高中英语北师大版必修一Part 3　Grammar (1)-不定式

Part3Grammar(1)——不定式1．It’simportanttomeetfriendsinpersonfromtimetotime，notjustonsocialmedia.2．Mymumkeepstellingmetogooutwithmyfriendsinstead.3．Itendtosetagoalforeverysubjectatthebeginningoftheterm.4．Myaimistodowellineverysubjectthisterm.5．Afterschool，ItrytouseanypossibletimetorevisethethingsIhavelearntduringtheday.6．Ihavesomanythingstodotoday.【自主发现】1．不定式是由“不定式符号to＋动词原形”构成的。2．可以在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。一、不定式的句法功能不定式保留了动词的某些特性，可以有自己的宾语、状语等。不定式可以作句子的主语、表语、宾语、定语、宾语补足语、状语或单独使用。1．作主语不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：(1)不定式置于句首。Todothisistocutthefoottofittheshoe.这样做是削足适履。(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后。特别是不定式短语较长时，这样可以避免句子的“头重脚轻”。Itisimportanttomasteraknowledgeofcomputer.掌握电脑知识很重要。2．作表语不定式可放在系动词后面作表语，通常说明或解释主语的内容，也可表示将来的动作。Mydreamistobecomeadancer.我的梦想是成为一名舞蹈家。(1)同义句转换①Togetupearlyisagoodhabit.→Itisagoodhabittogetupearly．②Itisdifficulttospeakaforeignlanguagewell.→Tospeakaforeignlanguagewellisdifficult.(2)翻译句子③她的工作是打扫这个大房间。Herjobistocleanthisbigroom.④记住足够多的单词是必要的。Itisnecessarytorememberenoughwords./Torememberenoughwordsisnecessary.3．作宾语(1)不定式作动词的宾语。下列动词后常接不定式作宾语：want想fail未能seem似乎choose选择wish希望hope希望offer提供decide决定determine决心long渴望arrange安排ask要求refuse拒绝promise答应manage设法pretend假装expect期望afford承担得起plan计划agree同意prepare准备Ihopetohaveanewtypeofcellphone.我希望有一部新款手机。Myfatherfinallyagreedtohelpus.我父亲终于同意帮我们。(2)it代替不定式作形式宾语。Ithinkitverynecessarytoprotecttheanimals.我认为保护动物非常有必要。(1)完成句子①Shefailedtopasstheexam.她未能通过考试。②WhenIenteredtheroom，hepretendednottoseeme.我走进房间时，他假装没看见我。③Don’tforgettolockthedoor．别忘了锁门。④IfinditinterestingtolearnEnglishwithyou．我发现和你一起学英语很有趣。(2)同义句转换⑤Ifinditishardtoworkwithhim.→Ifindithardtoworkwithhim．4．作定语(1)不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后，常表示未发生的动作。Iwanttogetsomethingtoreadduringthevacation.我想找点在假期里读的东西。(2)如果不定式是不及物动词或所修饰的名词是地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。Hehasnopenciltowritewith.他没有写字用的铅笔。(3)当句子主语或说话人是动词不定式中动作的发出者时，动词不定式用主动式；当句子主语或说话人不是动词不定式中动作的发出者时，动词不定式用被动式。Ihavetwoletterstowritetoday.今天我要写两封信。I’mgoingtothepostoffice.Doyouhavesomeletterstobeposted?我要去邮局，你有信要寄吗？(4)由only，last，next，序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。Hewasthelastonetoarrivehere.他是最后一个到达这里的人。(1)用所给词的适当形式填空①Hefeelssorry，forhehasn’tanymoneytobuy(buy)hiswifeanewcoat.②Sir，doyouhavesomeclothestobewashed(wash)?③Thegirlisalwaysthefirstonetoget(get)toschooleveryday.(2)完成句子④Theoldmanislookingforaplacetolivein．这位老人正在找地方住。⑤Thisisthebestwaytohelphim．这是帮助他的最好方法。5.作状语不定式作状语多表示目的、原因、结果等。表原因、结果时一般不置于句首。IhaveenjoyedmyvisittoChina.I’llbeverysorrytoleave.我在中国的访问非常愉快，但遗憾的是我要走了。Toreduceairpollution，weshouldtakethepublictransportsratherthantheprivatecar.为了减少空气污染，我们应该乘坐公共交通工具，而不是私家车。[名师指津]不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，有时在不定式前面加上only。