海文学校英语考前模拟题二 （下）

海文学校英语考前模拟题二（下）Passage3Theneedforsolarelectricityisclear.Itissafe,ecologicallysound,efficient,continuouslyavailable,andithasnomovingparts.Thebasicproblemwiththeuseofsolarphotovoltaicdevicesiseconomics,butuntilrecentlyverylittleprogresshadbeenmadetowardthedevelopmentoflow-costphotovoltaicdevices.Thelargerpartofresearchfundshasbeendevotedtothestudyofsingle-crystalsiliconsolarcells,despitetheevidencethatthistechniqueholdslittlepromise.Thereasonforthispatternisunderstandableandhistorical.Crystallinesilicon,however,isparticularlyunsuitabletoterrestrialsolarcells.Crystallinesiliconsolarcellsworkwellandaresuccessfullyusedinthespaceprogram,wherecostisnotanissue.Whilesinglecrystalsiliconhasbeenproveninextraterrestrialusewithefficienciesashighas18percent,andothermoreexpensiveandscarcematerialscanhaveeverhigherefficiencies,costsmustbereducedbyafactorofmorethat100tomakethempracticalforcommercialuses.Besidethefactthatthestartingcrystallinesiliconisexpensive,95percentofitiswastedanddoesnotappearinthefinaldevice.Recently,therehavebeensomeimaginativeattemptstomakepolycrystallineandribbonsiliconwhicharelowerincostthanhigh-qualitysinglecrystals;buttodatetheefficienciesoftheseapparentlylower-costmaterialshavebeenunacceptablysmall.Moreover,thesematerialsarecheaperonlybecauseoftheintroductionofdisorderingincrystallinesemiconductors,anddisorderdegradestheefficiencyofcrystallinesolarcells.Thisdifficultycanbeavoidedbypreparingcompletelydisorderedoramorphousmaterials.Amorphousmaterialshavedisorderedatomicstructureascomparedtocrystallinematerials:thatis,theyhaveonlyshort-rangeorderratherthatthelong-rangeperiodicityofcrystals.Theadvantagesofamorphoussolarcellsareimpressive.Whereascrystallinesiliconmustbemade200micronsthicktoabsorbasufficientamountofsunlightforefficientenergyconversion,only1micronoftheproperamorphousmaterialsisnecessary.Crystallinesiliconsolarcellscostinexcessof100persquarefoot,butamorphousfilmscanbecreatedatacostofabout50centspersquarefoot.Althoughmanyscientistswereawareoftheverylowcostofamorphoussolarcells,theyfeltthattheycouldneverbemanufacturedwiththeefficienciesnecessarytocontributesignificantlytothedemandforelectricpower.Thiswasbasedonamisconceptionaboutthefeaturewhichdeterminesefficiency.Forexample,itisnottheconductivityofthematerialinthedarkwhichisrelevant,butonlythephotoconductivity,thatis,theconductivityinthepresenceofsunlight.Already,solarcellswithefficiencieswellabove6percenthavebeendevelopedusingamorphousmaterials,andfurtherresearchwilldoubtlessfindevenlesscostlyamorphousmaterialswithhigherefficiencies.59.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith_______.[A]discussingtheimportanceofsolarenergy[B]explainingthefunctioningofsolarcells[C]presentingahistoryofresearchonenergysources[D]describingapossiblesolutiontotheproblemofthecostofphotovoltaiccells60.Theauthormentionsrecentattemptstomakepolycrystallineandribbonsiliconprimarilyinorderto______.[A]minimizetheimportanceofrecentimprovementsinsiliconsolarcells[B]demonstratethesuperiorityofamorphousmaterialsovercrystallinesilicon[C]explainwhysiliconsolarcellshavebeenthecenterofresearch[D]contrastcrystallinesiliconwithpolycrystallineandribbonsilicon61.Thematerialinthepassagecouldbestbeusedinanargumentfor_______.[A]discontinuingthespaceprogram[B]increasedfundingforresearchonamorphousmaterials[C]furtherstudyofthehistoryofsiliconcrystals[D]increasedrelianceonsolarenergy62.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas_______.