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学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载语法复习一:句子成分;简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分(一)句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。(二)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如: Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)(三)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下: 1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudents.(四)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如: OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)Isityours?(代词)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)Thespeechisexciting.(分词)Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词) HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)(五)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(数词)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词)Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短语)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句)宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.(六)宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)Letthefreshairin.(副词)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)(七)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名词)HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)HeisreadingannovelwhichiswrittenbyHanhan.(八)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语) Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短语)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)Waitaminute.(名词)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句)状语种类如下:Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(时间状语)Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因状语)Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.(条件状语)MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴随状语)Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的状语)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语)Iamtallerthanheis.(比较状语)练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语(—)、谓语(=)、宾语(~):Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语(—)、状语(=)、补语(~):MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It'sgreat!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents.四、选择填空:()1.____willleaveforBeijing.A.Nowtheretheman B.ThemanherenowC.Themanwhoisherenow D.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather____.A.wetandcold B.iswetandcold C.notwetandcold D.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted____.A.sweets B.sweetly C.nicely D.sweet()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.A.lately B.late C.latest D.latter()5.Theactor______attheageof70.A.deadB.died C.dyed D.deaded()6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,we C.We,our D.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.A.crowd B.crowding C.crowded D.crowdedly()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.its B.it C.that D.thatis()9.Thedog____mad.A.looks B.islooked C.isbeinglooked D.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.A.that B.when C.inwhich D.where二、简单句、并列句和复合句(一)句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种:1)陈述句(肯定、否定):Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2)疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意):Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3)祈使句:Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4)感叹句:Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的结构可分三种:1)简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning. TomandMikeareAmericanboys. Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句:由并列连词(and,but,or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou. Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。3)复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.(二)简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语:e.g.Heisastudent.2、主语+不及物动词:e.g.Wework.3、主语+及物动词+宾语:e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语):e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补):e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注:其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。(三)并列句的分类 1、表示连接两个同等概念,常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等连接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn. 2、表示选择,常用的连词有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.3、表示转折,常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting. 4、表示因果关系,常用的连词有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.(四)高考考点探讨1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多,但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解,在书面表达中,没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目,几个考点,是近几年命题的发展趋势。3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如:and,but,or,while,以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起,以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显,时间从句与条件从句中,如果主句是将来时,从句则用一般式表将来,这一点在高考中经常考查。如:Wewillgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow。练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句:1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句:Ihopeyouareverywell( ).I'mfine,buttired( ).RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm( ).Augustisthehottestmonthhere( ).Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.( )Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors( ).WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat( ).Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm( ).Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim( ).Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest( ).Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden( ).Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere( ).Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden( ).Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell( ).Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden( ).MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime( ).Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy( ).Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside( ).It'sgreat( )!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion( ).Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer( ).Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty( ).InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates( ).TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates( ).InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime( ).HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina( )?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep( ).Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents( ).三、选择填空:1.Givemeonemoreminute____I’llbeabletofinishit. A.and B.or C.if D.so2.It’sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,____? A.hasn’the B.isn’theC.isn’tit D.hasn’tit3.