2021年6月英语四级考试真题试卷附答案(第1套)

2021年6月英语四级考试真题试卷附答案（完整版第1套）

PartIWriting(30minutes)

Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutesto

writeanadvertisementonyourcampuswebsitetosellabicycle

youusedatcollege.Youradvertisementmayincludeitsbrand,

specifications/features,conditionandprice,andyourcontact

information.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomore

than180words.

PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)

听力音频MP3文件，点击进入听力真题页面

SectionANewsReport

Directions：Inthissection,youwillhearthreenews

reportSoAttheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwo

orthreequestionsoBoththenewsreportandthequestionswill

bespokenonlyonce0Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoose

thebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)

andD)。ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet

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1withasinglelinethroughthecentre。

Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejust

heard.

1.A)Themaninthecarwasabsent-minded

B)Thetestdrivermadeawrongjudgement

C)Theself-drivingsystemwasfaulty

D)Thecarwasmovingatafastspeed

2.A)Theyhavedonebetterthanconventionalcars

B)Theyhavecausedseveralseverecrashes

C)Theyhaveposedathreattootherdrivers

D)Theyhavegenerallydonequitewell

Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejust

heard.

3.A)Heworksatanationalpark

B)Heisaqueenbeenspecialist

C)Heremovedthebeyondfromtheboot

D)Hedrovethebeesawayfromhiscar

4.A)Theywerelookingafterthequeen

B)Theyweremakingalotofnoise

C)Theywerelookingforanewboxtolivein

D)Theyweredancinginauniqueway

Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejust

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heard.

5.A)Thediscoveryofanewspeciesofsnake

B)Thesecondtriptoasmallremoteisland

C)Thefindingof2newspeciesoffrog

D)Thelatesttestonrareanimalspecies

6.A)Apoisonoussnakeattackedhimonhisfieldtrip

B)Hediscoveredararefogonadeserted

C)Asnakecrawledontohisheadinhissleep

D)Hefellfromatallpalmtreebyaccident

7.A)Fromitsgenes

B)Fromitslength

C)Fromitsorigin

D)Fromitscolour

SectionBConversation

Directions：Inthissection,youwillheartwolong

conversationsoAttheendofeachconversationsyouwillhear

fourquestionsoBoththeconversationsandthequestion-swill

bespokenonlyonce0Afteryouhearaquestion0Youmustchoose

thebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)and

D)oThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1with

asinglelinethroughthecentre.

Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhave

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justheard.

8.A)Thesecuritychecktakestime

B)Hehastocheckalotofluggage

C)Hisflightisleavinginlessthan2hours

D)Theairportisalongwayfromthehotel

9.A)Incash

B)Bycreditcard

C)Withatraveler'scheck

D)Withhissmartphone

10.A)Givehimareceipt

B)Confirmhisflight

C)Lookafterhisluggage

D)Findaporterforhim

11.A)SigningupformembershipofSHotel

B)Stayinginthesamehotelnexttimehecomes

C)Loadingherluggageontotheairportshuttle

D)Postingacommentonthehotel'swebpage

Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhave

justheard.

12.A)Heistheonlyboyinhisfamily

B)Hebecomestearfulinwind

C)Hehasstoppedmakingterriblefaces

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D)Heishisteacher'sfavoritestudent

13.A)Tellhimtoplayinherbackyard

B)Dosomethingfunnytoamusehim

C)Givehimsomecherrystonestoplaywith

D)Warnhimofdangerbymakingupastory

14.A)Theycouldbreakpeople'slegs

B)Theycouldsometimesterrifyadults

C)Theycouldflyagainstastrongwind

D)Theycouldknockpeopleunconscious

15.A)Onewouldgetaspotontheirtonguesiftheytold

aliedeliberately

B)Onewouldhavetoshavetheirheadtoremoveabatin

theirhair

C)Onewouldgotoprisoniftheyputastamponupsidedown

D)Onewouldhavecurlyhairiftheyatetoomuchstalebread

SectionCPassage

Directions：Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassageso

Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfour

questionsoBoththepassageandthequestionswillbespoken

onlyonce0Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebest

answerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)□Then

markthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasingle

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linethroughthecentre.

Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust

heard.

16.A)Everythingseemedtobechanging.

B)Peoplewereformalanddisciplined.

C)Peoplewereexcitedtogotravellingoverseas.

D)ThingsfromtheVictorianeracamebackalive.

17.A)WatchingTVathome.

B)Meetingpeople.

C)Drinkingcoffee.

D)Tryingnewfoods.

18.A)Hewasinterestedinstylishdresses.

B)Hewasabletotakealotofmoney.

C)Hewasastudentinthe1960s.

D)Hewasamanfullofimagination.

Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust

heard.

19.A)Theyavoidlookingatthem.

B)Theyrunawayimmediately.

C)Theyshowangerontheirfaces.

D)Theymakethreateningsounds.

20.A)Itturnstoitsownerforhelp.

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B)Itturnsawaytoavoidconflict.

C)Itlooksawayandgetsangry,too.

D)Itfocusesitseyesontheirmouths.

21.A)Byobservingtheirfacialfeaturescarefully.

B)Byfocusingonaparticularbodymovement.

C)Bytakingintheirfacialexpressionsasawhole.

D)Byinterpretingdifferentemotionsindifferentways.

Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust

heard.

22.A)Theyhavetolookforfoodandshelterunderground.

B)Theytakelittlenoticeofthechangesintemperature.

C)Theyresorttodifferentmeanstosurvivethebittercold

D)Theyhavedifficultyadaptingtothechangedenvironment

23.A)Theyhavetheirweightreducedtominimum.

B)Theyconsumetheenergystoredbeforethelongsleep.

C)Theycanmaintaintheirheartbeatatthenormalrate.

D)Theycankeeptheirbodytemperaturewarmandstable.

24.A)Bystayinginhidingplacesandeatingverylittle.

B)Byseekingfoodandshelterinpeople'shouses.

C)Bygrowingthickerhairtostaywarm.

D)Bystoringenoughfoodbeforehand.

25.A)Tostaysafe.

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B)Tosaveenergy.

C)Tokeepcompany.

D)ToprotecttheyoungPartIIIReading

Comprehension(40minutes)

SectionA

Directions：Inthissection,thereisapassagewithten

blanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfrom

alistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.

Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.

Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemark

thecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasingleline

throughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebank

morethanonce.

Themethodformakingbeerhaschangedovertime.Hops(啤

酒花)，forexample,whichgivemanyamodernbeeritsbitter

flavor,area_26_recentadditiontothebeverage.Thiswas

firstmentionedinreferencetobrewingintheninthcentury.

Now,researchershavefounda_27_ingredientinresidue(残

留物)from5000-year-oldbeerbrewingequipment.Whiledigging

twopitsatasiteinthecentralplainsofChina,scientists

discoveredfragmentsfrompotsandvessels.Thedifferent

shapesofthecontainers_28_theywereusedtobrew,filter,

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andstorebeer.Theymaybeancient"beer-makingtools,nand

theearliest_29_evidenceofbeerbrewinginChina,the

researchersreportedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademy

ofSciences.To_30_thattheory,theteamexaminedthe

yellowish,dried_31_insidethevessels.Themajorityofthe

grains,about80%,werefromcerealcropslikebarley(大麦)，

andabout10%werebitsofroots,_32_lily,whichwouldhave

madethebeersweeter,thescientistssay.Barleywasan

unexpectedfind；thecropwasdomesticatedinWesternEurasia

anddidn'tbecomea_33_foodincentralChinauntilabout

2,000yearsago,accordingtotheresearchers.Basedonthat

timing,theyindicatebarleymayhave_34_intheregionnot

asfood,butas_35_materialforbeerbrewing.

