独立主格结构

PAGEPAGE47独立主格结构一、\o""独立主格结构是一个名词或代词，加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：1.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2.名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。3.独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，与主句之间不用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构的常见形式1.名词（代词）+现在分词（逻辑主语是分词的动作发出者）Themoonappearing，theydecidedtogoonwiththeirjouney.Weshallplaythematchtomorrow,weatherpermitting.明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。2.名词（代词）+过去分词（逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者）Thejobfinished,wewenthome.工作结束后我们就回家了。Good-byesaid，hewenthome.3.名词（代词）+不定式Nobodytocometomorrow,wewillhavetoputoffthemeetingtillnextweek.如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。Somanypeopletohelphim,heissuretosucceed.有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。4.名词（代词）+介词短语（相当于不带动词的“主—系—介词短语）Thesoldiersdashedin,rifleinhand.士兵们端着枪冲了进来。Agirlcamein,bookinhand.一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。5.名词（代词）+形容词或副词（相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构）Hesatinthefrontrow,hismouthhalfopen.他坐在前排，嘴半开着。6.Therebeing+名词（代词）Therebeingnothingelsetodo,wewenthome.没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。Therebeingnofurtherbusiness,Ideclarethemeetingclosed.没有要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。7.Itbeing+名词（代词）ItbeingChristmas,thegovernmentofficeswereclosed.由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。Itbeingaholiday,alltheshopswereshut.由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。注：\o""独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。Hestoodbeforehisteacherwithhisheaddown.他低着头站在老师面前。Shecameinwithabookinherhand.她手里拿着一本书走了进来。Iwon’tbeabletogoonholidaywithmymotherbeingill.因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。Alltheafternoonheworkedwiththedoorlocked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。Ican’tgooutwithalltheseclothestowash.要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。比较：“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,bookinhand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。with的复合结构：MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,withabookinhishand.三、英语独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 1.用作时间状语Theworkdone(=Aftertheworkhadbeendone),wewenthome.工作完成后，我们就回家了。2.用作条件状语Weatherpermitting(=Ifweatherpermits),theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3.用作原因状语Animportantlecturetobegiventomorrow(=Asanimportantlecturewillbegiventomorrow),theprofessorhastostayuplateintothenight.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4.用作伴随状语Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishandscrossedunderhishead(=andhishandswerecrossedunderhishead).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5.表示补充说明Ahuntercamein,hisfaceredwithcold(=andhisfacewasredwithcold).一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。Weredoubledourefforts,eachmanworkingliketwo.我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：1、独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。

2、独立主格结构没有所有格形式。Thechief-editorarriving,webeganthemeeting.主编来了，我们开始开会。比较动名词复合结构：Thechief-editor’sarrivingmadeusverysurprised.3、独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。Thelistenershavingtakentheirseats,theconcertbegan.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。四、with+复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法

“with+复合宾语”结构是指“with+宾语（名词或代词）+非谓语动词（分词、不定式）、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成的一种介词短语。该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：

1、原因状语

1.Withthemanguidingusahead,wehadnotroublefindingthevillage.

2、时间状语

1.Withourproblemsettled,weallfelthappy.

3、伴随状语

Shelefttheofficeswithtearsinhereyes.

4、后置定语

1.Doyouknowthemanwith/havingabookinhishand?