____joyfulhewastomeethisbrotheragain! A.How B.What C.Whata D.Whatan4.Letuspass,____? A.shan’twe B.shallwe C.won’twe D.willyou5.Isupposehe’sserious,____? A.doI B.don’tI C.ishe D.isn’the6.Youhadbetternotsmokehere,____? A.willyou B.hadyou C.shallyou D.haveyou7.Trainashardasyoucan____you’llwintheswimmingcompetition. A.then B.but C.and D.or8.I’msorrytohavetosaythis,____youforgottoturnoffthelightswhenyoulefttheroomlastnight. A.and B.but C.so D.because9.Johnhasnotyetpassedthedrivingtest,and____. A.Henryhasn’ttoo B.HenryalsohasnoteitherC.neitherHenryhasD.neitherhasHenry10.Therearemanysportsloversinhisoffice.Someloveclimbing,____othersenjoyswimming. A.or B.for C.while D.so11.----Doyoufeellikegoingout____wouldyouratherhavedinnerathome?----I’dliketogoout. A.or B.and C.but D.so12.----“____isthetemperaturetoday?” ----“It’s38degrees.” A.Which B.How C.Howhot D.Howhigh13.----Youruncleisn’tanengineer,ishe? ----____. A.Yes,heisn’t B.No,heisn’t C.No,heis D.Heis14.____friendly____toeveryone! A.How,isshe B.What,isshe C.How,sheis D.What,sheis15.Marywenttobedearly,____shefeltverytired. A.or B.so C.for D.yet16.Mother____adresswhenshecutherfinger. A.wasmaking B.makes C.ismaking D.made17.Helayinbed____readsomethingborrowedfromlibrary. A.but B.and C.or D.yet18.----I’dreallylikesomelunchbutIhavesomuchworktodo.----____whatyouwantandIcangetitforyou. A.Tellme B.Ifyouwouldsaytome C.Youwilltellme D.Ifyoutellme19.Asheisstrong,____canliftonehundredpounds. A.yethe B.buthe C.and D.he20.----Ithoughtyouhadanumbrella. ----Ihad,____I’velostit. A.since B.but C.because D.so21.____downtheradio----thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom. A.Turning B.Toturn C.Turned D.Turn22.----Idon’tlikechicken____fish. ----Idon’tlikechicken____Ilikefishverymuch. A.and,and B.and,but C.or,and D.or,but23.----Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight? ----I’dliketo,____I’mtoobusy. A.and B.so C.as D.but24.Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway? A.and B.then C.or D.otherwise25.Shesetoutsoonafterdark____homeanhourlater. A.arriving B.toarrive C.havingarrived D.andarrived26.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid____tothenotice. A.angrilypointing B.andpointangrily C.angrilypointed D.andangrilypointed27.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter. A.whom B.where C.which D.while28.____itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando. A.Whenleft B.Leaving C.Ifyouleave D.Leave29.----Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,____? ----ButIfedityesterday. A.doyou B.willyou C.didn’tyou D.don’tyou30.____himandthentrytocopywhathedoes. A.Mind B.Glanceat C.Stareat D.Watch四、按要求完成下列句子:1.Hedarestotellthetruth.(改为否定句)2.Theyhavelivedhereformorethantenyears.(对画线部分提问)3.Therewillbeasportsmeetattheendofthismonth,____________?(完成反意疑问)4.Youmustbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.(改为祈使句)5.Theywentforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.(改为一般疑问句)6.Itisaninterestingstory.(改为感叹句)7.Thismagazinecomesout(出版)everyotherweek.(对画线部分提问)8.Theycouldhardlybelievehiswords,____________?(完成反意疑问)9.Themoonisshiningbrightly.(改为感叹句)10.OurEnglishteacherisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.(对画线部分提问)参考答案:练习一:一、1、主语,定语;2、间接宾语;3、谓语,状语;4、定语;5、状语,状语;6、定语,表语;7、宾语,状语;8、谓语,主语;9、谓语;10、主语,表语;11、谓语,宾语;12、状语;13、形式宾语,真正宾语;14、宾语、定语;15、插入语,状语;16、宾语(间宾+直宾);17、状语,状语;18、形式主语,表语,宾补;19、宾补;20、表语二、略三、略四、1~5CBDBB6~10ACBAB练习二:一、1、简单句;2、复合句;3、简单句;4、简单句;5、并列句;6、复合句;7、并列句;8、复合句;9、简单句;10、简单句二、Ihopeyouareverywell(复合句).I'mfine,buttired(简单句).RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm(并列句).Augustisthehottestmonthhere(简单句).Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.(并列句)Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors(简单句).WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat(并列复合句).Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm(简单句).Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim(复合句).Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest(简单句).Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden(简单句).Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere(简单句).Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden(简单句).Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell(简单句).Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden(简单句).MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime(简单句).Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy(简单句).Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside(简单句).It'sgreat( 简单句)!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion(简单句).Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer(简单句).Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty(复合句).InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates(简单句).TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates(简单句).InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime(简单句).HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina(简单句)?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep(简单句).Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents(简单句).三、1~5ACADD6~10BCBDC11~15ADBCC16~20ABADB21~25DDDCD26~30ADDBD四、1.Hedoesn’tdaretotellthetruth.或Hedarenottellthetruth.2.Howlonghavetheylivedhere?3.won’tthere4.Becarefulwithyourpronunciation.5.Didtheygoforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening?6.Whataninterestingstory(itis)!或Howinterestingthestoryis!7.Howoftendoesthismagazinecomeout?8.couldthey9.Howbrightlythemoonisshining!10.WhoisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass?定语从句了解定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句:修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面,相当于形容词在句中作定语。
2.先行词:被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
3.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有where,when,why等。
HeisthemanwhoIwanttosee.他就是我想见的人。
先行词关系词定语从句
二、掌握关系代词及其作用
最常用的关系代词是who,whom,whose,that,which和as。关系代词同时起了两个作用。它们可以像别的代词一样,可以代表一个名词,在定语从句中用作主语或宾语,同时,它们又起到了连词的作用,把主句和从句连接起来。
1.who指人,在定语从句中一般做主语。如:
Doyouknowthemanwhoisspeakingtoyourfather?你认识和你爸爸讲话的那个人吗?(定语从句修饰先行词theman,who在定语从句中作isspeaking的主语)
Thisisthestrangerwhohelpedusyesterday.这是昨天帮助我们的那个陌生人。
2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语。在口语或非正式文体中,whom可以省略。如:
Heistheman(whom)wejusttalkedabout.他就是我们刚才谈论的那个人。
3.whose既可以指人,也可以指物,在定语从句中作定语修饰它后面的名词。如:
Thisisthegirlwhosefatherisapoliceman.这就是那个爸爸是警察的女孩。
Theyliveinahousewhosewindowsfacesouth.他们住在一座窗子朝南的房子里。
4.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。作宾语时可以省略。如:
Physicsisasubjectwhichisverydifficulttolearn.物理是一门很难学的科目。(在定语从句中做主语,不能省略)
Applesarethefruit(which)shelikesbest.苹果是她最喜欢的水果。
5.that既可以指人,也可以指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。that在从句中作宾语时可省略。如:
Heisthemanthatlivesnextdoor.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。
Sheisthewoman(that)wesawinthebookshop.她是我们在书店见到的那名妇女。
5.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或者宾语。如:
Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.来这个城市参观的人数每年增长一百万。
Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?今天早晨我看见的那个人在哪里?