A)arrivedB)consumingC)directD)exclusivelyE)

includingF)informG)rawH)reachedI)relativelyJ)remains

K)resourcesL)stapleM)suggestN)surprising0)test

SectionB

Directions：Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassage

withtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontains

informationgiveninoneoftheparagraphsIdentifythe

paragraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychoose

aparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwitha

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letter.Answerthequestionsbymarkingthecorresponding

letteronAnswerSheet2.

TheBlessingandCurseofthePeopleWhoNeverForget

Ahandfulofpeoplecanrecallalmosteverydayoftheir

livesinenormousdetail-andafteryearsofresearch,

neuroscientistsarefinallybeginningtounderstandhowthey

doit.

A)Formostofus,memoryisamessofblurredandfaded

picturesofourlives.Asmuchaswewouldliketoclingonto

ourpast,eventhesaddestmomentscanbewashedawaywithtime.

B)AskNimaVeisehwhathewasdoingforanydayinthepast

15years,however,andhewillgiveyouthedetailsofthe

weather,whathewaswearing,orevenwhatsideofthetrain

hewassittingonhisjourneytowork."Mymemoryislikea

libraryofvideotapes,walk-throughsofeverydayofmylife

fromwakingtosleeping,Hheexplains.

C)Veisehcanevenputadateonwhenthosetapesstarted

recording：15December2000,whenhemethisfirstgirlfriend

athisbestfriend's16thbirthdayparty.Hehadalwayshada

goodmemory,butthethrillofyoungloveseemstohaveshifted

agearinhismind：fromnowon,hewouldstartrecordinghis

wholelifeindetail."Icouldtellyoueverythingaboutevery

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dayafterthat.n

D)Needlesstosay,peoplelikeVeisehareofgreatinterest

toneuroscientists(神经科学专家)hopingtounderstandthe

waythebrainrecordsourlives.Acoupleofrecentpapershave

finallyopenedawindowonthesepeople'sextraordinaryminds.

Andsuchresearchmightevensuggestwaysforusalltorelive

ourpastwithgreaterclarity.

E)'Highlysuperiorautobiographicalmemory'(orHSAMfor

short),firstcametolightintheearly2000s,withayoung

womannamedJillPrice.Emailingtheneuroscientistandmemory

researcherJimMcGaughoneday,sheclaimedthatshecould

recalleverydayofherlifesincetheageof12.Couldhehelp

explainherexperiences?

F)McGaughinvitedhertohislab,andbegantotesther：

hewouldgiveheradateandaskhertotellhimabouttheworld

eventsonthatday.Truetoherword,shewascorrectalmost

everytime.

G)Itdidn'ttakelongformagazinesanddocumentary

film-makerstocometounderstandher"totalrecall",and

thankstothesubsequentmediainterest,afewdozenother

subjects(includingVeiseh)havesincecomeforwardand

contactedtheteamattheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvine.

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H）Interestingly,theirmemoriesarehighlyself-centred：

althoughtheycanremember"autobiographicalnlifeeventsin

extraordinarydetail,theyseemtobenobetterthanaverage

atrecallingimpersonalinformation,suchasrandom（任意选

取的）listsofwords.Noraretheynecessarilybetterat

rememberingaroundofdrinks,say.Andalthoughtheirmemories

arevast,theyarestilllikelytosufferfromHfalsememories'1.

Clearly,thereisnosuchthingasa"perfect"memory一their

extraordinarymindsarestillusingthesameflawedtoolsthat

therestofusrelyon.Thequestionis,how?

I）LawrencePatihisattheUniversityofSouthern

Mississippirecentlystudiedaround20peoplewithHSAMand

foundthattheyscoredparticularlyhighontwomeasures：

fantasyproneness（倾向）andabsorption.Fantasyproneness

couldbeconsideredatendencytoimagineanddaydream,whereas

absorptionisthetendencytoallowyourmindtobecomefully

absorbedinanactivity一topaycompleteattentiontothe

sensations（感受）andtheexperiences."I'mextremelysensitive

tosounds,smellsandvisualdetail,nexplainsNicoleDonohue,

whohastakenpartinmanyofthesestudies."Idefinitelyfeel

thingsmorestronglythantheaverageperson.”