分词结构和独立主格结构作状语时的区别

一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。二、独立主格结构作状语时，结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with+复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如when,if,assoonas,as,while等）或并列连词（如and,but,or,so等）。独立主格结构练习题及解析1.Ihavealotofbooks,halfof________novels.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.them2.________moreandmoreforestsdestroyed,manyanimalsarefacingthedangerofdyingout.A.becauseB.asC.WithD.Since3.Thebuswascrowdedwithpassengersgoinghomefrommarket,mostof________carryingheavybagsandbasketsfulloffruitandvegetablestheyhadboughtthere.A.themB.whoC.whomD.which4.ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,allof________over600yearsold.A.whichB.thatC.themD.it5.Thecave________verydark,helitsomecandles________light.A.was;givenB.was;togiveC.being;givenD.being;togive6.Thesoldierrushedintothecave,hisrighthand________agunandhisface________withsweat.Aheld;coveredB.holding;coveringC.holding;coveredD.held;covering7.Thegirlinthesnapshotwassmilingsweetly,herlonghair_________.A.flowedinthebreezeB.wasflowinginthebreezeC.wereflowinginthebreezeD.flowinginthebreeze8.Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons_________fortheday.A.finishingB.finishedC.hadfinishedD.werefinished9.OnSundaystherewerealotofchildrenplayinginthepark,_________parentsseatedtogetherjoking.A.theirB.whoseC.whichD.that10.TheSmithsarerichandtheyhavethreecars,oneaToyota,________A.anotherB.otherC.theotherD.theothers【答案与解析】1.D。halfofthemnovels为独立主格结构，相当于andhalfofthemarenovels。2.C。考查“with+名词+过去分词”结构。3.A。mostofthemcarrying...为独立主格结构，相当于andmostofthemwerecarrying...，也可改为：mostofwhomwerecarrying。注意改动后连词and的使用和动词were的使用。4.C。allofthemover600yearsold为独立主格结构，相当于andallofthemareover600yearsold。5.D。第一空填being，构成独立主格结构;第二空填不定式表目的。6.C。独立主格结构，hisrighthand与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而hisface与cover是动宾关系，故用covered.7.D。herlonghair与flowing是主动关系，这是“独立主格结构”作状语。8.B。因lessons与动词finish之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。其实，theirlessonsfinishedfortheday为独立主格结构。9.A。此题容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实，句中的theirparentsseatedtogetherjoking不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词seated不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为seat作动词用时，是及物动词。10.D。易误选C。后面部分实际上是独立主格结构形式，省略了being。补充完整就是：TheSmithsarerichandtheyhavethreecars,onebeingaToyota,theothersbeingLandRoverofthelatest.(两个独立主格结构均表伴随状语)

五、倒装结构倒装可分为二种：将整个谓语提到主语之前的叫完全倒装（fullinversion）；将be、情态动词或者助动词放在主语之前的叫做部分倒装（partialinversion）。用于表示一定的句子结构（语法需要）或强调某一句子成分。一、完全倒装(1)在以地点副词here,there和时间副词now,then，thus开头，后面的动词是be,come,exist,fall,follow,go,lie,remain,seem,stand等，而主语又是名词时，构成完全倒装句。Theregoesthebell.铃声渐渐消失了。Thencamethechairman.然后主席就来了Hereisyourletter.这是你的信。(2)there引导句子除了therebe句型外，there还可以接appear,exist,lie,remain,seemtobe,stand等，一般都译成"有"的含义。Thereappearedtobeamaninblackinthedistance.远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。(3)在象声词或以out、in、up、down、away等表示运动方向的副词置于句首的句子。Click.clickwenttheweavingroom.Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。(4)当表示地点的介词词组在句首时。Atthefootofthehillliesabeautifullake.Eastofthelakelietwotowns.Underthetreewaslyingawoundedsoldier.注意：1)在here,there引出的倒装句中，当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句，但当主语是代词时，就要用部分倒装句。Herecomesthepostman!邮递员终于来了！注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。Hereweare.（我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。）2)当主语是代词，谓语是系动词，表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时，可以使用完全倒装句，起强调作用。Luckyishewhohasbeenenrolledintoafamousuniversity.他真幸运，被一所名牌大学录取了。二部分倒装1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,innoway,notuntil,scarcely,barely,underoncondition,hardly…when，nosooner…than，notonly,等。NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.我从来没看过这样的表演。Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.你在哪儿都找不到这个问题的答Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。（当Notuntil引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。Themotherdidn’tleavetheroomuntilthechildfellasleep）Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsoseverelycriticizedthesender.他不仅拒收了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither.她刚要走时一个学生来看她。2.表示"也"、"也不"的so,neither,nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.Tom能说法语，我也能。Ifyouwon'tgo,neitherwillI.如果你不去，我也不去。注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。例如：1)TomaskedmetogotoplayfootballandsoIdid.Tom让我去踢足球，我去了。2)It'sraininghard.Soitis.雨下得很大。的确很大。3.only放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分倒装。Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.他被请了三次才来开会。注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装Onlywhenheisseriouslyill,doesheeverstayinbed.他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。4．as,though引导的倒装句as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前）。此时应注意：1)句首名词不能带任何冠词；2)句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作满意。三其他部分倒装1.so…that句型中的so位于句首时，需倒装。例如：Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.他害怕得动都不敢动。2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：Mayyouallbehappy.望大家开心愉快。3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词，可将if省略，把were,had,should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain.如果我是你，我就再试一次。总结：种类倒装条件例句完全倒装here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调Outrushedthechildren.强调表语置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.部分倒装never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修饰的状语放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglishnotonly…butalsonotonly…butalso连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.neither…nor…neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…thatso…that,such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引导的让步状语Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或norso,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另d外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.省略if的虚拟条件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!倒装句练习：1.

