2024年北京师范大学考博英语真题

ThesubjectsofthefollowingstudiesaretakenfromthehistoryoftheRenaissance,andtouchwhatIthinkthechiefpointsinthatcomplex,many-sidedmovement.IhaveexplainedinthefirstofthemwhatIunderstandbytheword,givingitamuchwiderscopethanwasintendedbythosewhooriginallyusedittodenotethatrevivalofclassicalantiquityinthefifteenthcenturywhichwasonlyoneofmanyresultsofageneralexcitementandenlighteningofthehumanmind,butofwhichthegreataimandachievementsofwhat,asChristianart,isoftenfalselyopposedtotheRenaissance,wereanotherresult.Thisoutbreakofthehumanspiritmaybetracedfarintothemiddleageitself,withitsmotivesalreadyclearlypronounced,thecareforphysicalbeauty,theworshipofthebody,thebreakingdownofthoselimitswhichthereligioussystemofthemiddleageimposedontheheartandtheimagination.Ihavetakenasanexampleofthismovement,thisearlierRenaissancewithinthemiddleageitself,andasanexpressionofitsqualities,twolittlecompositionsinearlyFrenchSummary原題，google出来的too，壹种百科全書裏的詞条：computer-assistedinstruction(CAI),aprogramofinstructionalmaterialpresentedbymeansofacomputerorcomputersystems.Theuseofcomputersineducationstartedinthe1960s.Withtheadventofconvenientmicrocomputersinthe1970s,computeruseinschoolshasbecomewidespreadfromprimaryeducationthroughtheuniversitylevelandeveninsomepreschoolprograms.Instructionalcomputersarebasicallyusedinoneoftwoways:eithertheyprovideastraightforwardpresentationofdataortheyfillatutorialroleinwhichthestudentistestedoncomprehension.Ifthecomputerhasatutorialprogram,thestudentisaskedaquestionbythecomputer;thestudenttypesinananswerandthengetsanimmediateresponsetotheanswer.Iftheansweriscorrect,thestudentisroutedtomorechallengingproblems;iftheanswerisincorrect,variouscomputermessageswillindicatetheflawinprocedure,andtheprogramwillbypassmorecomplicatedquestionsuntilthestudentshowsmasteryinthatarea.Therearemanyadvantagestousingcomputersineducationalinstruction.Theyprovideone-to-oneinteractionwithastudent,aswellasaninstantaneousresponsetotheanswerselicited,andallowstudentstoproceedattheirownpace.Computersareparticularlyusefulinsubjectsthatrequiredrill,freeingteachertimefromsomeclassroomtaskssothatateachercandevotemoretimetoindividualstudents.Acomputerprogramcanbeuseddiagnostically,and,onceastudent'sproblemhasbeenidentified,itcanthenfocusontheproblemarea.Finally,becauseoftheprivacyandindividualattentionaffordedbyacomputer,somestudentsarerelievedoftheembarrassmentofgivinganincorrectanswerpubliclyorofgoingmoreslowlythroughlessonsthanotherclassmates.Therearedrawbackstotheimplementationofcomputersininstruction,however.Theyaregenerallycostlysystemstopurchase,maintain,andupdate.Therearealsofears,whetherjustifiedornot,thattheuseofcomputersineducationdecreasestheamountofhumaninteraction.Oneofthemoredifficultaspectsofinstructionalcomputersistheavailabilityanddevelopmentofsoftware,orcomputerprograms.Coursewarecanbeboughtasafullydevelopedpackagefromasoftwarecompany,buttheprogramprovidedthiswaymaynotsuittheparticularneedsoftheindividualclassorcurriculum.Acoursewaretemplatemaybepurchased,whichprovidesageneralformatfortestsanddrillinstruction,withtheindividualparticularstobeinsertedbytheindividualschoolsystemorteacher.Thedisadvantagetothissystemisthatinstructiontendstobeboringandrepetitive,withtestsandquestionsfollowingthesamepatternforeverycourse.Softwarecanbedevelopedin-house,thatis,aschool,course,orteachercouldprovidethecoursewareexactlytailoredtoitsownneeds,butthisisexpensive,time-consuming,andmayrequiremoreprogrammingexpertisethanisavailable.-----------------------------楼上的真厉害，你也google壹下汉译英吧。