[A]analyticalandoptimistic[B]biasedandunprofessional[C]criticalanddiscouraged[D]hesitatingandinconclusivePassage4Althoughbacteriaareunicellularandamongthesimplestautonomousformsoflife,theyshowaremarkableabilitytosensetheirenvironment.Theyareattractedtomaterialstheyneedandarerepelledbyharmfulsubstances.Mosttypesofbacteriaswimveryirregularly;short,smoothrunsinrelativelystraightlinesarefollowedbybriefturns,afterwhichthebacteriashootoffinrandomdirections.Thisleavesresearcherswiththequestionofhowsuchbacteriafindtheirwaytoanattractantsuchasfoodor,inthecaseofphotosyntheticbacteria,light,iftheirswimmingpatternconsistsonlyofsmoothrunsandturns,thelatterresultinginrandomchangesindirection.Onecluecomesfromtheobservationthatwhenachemicalattractantisaddedtoasuspensionofsuchbacteria,thebacteriaswimalongagradientoftheattractant,fromanareawheretheconcentrationoftheattractantisweakertoanareawhereitisstronger.Astheydoso,theirswimmingischaracterizedbyadecreaseinturningandanincreaseinstraightrunsoverrelativelylongerdistances.Asthebacteriaencounterincreasingconcentrationsoftheattractant,theirtendencytoturnissuppressed,whereasturningincreaseswhenevertheymoveawayfromtheattractant.Theneteffectisthatrunsinthedirectionofhigherconcentrationsoftheattractantbecomelongerandstraighterasaresultofthesuppressionofturning,whereasrunsawayformitareshortenedbyanincreasedtendencyofthebacteriatochangedirection.Biologistshaveproposedtwomechanismsthatbacteriamightuseindetectingchangesintheconcentrationofachemicalattractant.First,abacteriummightcomparetheconcentrationofachemicalatthefrontandbackofitscellbodysimultaneously.Iftheconcentrationishigheratthefrontofthecell,thenitknowsitismovinguptheconcentrationgradient,fromanareawheretheconcentrationislowertoanareawhereitishigher.Alternatively,itmightmeasuretheconcentrationatoneinstantandagainafterabriefinterval,inwhichcasethebacteriummustretainamemoryoftheinitialconcentration.Researchersreasonedthatifbacteriadocompareconcentrationsatdifferenttimes,thenwhensuddenlyexposedtoauniformlyhighconcentrationofanattractant,thecellswouldbehaveasiftheywereswimmingupaconcentrationgradient,withlong,smoothrunsandrelativelyfewturns.If,ontheotherhand,bacteriadetectachemicalgradientbymeasuringitsimultaneouslyattwodistinctpoints,frontandback,onthecellbody,theywouldnotrespondtothejumpinconcentrationbecausetheconcentrationoftheattractantinfrontandbackofthecells,thoughhigh,wouldbeuniform.Experimentalevidencesuggeststhatbacteriacompareconcentrationsatdifferenttimes.63.Bacteriadetectchangesintheconcentrationofanattractantby_______.[A]measuringitsconcentrationinfrontandbackofthecellbodysimultaneously[B]increasingtheirmotionawayfromanattractant[C]movingandtumblingrandomlyinstraightlines[D]makingtheconcentrationofanattractantuniform64.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhendescribingbacteriaas"swimmingupaconcentrationgradient"(Para.3),theauthormeansthattheywerebehavingasiftheywereswimming_______.[A]againstaresistantmediumthatmakestheirswimminglessefficient[B]awayfromasubstancetowhichtheyarenormallyattracted[C]awayfromasubstancethatisnormallyharmfultothem[D]awayfromanareawheretheconcentrationofasubstanceisweaker65.Thepassageindicatesthatthepatternthatcharacterizesabacterium'smotionchangesinresponseto_______.[A]thekindsofchemicalattractantspresentindifferentconcentrationgradients[B]themechanismthatthebacteriumadoptsindeterminingthepresenceofanattractant[C]thebacterium'sdetectionofchangesintheconcentrationofanattractant[D]theextenttowhichneighboringbacteriaareengagedinrandomturning66.