_____can

you

expect

to

get

a

pay

rise.

A.With

hard

work

B.

Although

work

hard

C.

Only

with

hard

work

D.

Now

that

he

works

hard2.

____,

mother

will

wait

for

him

to

have

dinner

together.A.However

late

is

he

B.

However

he

is

late

C.

However

is

he

late

D.

However

late

he

is3.

Not

until

all

the

fish

died

in

the

river,

_____

how

serious

the

pollution

was.A.did

the

villagers

realize

B.

the

villagers

realized

C.

the

villagers

did

realize

D.

didn’t

the

villagers

realize4.

Not

until

I

began

to

work

____

how

much

time

I

had

wasted.A.didn’t

realize

B.

did

I

realize

C.

I

didn’t

realize

D.

I

realized

5.—Do

you

know

Jim

quarrel

with

his

brother?

—I

don’t

know,

_______.

A.nor

don’t

I

care

B.

nor

do

I

care

C.

I

don’t

care

neither

D.

I

don’t

care

also6.

Only

by

practicing

a

few

hours

every

day

_____

be

able

to

waste

much

time.A.you

can

B.

can

you

C.

you

will

D.

will

you

7.

Not

until

the

early

years

of

the19th

century

_____

what

heat

is.

A.man

did

know

B.

man

knew

C.

didn’t

man

know

D.

did

man

know8.

_____got

into

the

room,

_____

the

telephone

rang.

A.He

hardly;

then

B.

Hardly

had

he;

when

C.

He

had

not;

than

D.

Not

had

he;

when9.

______

snacks

and

drinks,but

they

also

brought

cards

for

entertainment

when

they

had

a

picnic

in

the

forest.

A.

Not

only

they

brought

B.

Not

only

did

they

bringC.

Not

only

brought

they

D.

Not

only

they

did

bring10.—I

don’t

think

I

can

walk

any

further.

—_____,

Let’s

stop

here

for

a

rest.A.Neither

can

I

B.

Neither

do

I

C.

I

didn’t

think

so

D.

I

think

so

11.

Only

in

this

way

______

do

it

well.A.must

we

B.

we

could

C.

can

we

D.

we

can12.

Hardly

____

when

it

began

to

rain.A.had

he

arrived

B.

arrived

he

C.

he

had

arrived

D.

did

he

arrive

13.

Jack

is

a

student

and

studies

at

the

No.

2

Middle

School.

_____.A.

It

was

the

same

with

Mike

B.So

it

is

with

MikeC.

So

is

Mike

D.

So

does

Mike14.

______,

I

would

have

given

you

his

address.A.

