservation,Crusoefindshimselfinthelatitudeofninedegreestwenty-twominutesnorthoftheautumnalequinox,withtheworstlivingconditions.Crusoehascertainrequirementsforlivingconditions.Thuswhenheselectsnewshelter,herequireshealth,freshwater,andtheshelterwhichisawayfromtheheatofthesunandavoidssuddenattacksbybeastsorhuman.Besides,theshelterisabletoseethesea,incaseGodallowsanyshiptopass.Hefindsalittleplainonthesideofarisinghill.Thehillissteepandstraightontheflatside,likeawallfromwhichnomanorbeastcancomedownandattackhim.Ontherock,thereisaconcaveplacethatlooksliketheentranceofacave,butthereisnocaveinit.Thisisasafeandhiddenplace,inthereader’spoints,thisisthefirstplaceforthenewhomewhichisrealandclosetoCrusoe’sneeds.Later,Crusoedeterminestoexplorethewholeisland,butonlytofindthesidehelivesistheworstplaceandtoseethecharmingsceneryontheotherside.ItistheunexpectedlybeautifulpositionthatoffersfoodandsurvivalresourcesforCrusoe.Ithelpshimliveinthebarrenislandfor20years.Amarvelousflatgrasslandthatiscalledatropicalorsubtropicalgrassland.Crusoe’sanotherresidenceisbuiltinsuchanenvironment.ThedescriptionofthedesertedislandispresentedthroughCrusoe’seyesandpsychologicalfeelings.Crusoe’semotionsturnfromthedespairatfirsttothesurpriseoftheaccidentaldiscovery,thentothelaterstageofenjoyment.Thenaturalscenethatcombineswithpsychologicalfearaddsauthenticitytothedescriptionofnovel.2.2SocialEnvironmentDefoeexplainsthebourgeoisbackgroundinCrusoe’seraindetail.Atthebeginningofthenovel,DefoedescribesCrusoe’sfamilybackground.Heisborninarelativelyaffluentmiddle-classfamilyinYork,andhisfatherisamerchantwhohopeshissontoinherithisbusiness.Infather’sviewpoint,hebelievesthemiddlestationisthehappiestcomparingtherichandthepoor.Therefore,thefathergivesCrusoeacompetentshareoflearning:“asfarashouse-educationandacountryfreeschoolgenerallygo,anddesignedmeforthelaw”(Defoe,2007:2).However,Crusoealwayshas“ramblingthoughts”ofgoingtosea.Hecravesforadventuringandisunwillingtorunthebusiness.Helivesintheemergingeraofthebourgeoisie,anditisinsuchanenvironmentthathegrowsup.Hehasthepioneeringspiritofthebourgeoisieatthattime,whichisbestevidencedbyhispioneeringbehaviortosurviveonthedesertedisland.Evenafterexperiencingastormonthesea,Crusoerestoreshispassionforsailingafterthecalm.Crusoeisbraveenoughtotakerisks.Itishisspiritsthatdemonstratesthecharacteristicsofthatera.Crusoeisalsoaminiatureofthepeopleatthattimewhofilledwithconquestandambition.Originally,whenCrusoerunsplantationsinBrazil,hetradesinblackslavessometimesandreliesonthemashismainlaborforce.FromtheperspectiveofCrusoe’slifeofthisperiod,itreflectsitisacommonthingtobuyingslaves.JustasCrusoedistrustsMoorwhowantsCrusoetohelphimtogetlibertytogether,butCrusoerequiresanotherboyXurytoobeytohimself.“Xury,ifyouwillbefaithfultome,I’llmakeyouagreatman;butifyouwillnotstrokeyourfacetofacetobetruetome”(Defoe,2007:20).Togetliberty,XuryhastobecometheslaveofCrusoe’s.Besides,CrusoecallshimselfastheKingoftheisland.Hethinkseverythingintheislandbelongstohim.