三、掌握关系副词及其作用
关系副词有when、where、why,他们在引导定语从句时,既在定语从句中充当状语,又起连接作用。
1.When指时间,在定语从句中充当时间状语。如:
IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoDalian.我仍然记得第一次来大连那天的情景。
Hetoldmethedatewhenhejoinedtheparty.他告诉了我他入党的时间。
2.where指地点、在定语从句中充当地点状语。如:
Thisisthehousewherewelivedwhenwewereyoung.这就是我们小时候住的房子。
ThisisthevillagewhereIgrewup.这就是我长大的那个村庄。
3.why指原因,在定语从句中充当原因状语。如:
Iknowthereasonwhyhewaslateforthemeeting.我知道他开会迟到的原因。
Doyouknowthereasonwhyherefusedtheinvitation?你知道他拒绝应邀的原因吗?
ThatisthereasonwhyI’vechangedsomuch.那就是我变化这么快的原因。
四、学习定语从句应该注意的问题
1.关系代词和关系副词的选用如果先行词是表示时间或地点的名词,不能就一律断定要用关系副词when或where,务必要看引导词在从句中作什么成分,如果作状语,用关系副词,如做主语或宾语要用关系代词。当reason做先行词时,也需注意其引导词在从句中作什么成分,不能断定一概用why来引导。如:
I’llneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedtogether.我将永远不会忘记我们一起工作的时光。(work是不及物动词,when在定语从句中作状语,故用关系副词。)
I’llneverforgetthetime(which/that)wespenttogether.我将永远不会忘记我们一起渡过的时光。
spend是及物动词,which/that在定语从句中作宾语,故用关系代词,也可以省略。)
Thisisthefactorywhereheworkedbefore.这是他以前工作过的工厂。(work是不及物动词,where在定语从句中作状语。)
Thisisthefactorywhich/thathevisitedbefore.这是他以前参观过的工厂。(visit是及物动词,which/that在从句中作宾语,亦可省略。)
ThereasonwhyIwasabsentyesterdaywasthatIwasill.我昨天缺席的原因是我生病了。定语从句中缺状语,表示原因,故用关系副词why)
Thereasonthatheexplainedforhisbeinglatewasthathehadmissedtheearlybus.他所解释的迟到的原因是他误了头班汽车。(explain是及物动词,that在从句中作其宾语)
再看一个例题:
(1)Thisisthefactory________Ivisitedlastyear.
(2)Thisisthefactory_______Iworkedlastyear.
(3)Thisisthefactory_______producesallkindsofTVsets.
A.whereB.whichC.whomD.whose
以上三个句子只有细微的差别,但答案却不同:(1)和(3)选B.which。(2)选A.where。做这种题时,要看先行词与定语从句中谓语动词之间的关系;(1)中是动宾关系,即Ivisitedthefactory,因此选which。(2)中factory应在定语从句中作地点状语,即:Iworkedinthefactory,因此选where。(3)中是作定语从句中的主语,不作地点状语,因此选which。
2.限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1)当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时。如:
HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?你把李先生说的话都记下来了吗?
Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.在他看来世界上似乎没有不可能的是。
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的事情都做了。
2)当先行词被序数词修饰。如:
ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.他们在伦敦参观的第一个地方就是“大本钟”。
3)当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如:
IthinkthefilmAssemblyisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.我认为电影《集结号》是我看过的最好的电影。
4)当形容词被thevery,theonly修饰时。如:
ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.这就是我想买的那本辞典。
Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.房子失火以后,那辆旧汽车就是他唯一的财产。
5)当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如:
Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?站在那儿那个人是谁?
WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?哪件T恤适合我穿?
6)当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时。如:
Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?你还记得我们学到的那个科学家及他的理论吗?
3.区分定语从句和同位语从句1)定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系。如:
TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.刚起飞的飞机是去伦敦的。(定语从句)
Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.他已经死亡的事实是清楚的。(同位语从句)
2)定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略;同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,充当成分。如:
Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.我们现在面临的问题是怎样筹集那么多钱。(定语从句)
Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.怎样筹集钱的问题很难解决。(同位语从句)
3)同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句不可以。
Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.地球绕着太阳转这一事实是众所周知的。(同位语从句)
Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.这个事实就是地球绕着太阳转。
3.关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构,因此常常和"介词+which"结构交替使用,例如:
Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.北京是我的出生地。
Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
4.that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和"介词+which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:
Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
一、限定性定语从句1.that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能
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