If

you

asked

me

B.

You

had

asked

meC.

Should

you

have

asked

me

D.Had

you

asked

me15.

_____

that

they

had

made

an

important

discovery

in

science.A.Little

they

realized

B.

They

had

realized

littleC.Little

did

they

realize

D.

Little

had

they

realized

16.

______

that

I

couldn’t

be

absorbed

in

the

work.A.

They

made

such

talked

B.

So

loudly

they

talkedC.

It

was

noise

outside

D.

Such

a

loud

noise

did

they

make

17.

Many

a

time

_____

me

good

advice.A.

he

gave

B.

does

he

give

C.

he

has

given

D.

has

he

given18.

____

have

I

seen

a

better

performance.A.

Everywhere

B.

Nowhere

else

C.

Everywhere

else

D.

Nowhere19.

Not

a

single

word

____

at

the

beginning.A.

did

he

say

B.

has

he

said

C.

he

said

D.

he

has

said20.

Only

in

an

hour

ago

____

out

why

he

was

absent.A.

did

the

teacher

found

B.

the

teacher

found

C.

did

the

teacher

find

D.

had

the

teacher

found21.

_____the

plane.A.

Flew

down

B.

Down

flew

C.

Down

was

flying

D.

Down

fly22.

Hardly

_____

when

the

bus

suddenly

pulled

away.A.they

had

got

to

the

bus

stop

B.

they

got

to

the

bus

stopC.

did

they

get

to

the

bus

stop

D.

had

they

got

to

the

bus

stop23.

______

I

had

time,

I

would

have

run

round

that

lake

again.A.

If

B.

Unless

C.

Had

D.

When24.

Not

only

______

a

promise

,but

he

also

kept

it.A.

had

he

made

B.

he

had

made

C.

did

he

make

D.

he

makes25.

______

I

would

see

you

here.A.Little

I

dreamed

B.

Little

do

I

dream

C.

I

dreamed

little

D.

Little

did

I

dream26.

There

____

.A.come

they

B.

they

come

C.

they

are

come

D.

they

will

come

27.

______

that

he

could

not

speak

for

a

long

time.A.So

frightened

was

he

B.

So

frightened

he

was

C.

Was

he

so

frightened

D.

Frightened

was

he28.

Only

when

class

began

______

that

he

had

left

his

book

at

home.A.will

he

realize

B.

he

did

realize

C.

did

he

realize

D.

should

he

realize29.

Only

when

you

have

finished

your

homework

_____

go

home.A.

can

you

B.

would

you

C.

you

will

D.

you

can30.

Seldom

____

any

mistakes

during

my

past

few

years

of

working

here.A.

would

I

make

B.

did

I

make

C.

I

did

make

D.

shall

I

make

参考答案1．倒装句，答案为C。2．状语从句语序应是正常语序，故A、C排除，连词however后必须紧跟形容词或副词，D是正确答案。3．not

until引导状语从句位于句首时，主句要倒装，答案为A

。4．本题考查以否定词开头并修饰状语时的主谓语序，这时原状语可以是副词或介词短语，还可以是从句，而主谓的语序为部分倒装，答案为B。5．本题考查neither

或nor连接句子时语序的倒装，答案为B。6．答案为D。7．答案为D。8．hardly...when和no

sooner

...than是两个固定句型，前半部分置于句首，其后分句要倒装，答案为B

。9．答案为B

。10．答案为B。11．only引导的介词短语或从句位于句首修饰状语时，句子谓语要部分倒装，答案为C。12．部分倒装，答案为A。13．答案为B。14．答案为D。15．副词little位于句首时，句子要倒装，答案为C。16．答案为D。17．many修饰名词并位于句首时，句子要倒装，答案为D。18．答案为D。19．答案为A。20．only修饰介词短语时，并位于句首时,句子要倒装，答案为C。21．答案为B。22．答案为D。23．虚拟语气的倒装形式，答案为C。24．答案为C。25．答案为D。26．there放于句首，主语是代词时，主语和谓语的位置不变，仍保留陈述句式，答案为B。27．答案为A。28．答案为C。29．only修饰句子的状语，位于句首，要部分倒装。only修饰的状语从句不倒装，主句要倒装，答案为A。30．由否定词never,