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?[A]Themotionofamicroorganismcanreflectamechanismbywhichitisabletocontrolitsmovement.[B]Biologistsoftenoverstatethecomplexityofsimpleorganismssuchasbacteria.[C]Abacteriumcannotnormallyretainamemoryofameasurementoftheconcentrationofanattractant.[D]BacteriaappeartohavelesscontrolovertheirmovementthanbiologistshadpreviouslyassumedPassage5Theextentofanation’spoweroveritscoastalecosystemsandthenaturalresourcesinitscoastalwatershasbeendefinedbytwointernationallawdoctrines:freedomoftheseasandadjacentstatesovereignty.Untilthemid-twentiethcentury,mostnationsfavoredapplicationofbroadopen-seasfreedomsandlimitedsovereignrightsovercoastalwaters.Anationhadtherighttoincludewithinitsterritorialdominiononlyaverynarrowbandofcoastalwaters(generallyextendingthreemilesfromtheshoreline),withinwhichithadtheauthority,butnottheresponsibility,toregulateallactivities.But,becausethisareaofterritorialdominionwassolimited,mostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.Regardlessofwhetherornotnationsenforcedregulationsintheirterritorialwaters,largeoceanareasremainedfreeofcontrolsorrestrictions.Thecitizensofallnationshadtherighttousetheseunrestrictedoceanareasforanyinnocentpurpose,includingnavigationandfishing.Exceptforcontrolsoveritsowncitizens,nonationhadtheresponsibility,letalonetheunilateralauthority,tocontrolsuchactivitiesininternationalwaters.And,sincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedonthe“openseas,”therewerefewjurisdictionalconflictsbetweennations.Thelackofstandardsistraceabletopopularperceptionsheldbeforethemiddleofthiscentury.Byandlarge,marinepollutionwasnotperceivedasasignificantproblem,inpartbecausetheadverseeffectofcoastalactivitiesonoceanecosystemswasnotwidelyrecognized,andpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbynavigation.Moreover,thefreedomtofish,oroverfish,wasanessentialelementofthetraditionallegaldoctrineoffreedomoftheseasthatnomaritimecountrywishedtoseelimited.Andfinally,thetechnologythatlaterallowedexploitationofotheroceanresources,suchasoil,didnotyetexist.Todate,controllingpollutionandregulatingoceanresourceshavestillnotbeencomprehensivelyaddressedbylaw,buttworecentdevelopmentsmayactuallyleadtofutureinternationalrulesprovidingforecosystemmanagement.First,theestablishmentofextensivefisheryzones,extendingterritorialauthorityasfaras200milesoutfromacountry’scoast,hasprovidedtheopportunityfornationsindividuallytomanagelargerecosystems.Thisopportunity,combinedwithnationalself-interestinmaintainingfishpopulations,couldleadnationstoreevaluatepoliciesformanagementoftheirfisheriesandtoaddresstheproblemofpollutioninterritorialwaters.Second,theinternationalcommunityisbeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofpreservingtheresourcesandecologyofinternationalwatersandtoshowsignsofacceptingresponsibilityfordoingso.Asaninternationalconsensusregardingtheneedforcomprehensivemanagementofoceanresourcesdevelops,itwillbecomemorelikelythatinternationalstandardsandpoliciesforbroaderregulationofhumanactivitiesthataffectoceanecosystemswillbeadoptedandimplemented.67.Accordingtothepassage,untilthemid-twentiethcenturytherewerefewjurisdictionaldisputesoverinternationalwatersbecause_______.