有关大英博物馆的，我可以确切告诉大家，大英博物馆對的译法是TheBritishMuseum听力語速超快，并且2道題目之间间隔也短，需要高度集中精力去听，并最佳提前浏览选项，确定听的重點。汉語的除非能记住完整的壹句话，否则搜索起来太难了，我刚刚试了壹下“大英博物馆、馬克思、青铜、希腊、罗馬”，成果搜出来壹大堆。而英語的題找到几种关键詞就可以大概找出来了，我還在继续凭记忆找阅讀理解的題，呵呵-----------------------------結冰条件的那道阅讀理解我找到了，貌似是壹道托福真或模拟題，見DeltasKeytotheNextGenerationTOEFLTest:AdvancedSkillGoogle图書成果NancyGallagher--StudyAids-699页下边的這個是從壹种论坛裏复制過来的，題目与北師大考试的有壹道不壹样样。Twoconditionsarenecessaryfortheformationofice:thepresenceofwaterandtemperaturesbelowfreezing.Iceintheatmosphereandonthegroundcanassumevariousforms,dependingontheconditionsunderwhichwaterisconvertedtoitssolidstate.Icethatformsintheatmospherecanfalltothegroundassnow,sleet,orhail.Snowisanassemblageoficepellets.Hailconsistsofroundedorjaggedlumpsofice,ofteninlayersliketheinternalstructureofanonion.Icealsoformsdirectlyonthegroundoronbodiesofwater,itmaynotformuntillatewinterbecausetheremustbeseveralmonthsoflowtemperaturestochillsuchlargeamountsofwater.Onpuddlesandsmallponds,icefirstfreezesinathinlayerwithdefinitecrystalstructurethatbecomeslessapparentastheicethickens.Onlakeslargeenoughtohavewaves,suchastheGreatLakes,thefirsticetoformisathinsurfacelayerofslush,sometimescalledgreaseice,whicheventuallygrowsintosmallfloesmayfreezetogetherintoafairlysolidsheetofpackice.Packicemaycovertheentirelakeorberestrictedtoareasneartheshore.Becausewaterexpandswhenitfreezes,iceislessdensethanliquidwaterandthereforefloatsratherthansinksinwater.Asicefloatsonthesurfaceofalake,ocean,orriver,itactsasaninsulatorandisthusimportantinmaintainingthebalanceoftheecosystem.Withouttheinsulatingeffectoffloatingicesheets,surfacewaterwouldloseheatmorerapidly,andlargebodiesofwatersuchastheArcticOceanandHudsonBaymightfreezeupcompletely.Questions:1.Whatconditionisnecessaryforwaterintheatmospheretochangetoitssolidstate?A.Asolidcloudcoverthatabsorbsthesun'sheat.B.Aweatherforecastforsnow,sleet,orhailC.ApositiondirectlyabovealargebodyofwaterD.Atemperaturebelowwater'sfreezingpoint2.Icethatformsintheatmosphereintheformoflayeredlumpsisknownas"F.A.snowB.packiceC.hailD.greaseice3.Whydoesiceformlateronverylargebodiesofwater?AMostlargebodiesofwaterarelocatedatlowelevationsorlowlatitudes.B.Ittakesseveralmonthsofcoldtemperaturestocoolalargebodyofwater.C.Largebodiesofwaterarefedbyundergroundspringsofwarmerwater.D.Thewavesonlargebodiesofwaterpreventthewaterfromfreezingquickly.4.Theworditinparagraph3referstoA.waterB.iceC.surfaceD.river5.Whichofthefollowingisaneffectofthedensityofice?A.Icethatformsonlargelakeshasagreasyconsistency.B.Eachicecrystalisunique,butallaresix-sidedstructures.C.Packiceisrestrictedtoareasneartheshoreofalake.D.Floatingicesheetspreventbodiesofwaterfromlosingheat.--------------------代燃料的那道貌似是壹道GRE考過的題，呵呵。注意选项也許和考博的不壹样样，但大部分是差不多的，我实在记不清了，大家壹起回忆壹下。Althoughrecentyearshaveseensubstantialreductionsinnoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehicles，thenumberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing.Consequently，morethan100citiesintheUnitedStatesstillhavelevelsofcarbonmonoxide，particulatematter，andozonethatexceedlegallyestablishedlimits.Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions—shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivateautomobile—istoreplaceconventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleaner-burningfuelssuchascompressednaturalgas，liquefiedpetroleumgas，ethanol，ormethanol.Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuelswhosemoleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline.Thesemoleculesburnmorecleanlythangasoline，inpartbecausetheyhavefewer，ifany，carbon-carbonbondsandthehydrocarbonstheydoemitarelesslikelytogenerateozone.Thecombustionoflargermolecules，whichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbondsinvolvesamorecomplexseriesofreactions.Thesereactionsincreasetheprobabilityofincompletecombustionandaremorelikelytoreleaseuncombustedandphotochemicallyactivehydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere.Ontheotherhand，alternativefuelsdohavedrawbacks.Compressednaturalgaswouldrequirethatvehicleshavesetofheavyfueltanks—aseriousliabilityintermsofperformanceandfuelefficiency—andliquefiedpetroleumgasfacesfundamentallimitsonsupply.Ethanolandmethanol，ontheotherhand，haveimportantadvantagesoverothercarbon-basedalternativefuels:theyhavehigherenergycontentpervolumeandwouldrequireminimalchangesintheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel.Ethanoliscommonlyusedasagasolinesupplement，butitiscurrentlyabouttwiceasexpensiveasmethanol，thelowcostofwhichisoneofitsattractivefeatures.Methanol’smostattractivefeature，however，isthatitcanreducebyabout90percentthevehicleemissionsthatformozone，themostseriousurbanairpollutant.Likeanyalternativefuel，methanolhasitscritics.Yetmuchofthecriticismisbasedontheuseof“gasolineclone”vehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesignimprovementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol.Itistrue，forexample，thatagivenvolumeofmethanolprovidesonlyaboutone-halfoftheenergythatgasolineanddieselfueldo;otherthingsbeingequal，thefueltankwouldhavetobesomewhatlargerandheavier.However，sincemethanol-fueledvehiclescouldbedesignedtobemuchmoreefficientthan“gasolineclone”vehiclesfueledwithmethanoltheywouldneedcomparativelylessfuel.Vehiclesincorporatingonlythesimplestoftheengineimprovementsthatmethanolmakesfeasiblewouldstillcontributetoanimmediatelesseningofurbanairpollution.!1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith.[A]counteringaflawedargumentthatdismissesapossiblesolutiontoaproblem.[B]reconcilingcontradictorypointsofviewaboutthenatureofaproblem.[C]identifyingthestrengthsofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem.[D]discussingaproblemandarguinginfavorofonesolutiontoit.2.Accordingtothetext，incompletecombustionismorelikelytooccurwithgasolinethanwithanalternativefuelbecause[A]thecombustionofgasolinereleasesphotochemicallyactivehydrocarbons.[B]thecombustionofgasolineembracesanintricatesetofreactions.[C]gasolinemoleculeshaveasimplemolecularstructure.[D]gasolineiscomposedofsmallmolecules.3.Thetextsuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutairpollution?[A]Furtherattemptstoreduceemissionsfromgasoline-fueledvehicleswillnothelplowerurbanair-pollutionlevels.[B]Attemptstoreducethepollutantsthatanindividualgasoline-fueledvehicleemitshavebeenlargelyunsuccessful.[C]Fewseriousattemptshavebeenmadetoreducetheamountofpollutantsemittedbygasoline-fueledvehicles.[D]Pollutantsemittedbygasoline-fueledvehiclesarenotthemostcriticalsourceofurbanairpollution.4.Whichofthefollowingmostcloselyparallelsthesituationdescribedinthefirstsentenceofthetext?.[A]Althoughatownreducesitspublicservicesinordertoavoidataxincrease，thetown’staxrateexceedsthatofothertownsinthesurroundingarea.[B]Althoughastatepassesstrictlawstolimitthetypeoftoxicmaterialthatcanbedisposedofinpubliclandfills，illegaldumpingcontinuestoincrease.[C]Althoughatown’scitizensreducetheirindividualuseofwater，thetown’swatersuppliescontinuetodwindlebecauseofasteadyincreaseinthetotalpopulatingofthetown.[D]Althoughacountryattemptstoincreasethesaleofdomesticgoodsbyaddingataxtothepriceofimportedgoods，thesaleofimportedgoodswithinthecountrycontinuestoincrease.5.