Ihurriedtothepostoffice，onlytofinditclosed.我急忙赶到邮局，结果发现关门了。完成句子①I’msorrytohearthatyourmotherisill．听到你妈妈病了，我很难过。②Tocatchupwithothers，sheisworkinghard.为了赶上别人，她在努力学习。③Hehurriedtothestation，onlytofindthatthetrainhadleft．他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已开走了。6．作补足语(1)不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语。下列动词后常接不定式作补足语：要求允许提议(ask，allow，permit，advise)；期望邀请鼓励(expect，suppose，invite，encourage)；教导告诉想要(teach，tell，want)；等待希望愿意(waitfor，wish，wouldlike/love)。(2)不定式作宾语补足语，在部分感官及使役动词后，用不带to的不定式作宾补，常见的动词有let，make，have，see，watch，notice，observe，lookat，listento，feel等。Theteacherhadusrecitethetexteveryday.老师让我们每天背诵课文。Thebossmadehismenworkallthenight.老板让他的工人整夜工作。[名师指津]把上面句子变成被动语态后，不定式成为句子的主语补足语，需带to。Thebossmadehismenworkallthenight.→Hismenweremadetoworkallthenight.用所给词的适当形式填空①Mymotheradvisedmetosee(see)afilm.②Theboywasmadetostudy(study)allday.③Hegetshissistertohelp(help)him.④Hisparentsdon’tallowhimtogo(go)outatnight.二、“疑问词＋不定式”结构疑问代词(who，which，what等)和疑问副词(how，when，where等)后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语。Idon’tknowwhattodonext.我不知道接下来该做什么。Howtopreventthemfromswimminginthisriverisaproblem.如何阻止他们在这条河里游泳是个问题。完成句子①Hedoesn’tknowwhichonetochoose．他不知道该选哪一个。②Ihaven’tdecidedhowtogothere．我还没决定怎样去那里。③Themapcanshowyouwheretogo．这张地图可以告诉你往哪走。三、不定式的否定式将否定词not或never置于不定式之前，即构成nottodo或nevertodo的形式。Thedoctoradvisedmenottosmoke.医生劝我不要抽烟。Fatherwarnedmenevertodriveafterdrinking.父亲警告我不要酒后开车。完成句子①Hestronglyadvisedmenot/nevertodoso．他强烈建议我别这样做。②Pleasetellhimnot/nevertobelateforthemeeting.请告诉他开会不要迟到。【基础练】Ⅰ.根据英汉提示写出单词的适当形式1．Youshouldrevise(复习)yourlecturenotesonthetopicnow.2．There’sadigital(数码的)watchonthetable.3．Theweatherinthatareawastoohotevenforthenatives(本地人)．4．Theysellaverywiderange(一系列)ofgardenproducts.5．Therearevarious(各种各样的)waysofgettingtothestation.6．Iphonedyourofficetoconfirmthatthisdateisconvenient(方便的)．7．Advancesintechnologywould，aswashoped，improvethequality(质量)oflife.8．Thebottomofherlongdressdragged(drag)inthedust.9．Mysisterwenttoavillageandshecouldtakepartinthevoluntary(volunteer)activitythere.10．“Practicemakesperfect，”astheoldsaying(say)goes.Ⅱ.单句语法填空1．Surfing(surf)theInternetisfun，butit’salsoatimewaster.2．Thetwocountriesareseparatedbyarangeofmountains.3．Inoureverydaylifeopinionsvaryfrompersontoperson.4．Insayingthis，I’mnotaimingatyou.5．Thesemachinesarekeptupdated(update)constantlybyimprovingthedesignofthecomputers.6．Hewasasweetmanbutwhenhedrankhetendedtoquarrel(quarrel)．7．Severalmembersvolunteeredforthework.8．Woulditbeconvenientforyoutoleavetomorrow?9．Thewinnerwillbethereinpersontocollecttheprize.10．Jayalwaystendedtokeep(keep)hisfriendsatadistanceinthosedays.Ⅲ.完成句子1．JackhasbeenphoningJaneeverynightforthelastweek.最近一周杰克天天晚上给简打电话。2．It’sconvenientformetofindsomeinformationonline，anditmakesmylifemorecolourful.