J）Theabsorptionhelpsthemtoestablishstrong

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foundationsforrecollection,saysPatihis,andthefantasy

pronenessmeansthattheyrevisitthosememoriesagainand

againinthecomingweeksandmonths.Eachtimethisinitial

memorytraceis“replayed”,itbecomesevenstronger.Insome

ways,youprobablygothroughthatprocessafterabigevent

likeyourweddingday一butthedifferenceisthatthanksto

theirotherpsychologicaltendencies,theHSAMsubjectsare

doingitdayin,dayout,forthewholeoftheirlives.

K)Noteveryonewithatendencytofantasisewilldevelop

HSAM,though,soPatihissuggeststhatsomethingmusthave

causedthemtothinksomuchabouttheirpast."Maybesome

experienceintheirchildhoodmeantthattheybecameobsessed

(着迷)withcalendarsandwhathappenedtothem,HsaysPatihis.

L)ThepeoplewithHSAMI'veinterviewedwouldcertainly

agreethatitcanbeamixedblessing.Ontheplusside,it

allowsyoutorelivethemosttransformativeandenriching

experiences.Veiseh,forinstance,travelledalotinhisyouth.

Inhissparetime,hevisitedthelocalartgalleries,andthe

paintingsarenowlodgeddeepinhisautobiographicalmemories.

M)nImaginebeingabletoremembereverypainting,onevery

wall,ineverygalleryspace,betweennearly40countries,Hhe

says."That'sabigeducationinartbyitself.Withthis

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comprehensiveknowledgeofthehistoryofart,hehassince

becomeaprofessionalpainter.

N)Donohue,nowahistoryteacher,agreesthatithelped

duringcertainpartsofhereducation："Icandefinitely

rememberwhatIlearnedoncertaindaysatschool.Icould

imaginewhattheteacherwassayingorwhatitlookedlikein

thebook."

0)NoteveryonewithHSAMhasexperiencedthesebenefits,

however.Viewingthepastinhighdefinitioncanmakeitvery

difficulttogetoverpainandregret."Itcanbeveryhardto

forgetembarrassingmoments,nsaysDonohue."Youfeelthesame

emotions一itisjustasraw,justasfresh...Youcan'tturn

offthatstreamofmemories,nomatterhowhardyoutry."Veiseh

agrees："Itislikehavingtheseopenwounds一theyarejusta

partofyou,"hesays.

P)Thismeanstheyoftenhavetomakeaspecialeffortto

laythepasttorest.Bill,forinstance,oftengetspainful

"flashbacks,inwhichunwantedmemoriesintrudeintohis

consciousness,butoverallhehaschosentoseeitasthebest

wayofavoidingrepeatingthesamemistakes."Somepeopleare

absorbedinthepastbutnotopentonewmemories,butthat1s

notthecaseforme.Ilookforwardtoeachdayandexperiencing

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somethingnew.

36.PeoplewithHSAMhavethesamememoryasordinarypeople

whenitcomestoimpersonalinformation.

37.Fantasypronenesswillnotnecessarilycausepeopleto

developHSAM.

38.Veisehbegantorememberthedetailsofhiseveryday

experiencesafterhemethisfirstyounglove.

39.ManymorepeoplewithHSAMstartedtocontact

researchersduetothemassmedia.

40.PeoplewithHSAMoftenhavetomakeeffortstoavoid

focusingonthepast.

41.Mostpeopledonothaveclearmemoriesofpastevents.

42.HSAMcanbebothacurseandablessing.

43.Ayoungwomansoughtexplanationfromabrainscientist

whenshenoticedherunusualmemory.

44.SomepeoplewithHSAMfinditveryhardtogetridof

unpleasantmemories.

45.ArecentstudyofpeoplewithHSAMrevealsthatthey

areliabletofantasyandfullabsorptioninanactivity.