[A]thenearestcoastalnationregulatedactivities[B]fewcontrolsorrestrictionsappliedtooceanareas[C]theoceanareaswereusedforonlyinnocentpurposes[D]broadauthorityoverinternationalwaterswassharedequallyamongallnations68.Theauthorsuggeststhat,beforethemid-twentiethcentury,mostnations’actionswithrespecttoterritorialandinternationalwatersindicatedthat______.[A]managingecosystemsineitherterritorialorinternationalwaterswasgivenlowpriority[B]unlimitedresourcesininternationalwatersresultedinlittleinterestinterritorialwaters[C]nationsconsideredittheirresponsibilitytoprotectterritorialbutnotinternationalwaters[D]anation’sauthorityoveritscitizenryendedatterritoriallines69.Whichoneofthefollowingdoestheauthorciteasaneffectoftheextensionofterritorialwatersbeyondthethree-milelimit?[A]increasedpoliticalpressureonindividualnationstoestablishcomprehensivelawsregulationoceanresources[B]agreaternumberofjurisdictionaldisputesamongnationsovertheregulationoffishingontheopenseas[C]theopportunityforsomenationstomanagelargeoceanecosystems[D]anewawarenessoftheneedtominimizepollutioncausedbynavigation70.Thepassageasawholecanbestbedescribedas_______.[A]alegalinquiryintotheabuseofexistinglawsandthelikelihoodofreform[B]apoliticalanalysisoftheproblemsinherentindirectingnationalattentiontoaninternationalissue[C]ahistoricalanalysisofaproblemthatrequiresinternationalattention[D]aproposalforadoptingandimplementinginternationalstandardstosolveanecologicalproblemSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.71)Economicgrowthinvolvesincreasesovertimeinthevolumeofacountry'spercapitagrossnationalproduct(GNP)ofgoodsandservices.Suchcontinuingincreasescanraiseaveragelivingstandardssubstantiallyandprovideastrongerbaseforotherpolicyobjectives.72)Itisonlyinthelasttwocenturiesthatcontinuedgrowthinlivingstandardshasbeenrealizedforanumberofnow-developedcountries,andthisprocesshasbroadenedinthe20thcenturytoincludeanumberofdevelopingcountries.73)However,thefairlysteadyexpansioninthethirdquarterofthe20thcenturygavewaytoaperiodofslowerandmoreerraticgrowthforbothhigh-andlow-incomecountries,whilesomeoftheeconomicallypoorestcountrieswerethusfarunabletoestablishaself-sustainingpatternofdevelopment.Italsobecameincreasinglyevidentthattherewereseriousenvironmentalproblemsassociatedwithsometypesofgrowthinproduction.Inexaminingtherecordofeconomicgrowthanddevelopment,economistsoffersomeexplanationsforthechangesinvolved,andtheattemptsbygovernmentstoplanthesechanges.Fivemajorissuesareinvolved.Thefirstiswhyeconomicgrowthoccursmorequicklyinsomecountriesandperiodsthaninothers.Itistheincreaseinthesizeandqualityofthefactorsofproductionthatunderliesgrowth,butcertainforcesdeservespecialattention.Avarietyofmodelsofeconomicgrowthgiveexpressiontotheunderstandingoftheseforces.Increasingattentionhasbeenpaidinthesemodelsandinpolicytotheinternationalaspectsofgrowth.Thistrendispartlyareflectionofthegrowinginternationalizationofeconomicactivity.Italsoreflectsanumberofpotentiallydestabilizingchangesintheinternationaleconomythatbecameevidentduringthe1970s.74)Asecondissueisthechallengesfacingthelow-incomecountries,namely,tomovefromsubsistencelevelsofpercapitaincometoalevelthatwouldgenerateself-sustaininggrowthandalsotoreducethegapbetweenthemselvesandthehigher-incomecountries.Athirdissue,productivity,iscentraltochangesinlivingstandardsandtotheanalysisofinternationalcompetitiveness.Afourthmajorissueistheattempttomaintaingrowthandincreasedevelopmentthrougheconomicplanning.75)PlanningbecameawidespreadphenomenonduringandjustafterWorldWarIIandwasgivenfurtheremphasisinmanynewlyindependen