not,

hardly,

little,

seldom,

rarely,

nowhere和否定意义的短语in

no

way,

in

no

case,

at

no

time,

by

no

means等引起的句子，常用倒装语序，答案为B。

六、主谓一致问题主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致。通常有三个不同角度1,语法一致2,意义一致3,就近原则.语法一致：1．不定式,动名词,以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.Readingoftenmeanslearning.读书常意味是学习.ToreadEnglishaloudeverymorningdoesyoualotofgood.每天早晨朗读英语好处多.注：若what从句用在"主系表"结构中，从句是含复数意义的并列结构，谓语动词用单数或复数两可。如果表语是单数,主句的谓语动词一般用单数，如果表语是复数,主句的谓语动词一般用复数。Whatyousayandthinkis/arenobusinessofmine.你怎么说以及怎么想，不关我的事。Whatheboughtwas/weresomebooks.他所买的是几本书。Whatcausedtheaccidentisacompletemystery.事故是由什么引起的完全是个谜.WhathisfatherlefthimareafewEnglishbooks.他父亲留给他的只是几本英语书而已.2．不定代词one,every,each,everybody,everyone,oneof,noone,nothing,nobody,someone,somebody,either,neither,manya等作主语或修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.none作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数；但在代表可数的东西时总是看作单数，因而谓语动词要用单数。Noneofusare(is)perfect.人无完人。Noneofthisworriesme.这事一点不使我着急。Neitherofmysisterslikessports.我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动.Manyastudenttakesawalkoncampusafterdinner.许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步.Everyboyandgirlshowsgreatinterestinextra-curriculumactivities.每个男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣.3．由some,several,both,few,many,anumberof等词修饰主语,或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数Ontheseashore,somepeopleareplayingvolleyballandsomearelyinginthesun.海边,有些人在打排球,有些人躺着晒太阳.Bothofusarefondofwatchingfootballgames.我们俩都喜欢看足球赛.Anumberofwill-begraduatesarevoluntarilygoingtoworkintheWestofChina.许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作.4．aseriesof,akindof,thenumberof,a+名词+andahalf，oneandahalf+名词等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.但Oneortwomore+复数名词"作主语时,谓语动词用复数..Aseriesofhightechnologyproductshasbeenlaidoutintheexhibition.一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出.Thenumberofprintingmistakesinsomerecentbooksoftensurprisespeopleeventodeath.近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命.Akindofroseinthegardensmellsverypleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人.Oneortwopersonsaresenttheretohelpthemdothework.要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙注意：aseriesof这是一个短语，表示“一系列”，后面跟复数名词。但其动词谓语用单数还是用复数，取决于本短语表示的是一系列“同一种类”的事物还是“不同种类”的事物。前者用单数谓语；后者用复数谓语。