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthetextmostlikelyregardsthecriticismofmethanolas[A]flawedbecauseoftheassumptionsonwhichitisbased.[B]inapplicablebecauseofaninconsistencyinthecritics’arguments.[C]misguidedbecauseofitsexclusivelytechnologicalfocus.[D]inaccuratebecauseitignoresconsumers’concerns.-------------------------妇女与工业化這道，又是出自GRE。筒子們，咱别考北師大了，英語考這水平，還不如直接考GRE去美国算了：）Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachinesandonthesocietyintowhichthemachineshavebeenintroduced.Forexample,ithasbeensuggestedthattheemploymentofwomeninindustrytookthemoutofthehousehold,theirtraditionalsphere,andfundamentallyalteredtheirpositioninsociety.Inthenineteenthcentury,whenwomenbegantoenterfactories,JulesSimon,aFrenchpolitician,warnedthatbydoingso,womenwouldgiveuptheirfemininity.FriedrichEngels,however,predictedthatwomenwouldbeliberatedfromthe“social,legal,andeconomicsubordination”ofthefamilybytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmadepossibletherecruitmentof“thewholefemalesex…intopublicindustry.”Observersthusdifferedconcerningthesocialdesirabilityofmechanization’seffects,buttheyagreedthatitwouldtransformwomen’slives.+Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomen,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower.Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,thetypewriter,andthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticchangesinwomen’seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen’swork.TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,singlewomenasdomestics.Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagers,fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880’screatedanewclassof“dead-end”jobs,thenceforthconsidered“women’swork”.Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomenthanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.Women’sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory,andlaterbecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-collarwork.Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomenworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheindustrialrevolution:thesegregationofoccupationsbysex,lowerpayforwomenasagroup,jobsthatrequirerelativelylowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,whilewomen’shouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.Recenthistoricalinvestigationhasledtoamajorrevisionofthenotionthattechnologyisalwaysinherentlyrevolutionaryinitseffectsonsociety.Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.1.Themainideaofthetextisthatmechanization_____________.A.doesnotperformaninherentlyrevolutionaryfunctionB.revolutionizesthetraditionalvaluesofasocietyC.hascausedthenatureofwomen’sworktochangeD.createswholenewclassesofjobsthatdidnotexistpreviously92.Inrelationtothosehistorianswhostudythehistoryofwomen,theauthormostprobablybelievesthat_____________.A.theyprovideavaluableinsightintothesocialphenomenaaffectingthepositionofwomenB.theirworkcanonlybeusedcautiouslybyscholarsinhistoricalstudiesC.theytendtodrawlessreliableconclusionsthandootherhistoriansD.theirworkhasnothadanimpactonotherhistorians’currentassumptions3.Thetextstatesthat,beforethetwentiethcentury,manyemployers____________.A.employedwomenonlyintraditionalhouseholdworkB.tendedtoemploysingleratherthanmarriedwomenC.resistedchangingwomen’srolesintheirsociallifeD.hiredonlyqualifiedwomentofilltheopenpositions4.