“Therewasmymajestytheprinceandlordofthewholeisland;Ihadthelivesofallmysubjectsatmyabsolutecommand;Icouldhang,draw,giveliberty,andtakeitaway,andnorebelsamongallmysubjects”(Defoe,2007:130).Fromthesewords“majesty”,“lord”,thedemonstrationofstrongpossessivenessisevident.Later,hesuccessfullysavesFriday.HisimageofupperclasspeopleisevidentbecauseherecountshisrelationshipwithFriday’smasterandservant.Untilheleavestheislandandreturnstotheislandagain,hestilltreatseverythingthereasifheisamaster:“InthisvoyageIvisitedmynewcolonyintheisland,sawmysuccessorstheSpaniards,hadtheoldstoryoftheirlivesandofthevillainsIleftthere”(Defoe,2007:265).IntheagewhenCrusoelives,religiousthoughtsareobvious.Atfirst,hedoesn’tbelieveinreligionorsin,butmakeshisowndecisionsinaccordancewithhisopinions.Aftermanyfailedvoyagesandlateradventuresonbarrenisland,hebeginstoattributehismisfortunestogod’spunishment.Hebeginstobelieveinhisfather’swords:hisfateorfaultmusthinderit.Manyyears,hestillkeepsthesewordsinmind.HepraysandstudiestheBibleinthecourseofhisillness.HetamesFridaywiththeBible,turningFridayfromacannibalintoadevoutChristian.HefindsthecustombetweenChristianandbarbarianareextremelydifferent.Christiansbelievesingod,whilebarbarianlikeuneducatedFridaytrustsinsocalledOowokakee.Forbarbarians,theyhavebloodyandbarbarousritesintheircustoms.Intheirviewpoints,eatinghumanbodiesisacommonthing.AfterCrusoeandFridayrescuetwosavages,thesesavagescanstandthebloodyremains,butCrusoeishardtoaccept.Ontheotherside,inEngland,peoplehavenomercyforrebels,thus,therebelliouscrewentreatstheoldcaptainnottotakehimtoEnglandotherwisethegallowswillbethere.Thecaptainanswers“heknewtheyweresuchroguesthattherewerenoobligingthem,andifhedidcarrythemaway,itmustbeinirons,asmalefactors,tobe...”(Defoe,2007:239).ItisthereasonwhytherebelliouscrewsbegCrusoeandthecaptainnottobringthembacktotheirhomelandfortrial.ThesocialenvironmentdescribedinthenovelisbuiltonthebasisofDefoe’sage.Differentsocialclassandbackgroundsmakedifferenceoncharacters’thoughts.2.3DetailedEnvironmentDescriptionEnvironmentdescriptionincludesdetailedenvironmentdescriptioninadditiontocommonnaturalenvironmentandsocialenvironment.Detailedenvironmentdescriptionisadetaileddescriptionoftheenvironmentintheparticularplotofthenovel,whichisdevelopedmoredeeplythanthenaturalenvironmentandthesocialenvironment.Thisdescriptionoftheenvironmentisparticularlyprominentinrealisticnovels.IntheRobinsonCrusoe,Defoealsodepictsthedetailedenvironmentinmanyplaces.InCrusoe’sthirdvoyagetosea,thatis,avoyagebeforecastingawaytoadesolateisland.Inthisplot,apartfromthedetailedportrayalofthefearfulinnerworldaboutpeople,Defoealsogivesaverydetaileddescriptionoftheenvironment.Beforetheshipwrecks,ahurricaneblowingsouthwardslastsfortwelvedays,andpeopleontheshiparehelpless.Twenty-twodayslater,thecaptainfindsthattheshipislocatedinnorthernBrazilorthecoastofGuyana.Afterthesecondstorm,theseaisturbulentandrushestotheshore.The“crazyocean”ofthestormysea,asitiscalledbytheDutchpeople,istrulystunning.Atthemomentwhentheshipcrashes,ahugesurgecomesandoverturnstheship.Thecrewhavefallenintotheseabeforetheycancryforhelp.Thedescriptionofthisplotisbothapsychologicaldescriptionofthecharactersandadetaileddescriptionofthenaturalenvironmentsuchasthehugewavesontheseaandthegeographicallocation,whichismorein-depththanthedescriptionofthepurenaturalenvironment.Insuchadesperatesituation,peoplecanthinkofthewaytosavethemselvesbypraying,whichfullydepictsthesocialenvironmentatthetime.Inaddition,theoutstandingplotaboutthedetailedenvironmentdescriptionisthepartofrescuingFriday.WhenCrusoediscoversthatseveralsavageshavetakenthecaptiveashore,heisfu