Aseriesofwetdaysspoilsourholiday.（阴雨连绵破坏了我们的假期。）

Thereareaseriesofstrangeobjectsinhissuitcase.（他的提箱里有一些奇怪的东西。）5．有些表示“单位、度量”的短语,名词的单复数决定谓语形式,如:alotof,mostof,anyof,halfof，threefifthsof,eightypercentof,someof,noneof,therestof,allof等后接不可数名词,或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数.（即谓语动词形式根据of后的名词）Threefourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthiscoveredwithwater.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖.Alotofmoneyintheshopwasstolenyesterdaywhentheelectricitywassuddenlycutoff.昨天突然断电时,那家商店丢失了许多钱.AlotofbooksaboutInvestmentFundhavebeenpublishedrecently.最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍.6）"morethanone+单数名词"大多接单数谓语。Morethanonepersonwas(were)absent.不止一个人缺席。"more+复数名词+thanone"接复数谓语。Morestudentsthanonehavebeenthere.不止一个学生去过那儿。"morethantwo(three,…)+复数名词"接复数谓语。Morethanonehundredstudentshaveattendedtheconcert.不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。意义一致从意义上决定主谓一致问题.有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式.1）表示国家,机构,事件,作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.TheUnitedStatesisleadingtheworldinscienceandtechnology.美国常在世界科技方面领先.TheUnitedNationsplayanimportantroleintheinternationalaffairs.联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用2)当主语后面接由aswellas,asmuchas,accompaniedby,including,inadditionto,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith等引导的词组（做状语）时,其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定.Thestudents,togetherwiththeirteacher,aregoingtohaveapicnicthisweekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊.Thewarehouse,withallitsstockings,wasburnedlastnight.昨晚,那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了.3)表示时间,金钱,距离,体积,重量,面积,数字等词语作主语时,其意义若是指总量应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指"有多少数量"则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数.Fourweeksareoftenapproximatelyregardedasonemonth.人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月.Twentyyearsstandsforalongperiodinone'slife.二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期.Eightydollarsareenoughforastudenttospendonfoodforoneweek.八十块钱给一个学生吃一个月的伙食是足够的了.4)形容词前加定冠词即"the+形容词"作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数。Theyoung,ontheonehand,oftenthinkoftheoldconservative.Ontheotherhand,theoldalwaysconsidertheyounginexperience.一方面,青年人常认为老年人保守;另一方面,老年人总是认为青年人没有经验.Inmanystories,thegoodarewellrewardedandthebadaredoomedtounfortunate.在许多故事里,好人总是有好报;坏人注定要倒霉.5)当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人,同一物,同一事或者同一概念时,应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.另外,当and连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时,其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数.Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.战争与和平是一个历史永恒的主题.ChineseandJapanesesilkareofgoodquality.中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好.6)集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数,谓语动词用复数.这类集体名词常见的有:army,audience,cattle,class,club,committee,crowd,family,government,group,majority,minority,part,people,police,public,staff,team等等,其中cattle,people,police一般看成复数形式.Thefamilyareallfondoffootball.那一家人都喜欢足球.Thefamilyisthetiniestcellofthesociety.家庭是社会的最小的细胞.Thepublichaseveryreasontobecautiousofprofessionaldeception.人民大众完全有理由谨防职业骗局.Thepublicnowcometoknowthewholestory.人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了.7）有些表示成双成对的词，常常只用复数形式，动词一律用复数，也不能用不定冠词。通常使用"apairof"。这样的词有：eyeglasses,pants,scissors,shoes,shorts,socks,stockings,trousers等。8）学科名词一般用单数谓语动词。但是，表具体的学业、活动时，多用作复数。economics,electronics,mathematics,politics等等。

Politicsisagoodtopicfordiscussion.（政治是谈论的好题目。）

Economicshasfascinatedme.（我迷上了经济学。）

Hermathematicsareweak.她数学差。（指“学业成绩、能力”）Whatareyourpolitiscs?你的政治观点如何？Athleticshavebeengreatlyencouragedatthiscollege.9）有些名词具有复数形式，但其实是单数意义，有自己的复数形式。其用法与一般名词相同，单数时可以使用不定冠词，谓语用单数；复数时谓语动词用复数。chaos-chaoses（琐事，杂乱）,campus-campuses（校园）,chorus-choruses（合唱队）,status-statuses（身份、地位）,virus-viruses（病毒）,analysis-analyses（分析）,basis-bases（基础）,crisis-crises（危机）,hypothesis-hypotheses（假设）,等。

Therewaschaoseverywhereinthetownaftertheearthquake.（地震后，城内一片混乱。）10）复数形式的名词，crossroads(十字路口；聚焦点),barracks(兵营),headquarters(总部),means(方法，手段),species(种类，品种),series(系列),works(工厂)等，其动词的单复数取决于两点：a)取决于限定词：