对我来说，在网上找到一些信息很方便，同时也使我的生活更多彩。3．Thewomanfoundthewindowbrokenwhencleaningthehouse.这位女士在打扫房间时，发现窗户被打破了。4．PleaseremoveyourbagfromtheseatsothatIcansitdown．请把你的包从座位上拿走，以便于我能够坐下。5．Asthesayinggoes，“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.”常言道，“天助自助者”。6．Ihaveawiderangeofhobbies，suchasplayingfootballandlisteningtomusic.我爱好广泛，比如踢足球和听音乐。【提能练】Ⅰ.阅读理解AHithere!MynameisAshaandI’mfromTanzania.Likemostteenagers，Istartmydayearlyandenditlate.Afterschool，Istudyatanightschooltopreparefortheuniversityentranceexam.WhenIhavetimeoff，Iprefertobeoutdoors.Ilovenatureandanimals.I’mquiteupsetabouthowwetreattheenvironment，soIdomybesttohelp.IvolunteertoplanttreesandI’mamemberofourschool’sNatureClub.Hi!I’mSamikaandI’m15.IwishIwereastudent，butI’mnot.IhadtoleaveschoolwhenIwas13sothatIcouldgetajobandhelpmyfamily.Iworkinagarmentfactory.It’sunbelievablyhardworkandthedaysaresolong.Althougheveryoneworkshard，westillfindtimetoplayandlaughtogether.Attimeslikethese，theworldfeelslikeawonderfulplace.Hi，Friederhere.I’m16andIgotoahighschoolinMunich.I’mnotcrazyaboutschool—listeningtoateacherisn’tmything—butIknowIhavetogetaneducation.It’sverydifficultforyoungpeopletofindajobinEurope，soIworryalotaboutthefuture.Oh，andI’magamingnerd.IloveInternetgamessomuchthatIhavestartedagamingclubinmyschool.MaybeI’llseeyouonline—myscreennameisFastFreddy.【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。短文介绍了三名青少年的生活。1．Fromthepassage，whatcanwelearnaboutSamika?A．Shehasneverfelthappybecauseofherhardwork.B．Sheworksafterschooltosupportherfamily.C．Shedreamsofgoingtoschool.D．Sheworkslonginatoyfactory.答案C[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“IwishIwereastudent”可知，Samika梦想上学，故C项正确。]2．Fromthepassage，whichofthefollowingaboutAshaisNOTtrue?A．Hestudieshardtogetwelleducated.B．Hetrieshisbesttohelpprotecttheenvironment.C．HehasstartedtheNatureClubinhisschool.D．Hepreferstogooutdoorsandloveanimals.答案C[细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，Asha加入了学校的自然俱乐部，而不是他成立的俱乐部，故C项符合题意。]3．WhyisFriederworriedaboutthefuture?A．Becausejobsarehardfortheyouthtofind.B．Becausehehasnomoneytopayforhiseducation.C．BecausehecannotfindajobontheInternet.D．Becausehedoesn’tlistentohisteachers.答案A[细节理解题。根据第三段第四句中“It’sverydifficultforyoungpeopletofindajobinEurope”可知，欧洲的年轻人找工作很难，这让Frieder对将来忧心忡忡，故A项正确。]BDoyouworryaboutenteringseniorhighschool？Everything,fromstudytoenvironment,haschanged.Canyouadaptyourselftoit?You’renotalone.Rememberthateverybodyelseinyouryearisinthesameboat.Youmaynotnoticeit,butthey’rejustasnervousasyouare.Movingtoseniorhighschoolisachance,notaproblem.Thingsaredifferent，andallyouneedtodoistobepoliteandlearnthenewrules.Theteacherswillhelp.Ifyoudon’tknowwhattodoorareworriedaboutsomething,thenaskforhelp.Teachersareprobablythebestpeopletoturnto,becausetheyhaveexperienceinhelpingnewstudents.Payattentiontowhatyourteacherssay.