SectionC

Directions：Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethree

times.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshould

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listencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisread

forthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblankswith

theexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthepassage

isreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhave

written.

PassageOne

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thephrasealmostcompletesitself：midlifecrisis.It's

thestageinthemiddleofthejourneywhenpeoplefeelyouth

vanishing,theirprospectsnarrowinganddeathapproaching.

There'sonlyoneproblemwiththecliche（套话）.Itisn't

true.

"Infact,thereisalmostnohardevidenceformidlife

crisisotherthanafewsmallpilotstudiesconducteddecades

ago,"BarbaraHagertywritesinhernewbook,LifeReimagined.

Thebulkoftheresearchshowsthattheremaybeapause,or

ashiftingofgearsinthe40sor50s,butthisshift"canbe

exciting,ratherthanterrifying.

BarbaraHagertylooksatsomeofthefeaturesofpeoplewho

turnmidlifeintoarebirth.Theybreakroutines,because

nautopilotisdeath.Theychoosepurposeoverhappiness一

havingaclearsenseofpurposeevenreducestheriskof

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Alzheimer'sdisease.Theygiveprioritytorelationships,as

careersoftenrecede（逐渐淡化）.

LifeReimaginedpaintsapictureofmiddleagethatisfar

fromgloomy.Midlifeseemslikethesecondbigphaseof

decision-making.Youridentityhasbeenformed；you'vebuilt

upyourresources；andnowyouhavethechancetotakethebig

riskspreciselybecauseyourfoundationisalreadysecure.

KarlBarthdescribedmidlifepreciselythisway.Atmiddle

age,hewrote,"thesowingisbehind；nowisthetimetoreap.

Therunhasbeentaken；nowisthetimetoleap.Preparation

hasbeenmade；nowisthetimefortheventureofthework

itself.

Themiddle-agedperson,Barthcontinued,canseedeathin

thedistance,butmoveswitha"measuredhaste"togetbignew

thingsdonewhilethereisstilltime.

WhatBarthwrotedecadesagoiseventruertoday.People

arehealthyandenergeticlonger.Wehavepresidential

candidatesrunningfortheirfirstterminofficeatage68,

69and74.Alongerlifespanischangingthenarrativestructure

oflifeitself.Whatcouldhavebeenconsideredthebeginning

ofadescentisnowapotentialturningpoint一theturningpoint

youaremostequippedtotakefulladvantageof.

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46.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthephrase"midlife

crisis?

A)Ithasledtoalotofdebate.C)Itisnolonger

fashionable.

B)Itiswidelyacknowledged.D)Itmisrepresentsreallife.

47.HowdoesBarbaraHagertyviewmidlife?

A)Itmaybethebeginningofacrisis.C)Itcanbe

terrifyingfortheunprepared.

B)Itcanbeanewphaseofone'slife.D)Itmayseeold-age

diseasesapproaching.

48.HowismidlifepicturedinthebookLifeReimagined?

A)Itcanbequiterosy.C)Itundergoesradical

transformation.

B)Itcanbeburdensome.D)Itmakesforthebestpartof

one'slife.

49.AccordingtoKarlBarth,midlifeisthetime.

A)torelaxC)toharvest

B)tomatureD)toreflect

50.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutmidlifetoday?

A)Itismoremeaningfulthanotherstagesoflife.

B)Itislikelytochangethenarrativeofone'slife.

C)Itismoreimportanttothosewithalongerlifespan.

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D)Itislikelytobeacriticalturningpointinone'slife.

PassageTwo

Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Inspring,chickensstartlayingagain,bringingawelcome

sourceofproteinatwinter'send.Soit'snosurprisethat

culturesaroundtheworldcelebratespringbyhonoringtheegg.

Sometraditionsaresimple,liketheredeggsthatgetbaked

intoGreekEasterbreads.Otherselevatetheeggintoafancy

art,liketheheavilyjewel-covered"eggs"thatwerefavored

bytheRussiansstartinginthe19thcentury.