Everymeanshasbeentriedbutwithoutmuchresult.各种方法都试过，可没有多大效果。

Theseworkshavebeenclosedsincethebeginningofthisyearduetothestrikeoftheworkers.由于工人罢工，这些工厂从今年年初起就一直停工。b)取决于上下文内容、作者所要表达的意思、特指还是泛指：

Are/Isthereanyothermeansofsolvingtheproblem?还有什么其它解题的方法吗？这里可以用are表示其它方法，也可以用is表示和现在所用的方法相对比的另一种方法。

OurTVseriesaremuchbetterthanthoseofJapan.我国的电视剧比日本的好得多。（泛指）

11）百分数（或分数）+of+可数名词（或不可数名词）谓语动词用单数；百分数（或分数）+of+复数名词，谓语动词用复数。如：Twentypercentoftheworkersinthefactoryarewomen.这个工厂里百分之二十是女工。Altogethermorethan70percentofthesurfaceofourplanetiscoveredbywater.总的来说，我们这个行星的表面有百分之七十是为水覆盖的12)数学上的加、减、乘、除的规律是：加法和乘法的谓语动词单复数皆可；而减法和除法的谓语动词一律用单数。

Oneplus/andoneis/aretwo.（一加一等于二。）

Tentimeszerois/arezero.（10乘0等于0。）

Tenminusthreeisseven.（10减3等于7。）

Tenintofiftyisfive.（50除以10等于5。）注意：Twotensmake/makestwenty.（两个10得20。）

Twotensaretwenty.（两个10得20。）

在这两个例句里，动词make既可以用单数，也可以用复数。但如果用be动词做谓语，则只能用复数。13）群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。NiagaraFallsareasplendidscene.尼亚加拉瀑布是一个壮丽的景象.TheWestIndies就近原则(PrincipleofProximity)这一原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致.常出现在这类句子中的连词有:therebe句型，or,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…，notjust…but…,等.Thereisapen,aknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.Therearetwentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentsintheclass.EitherIortheyareresponsiblefortheresultofthematter.不是我,就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任.Neithertheunkindwordsnortheunfriendlyattitudehascausedmeanydistress.既不是那些不友好的话,也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧.Notonlyhebutalsoallhisfamilyarekeenonconcerts.不仅仅是他,而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会.Neitherhisfamilynorheknowsanythingaboutit.他全家人和他都不知道那件事.当的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致.另：某些固定结构中谓语的数：