Everythingchanges.Therearelotsofdifferencesbetweenjuniorhighschoolandseniorhighschool.Youwillhaveyourlessonswithdifferentteachersindifferentrooms.Youwillhavehomeworkfordifferentsubjectsondifferentdays,somakesureyougetorganized.Makesureyouknowwhichroomsyourclassesareinandwhichdaysyouhaveyourdifferentsubjectson.Otherpoints：Ifyou’vegotanolderbrotherorsisterattheschool,thenaskthemforadvice.Beyourself!Itsoundssimple,butthingswillbecomebetterifyoujustactnaturally.Havingearlynightsmakesadifference.You’llalsofinditeasiertogetupinthemorning!【语篇解读】本文是议论文。同学们期盼的高中生活已经开始了，兴奋的同时，你也可能会遇到方方面面的问题。怎样才能很好地去适应高中生活呢？看看作者给大家的建议吧！4．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofenteringseniorhighschool?A．Itsoundssimple.B．Itisadifficultproblem.C．It’sagoodchance.D．It’sworrying.答案C[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Movingtoseniorhighschoolisachance,notaproblem.”可知，作者认为进入高中是一个好的机会。]5．Whenyoudon’tknowwhattodo，youcan．A．turntoyourteachersB．followyouryoungerbrotherC．writeyourproblemsdownD．gotobedearly答案A[细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Ifyoudon’tknow...inhelpingnewstudents.”可知，当你不知道做什么或为某事担忧时，你可以向你的老师寻求帮助，因为老师在帮助新生方面有经验。]6．Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthoradviseyoutodo?A．Askyourclassmatesforhelp.B．Don’tbeshy.C．Payattentiontoothers.D．Justactnaturally.答案D[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Beyourself！Itsoundssimple,butthingswillbecomebetterifyoujustactnaturally.”可知，作者建议表现得自然一点。]7．Themainpurposeofthepassageisto．A．teachstudentshowtoorganizethemselvesB．tellstudentsastoryC．helpstudentsthataregoingtoseniorhighschoolD．tellstudentshowtomakefulluseoftime答案C[推理判断题。这篇文章针对高中新生可能会面对的一些问题给出了一些建议。由此推断出作者写这篇文章的目的是帮助将要上高中的学生。]Ⅱ.完形填空MrsNeidlhadanunpleasantvoiceandadirectwayofspeaking,1shewasencouragingandinspiring.MrsNeidlwouldaskmeformy2．ShewantedtoknowhowIthoughtweshouldhandlethings.AtfirstIhadnoideahowtoanswerbecauseIknew3aboutstagedesign!ButIslowlybegantorespondtoher4．Itwascauseandeffect：shebelievedIhadopinions，soIbeganto5them.Shelovedhow6Iwas，soIbegantoshowuptopaintmoreandmore.MrsNeidl’s7thatyearwas，“Tryit.Wecanalwayspaintoverit8！”Ibegantotake9.Ihadbeensoafraidoffailingbutsuddenlytherewasnofailing—onlythingstobe10upon.Ilearnedtodipmybrushintothepaintand11createsomething.Iwas12intheprogrammebecauseofthetimeandefforts.I13astronginterestandaworldIhadn’tknownexisted.Shetaughtmenottobe14．MrsNeidlwasmycomforterwhenIwasupset.HertrustinmehasinspiredmetodothingsthatIneverimagined15．【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了奈德尔夫人对作者的影响，她激励着作者去做自己以前认为不可能的事情。1．A.and B.yetC.soD.for答案B[根据空格前的“anunpleasantvoiceandadirectwayofspeaking”以及空格后的“encouragingandinspiring”可知，前后为转折关系，四个选项中，只有yet表转折。]2．A.opinion B．impressionC．information D．intention答案A[根据空格后的“ShewantedtoknowhowIthought”可知，奈德尔夫人会问作者的观点(opinion)。下文中的“shebelie