OneancientformofeggartcomestousfromUkraine.For

centuries,Ukrainianshavebeendrawingcomplicatedpatterns

oneggs.Contemporaryartistshavefollowedthistraditionto

createeggsthatspeaktotheanxietiesofourage：Lifeis

precious,anddelicate.Eggsare,too.

"There*ssomethingabouttheirdelicatenaturethat

appealstome,"saysNewYorkercartoonistRozChast.Several

yearsago,shebecameinterestedineggsandlearnedthe

traditionalUkrainiantechniquetodrawherverymodern

characters.Tvebrokeneggsateverystageoftheprocess

一fromtheverybeginningtothevery,veryend."

Butthere'sanappealinthatvulnerability."There'spart

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ofthissickeninghorrorofknowingyou'rewalkingontheedge

withthis,thatIkindoflike,knowingthatitcouldallfall

apartatanysecond''Chast'sdesigns,suchasaworriedman

aloneinatinyrowboat,reflectthatdelicateness.

TraditionalUkrainiandecoratedeggsalsospoketothose

fears.Theelaboratepatternswerebelievedtoofferprotection

againstevil.

"There'sanancientlegendthataslongastheseeggsare

made,evilwillnotprevailintheworld,"saysJoanBrander,

aCanadianegg-painterwhohasbeenpaintingeggsforover60

years,havinglearnedtheartfromherUkrainianrelatives.

Thetradition,datingbackto300B.C.,waslater

incorporatedintotheChristianchurch.Theoldsymbols,

however,stillendure.Adecoratedeggwithabirdonit,given

toayoungmarriedcouple,isawishforchildren.Adecorated

eggthrownintothefieldwouldbeawishforagoodharvest.

51.Whydopeopleinmanyculturesprizetheegg?

A)Itisawelcomesignofthecomingofspring.

B)Itistheirmajorsourceofproteininwinter.

C)Itcaneasilybemadeintoaworkofart.

D)Itcanbringwealthandhonortothem.

52.Whatdowelearnaboutthedecorated"eggs"inRussia?

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A)Theyareshapedlikejewelcases.

B)Theyarecherishedbytherich.

C)Theyareheavilypaintedinred.

D)Theyarefavoredasaformofart.

53.Whyhavecontemporaryartistscontinuedtheeggart

tradition?

A)Eggsserveasanenduringsymbolofnewlife.

B)Eggshaveanovalshapeappealingtoartists.

C)Eggsreflecttheanxietiesofpeopletoday.

D)Eggsprovideauniquesurfacetopainton.

54.WhydoesChastenjoytheprocessofdecoratingeggs?

A)Sheneverknowsiftheeggwillbreakbeforethedesign

iscompleted.

B)Shecanaddmultipledetailstothedesigntocommunicate

heridea.

C)Shealwaysderivesgreatpleasurefromdesigning

somethingnew.

D)Sheisneversurewhatthefinaldesignwilllooklike

untiltheend.

55.Whatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutegg-painting?

A)ItoriginatedintheeasternpartofEurope.

B)Ithasahistoryofovertwothousandyears.

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C)Itisthemosttime-honoredformoffancyart.

D)Itisespeciallyfavoredasachurchdecoration.

PartIVTranslation(30minutes)

Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutesto

translateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.Youshouldwrite

youransweronAnswerSheet2.

黄河是亚洲第三、世界第六长的河流。“黄”这个字描述的是其

河水浑浊的颜色。黄河发源于青海，流经九个省份，最后注入渤海。

黄河是中国赖以生存的几条河流之一。黄河流域(riverbasin)是中

国古代文明的诞生地，也是中国早期历史上最繁荣的地区。然而，由

于极具破坏力的洪水频发，黄河曾造成多次灾害。在过去几十年里，

政府采取了各种措施防止灾害发生。

2021年6月四级部分真题参考答案(完整版)

PartIWriting

ASecond-handBicycleforSale

ThisisaclassicForevermountainbicycle,which

accompaniedmethroughmylastyearofcollegelifeandhasto

besoldas