agreatmany+可数名词复数

谓语用复数

manya+可数名词单数

谓语用单数

anumberof+可数名词复数

谓语用复数

thenumberof+可数名词复数

谓语用单数

themajorityof+可数名词复数

谓语用复数

each/every+可数名词单数

谓语用单数

neither/eitherof+可数名词复数

谓语用单数

morethanone+可数名词单数

谓语用单数

oneandahalf+可数名词复数

谓语用单数

thegreaterpartof/alargeproportionof/50%of

/onethirdof/plentyof/therestof

谓语的数与of后面的名词一致练习1.There______diedintheterriblefireinLuoyanglastwinter.A.hundredspeople B.hundredpeopleC.hundredspeoples D.hundredpeoples2.Eitheryouorthepresident_______theprizestothesegiftedwinnersatthemeeting.A.ishandingout B.aretohandoutC.arehandingout D.istohandout3.I,who______yourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyououtoftrouble.A.am B.is C.are D.be4.TheOlympicGamesintheyear2008______inBeijingofChina,which______knowntousall.A.istohold;is B.istobeheld;wasC.aretohold;is D.aretobeheld;is5.There_____alotofrubbishonthefloorsoIaskedMarytosweep_____up.A.were;it B.are;themC.was;it D.is;them6.Threemilliontonsofcoal______everyyearinthecity.A.isexploited B.areexploitedC.hadexploited D.haveexploited7.StoriesoftheLongMarch_______popularwiththeyoungpeoplenow.A.is B.was C.are D.were8.Mathematics_______thelanguageofscience.A.are B.aregoingtobe C.is D.istobe9.Bothriceandwheat_____growninourcountry.A.is B.are C.was D.were10.________eitherofyourparentscometoseeyourecently?A.Have B.Had C.Has D.Is11.Whatthechildreninthemountainvillageneed________goodbooks.A.is B.are C.have D.has12.Thewholefamily_______TVattentively.A.arewatching B.iswatchingC.isseeing D.areseeing13.Nothingbutseveralglasses________boughtbymyfatherthedaybeforeyesterday.A.was B.were C.havebeen D.wouldbe14.Atthebusstop______asoldierandtwoyoungpeopleontheirwaytothevillage.A.were B.was C.is D.sits15.Iflawandorder______,neitherthecitizennorhisfamilyissafe.A.arenotpreserved B.isnotpreservedC.werepreserved D.havenotbeenpreserved16.There______littlechangeinthatmiddleschool.A.have B.had C.havebeen D.hasbeen17.Whatsuchasunsetis______strangetousall.A.goingtobe B./ C.is D.that18.Seventy-fivepercentoftheearth’ssurface______withwater.A.iscovered B.iscovering C.werecovered D.arecovered19.Thefollowing______someothermentaldiseases.A.being B.are C.was D.were20.NotonlyyoubutalsoI______abletohelphimout.A.are B.is C.am D.were21.“TheKites”______usastoryofthekite’shistory.A.havetold B.tells C.weretold D.wastold22.YouandI_____twinsisters.A.were B.are C.is D.am23.AteacherofEnglishandclassteacher_______ussomethingaboutvolunteerworkers.A.aretelling B.istelling C.aregiven D.weregiven24.Thousandsoftonsofrubbish________overalargeperiodoftime.A.rotsaway B.rotaway C.hasrottedaway D.arerottedaway25.Mayoraswellasvolunteerworkers_______thenewly-builtstadium.A.iscleaning B.arecleaning C.werecleaning D.havecleaned26.Manyastudent______somethingaboutAbrahamLincoln.A.haveknown B.knowsC.isknown D.areknown27.Thedefenceworks______builtlongagotokeeptheenemyaway.A.were B.hasbeenC.hadbeen D.was28.“Haveyouallstudiedthepassage‘UsingtheMindagainstDisease’？”“______.”A.Nobodyofushas B.NobodyofushaveC.Noneofushas D.Noneofusdid29.AgroupofItaliansoldiers______quicklytowardstheirposition.A.wereadvancing B.wereadvancedC.wasadvancing D.advancing30.Everyone,menandwomen,oldandyoung______sportsandgames.A.isenjoy B.wereenjoyingC.enjoys D.enjoy答案：1.解析：选B.hundred一词前面有具体数词修饰时不加-s2.解析：选D.当either…or连接两个并列主语时，句子的谓语动词在人称和数上和后一个主语保持一致。“be+不定式”表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作。3.解析：选A.who为引导定语从句的关系代词，其先行词是I,所以谓语动词要用am.4.解析：选D.主语theOlympicGames意为：奥运会，谓语动词要用非第三人称单数形式；后半部分为which引导的非限制情定语从句，其谓语动词要用单数形式。5.解析：选C.therebe句型中be动词的单复数取决于其后的主语，alotofrubbish(不可数名词)，因此后面谓语动词要用单数。6.解析：选A.主语为coal,是不可数名词。根据题意，此处要用被动语态。7.解析：选A.主语StoriesoftheLongMarch是书名，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。8.解析：选C.此处mathematics为学科名词，作主语时谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。9.解析：选B.bothand连接两个并列主语时，句子的谓语动词要用非第三人称单数形式。10.解析：选C.e