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingmayindicateafundamentalalterationinworkingwomen’sconditions?A.Themajorityofwomenoccupywhite-collarpositions.B.Marriedmenaredoingthesamehouseholdtasksasarewomen.C.Femaleworkersoutnumbermaleonesinanewclassofjobs.D.Workingwomen’spayisashighasthatofworkingmen.5.Thefunctionoftheconcludingsentenceofthetextisthat_____________.A.itsumsupthegeneralpointsconcerningthemechanizationofworkmadeinthetextB.itdrawsaconclusionwhichgoesbeyondtheevidencepresentedinthetextasawholeC.itrestatesthepointconcerningtechnologymadeinthesentenceimmediatelyprecedingitD.itsuggestsacompromisebetweentwoseeminglycontradictoryviewsstatedinthetext--------------------------此外，我還记得两篇阅讀理解的大概主題，壹篇是前面你提到過的有关两代人观念差异的，尚有壹篇是有关後工业化社會的，但這两篇裏边没有什么让我印象尤其深刻的关键詞，因此没有搜出来。至于阅讀的第六篇，我实在想不起来了，应當是比较trivial的，没有什么印象。我复习過程中就发現，此前北師大的考博阅讀用過诸多四六级的真題，全盘照抄北大的考博題，今年又開始抄GRE、托福了。看来，北師大英語老師壹如既往的懒惰，還是不乐意自已编題，呵呵。不過這样也好，大家後来复习時可以重點做壹下GRE的往年阅讀真題~~~~想想就汗啊！---------------------------受kaiseryan博友启发：我也搜索到了有关两代人观念差异的试題：這個听說是专八的试題！TheYoungGenerationOldpeoplearealwayssayingthattheyoungarenotwhattheywere.Thesamecommentismadefromgenerationtogenerationanditisalwaystrue.Ithasneverbeentruerthanitistoday.Theyoungarebettereducated.Theyhavealotmoremoneytospendandenjoymorefreedom.Theygrowupmorequicklyandarenotsodependentontheirparents.Theythinkmoreforthemselvesanddonotblindlyaccepttheidealsoftheirelders.Eventswhichtheoldergenerationremembersvividlyarenothingmorethanpasthistory.Thisisasitshouldbe.Everynewgenerationisdifferentfromtheonethatprecededit.Todaythedifferenceisverymarkedindeed..Theoldalwaysassumethattheyknowbestforthesimplereasonthattheyhavebeenaroundabitlonger.Theydon’tliketofeelthattheirvaluesarebeingquestionedorthreatened.Andthisispreciselywhattheyoungaredoing.Theyarequestiontheassumptionsoftheireldersanddisturbingtheircomplacency.Officehours,forinstance,arenothingmorethanenforcedslavery.Wouldn’tpeopleworkbestiftheyweregivencompletefreedomandresponsibility?Andwhataboutclothing?Whosaidthatallthemenintheworldshouldweardrabgreysuitsandconvicthaircuts?Ifweruinourmindstomoreseriousmatters,whosaidthathumandifferencescanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeans,whosaidthathumandifferencecanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeans?Whyhavetheoldergenerationsooftenusedviolencetosolvetheirproblems?Whyaretheysounhappyandguilt-riddenintheirpersonallives,soobsessedwithmeanambitionsandthedesiretoamassmoreandmorematerialpossessions?Cananythingberightwiththerat-race?Haven’ttheoldlosttouchwithallthatisimportantinlife?Thesearenotquestionstheoldergenerationcanshrugofflightly.Theirrecordoverthepastfortyyearsorsohasn’tbeenexactlyspotless.Traditionally,theyounghaveturnedtotheireldersforguidance.Today,thesituationmightbereversed.Theold—iftheyarepreparedtoadmitit—couldlearnathingortwofromtheirchildren.Oneofthebiggestlessonstheycouldlearnisthatenjoymentisnot‘sinful’.Enjoymentisaprincipleonecouldapplytoallaspectsoflife.Itissurelynotwrongtoenjoyyourworkandenjoyyourleisure;toshedrestrictinginhibitions.Itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastorfuture.Thisemphasisonthepresentisonlytobeexpectedbecausetheyounghavegrownupundertheshadowofthebomb:theconstantthreatofcompleteannihilation.Thisistheirgloriousheritage.Canwebesurprisedthattheyshouldsooftenquestionthesanityofthegenerationthatbequeathedit?1.WhichofthefollowingfeaturesintheyoungisNOTmentioned?[A].Bettereducated.[B].Moremoneyandfreedom.[C].Independence.[D].Hardwork.2.Whatsotheyoungrejectmost?[A].Values.[B].Theassumptionoftheelders.[C].Conformity.[C].Conventionalideas.3.Whydotheyoungstressonthepres