北京市丰台区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末英语试题（解析版）

高级中学名校试卷PAGEPAGE1北京市丰台区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末英语试题第一部分知识运用（共两节,30分）第一节（共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分）阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。Tenyearsago,IhadjuststartedmyfirstjobasaMedicalRepresentativeinasmalltowninIndia—butwas___1___everymomentofit.Ihadthe___2___topromoteandgetsalesregardlessofwhethertherewasaneedformydrugsornot.Tomakemattersworse,Iwas___3___frommyoriginalplanofpursuing(追求)aPh.Dinbiology.Allthesethoughtswerecrowdingthroughmymind,asIwasdrivingmyscooteraroundthetownvisitingonedoctorafteranother.Atoneofthetrafficlights,Ihitaredandhadtowaitforthesignaltoturngreen.Inoticedthattherewasahugerocklyingnearthesquare—aresultofsomebody’scarelessness.Yetnobodythoughtit___4___togetoutofthevehiclesandmovetherocktotheedgeoftheroadwhereitwouldlie,harmless.SuddenlyInoticedayoungkidcrawlinghiswayacrosstheothersideoftheroad.Hemusthavehadaseriousinfectionofpolio(小儿麻痹症)whenhewasababy.Hewascrawlingonbothhishandsand___5___hisbodybehindhim.Thisguycameuptotherockwithalookonhisfaceshowingthathedidnotbelieveinhishandicap(残疾).Hewaslookingatthatrockwith___6___—asifsayingtothestone“Youareaninstrumentofmywill.”He___7___topushtherocktothesideoftheroad.Icanneverforgetthatlookofprideonhisface,showingthathehas___8___somethingthatable-bodiedpeoplelikemewereavoidingdoing.Andlookingatthiskidforthisbrieftime,IwasremindedhowsmallmytroubleswereinrespecttohisandhowmuchIwasworryingaboutthem.SincethenIhavenever___9___.IdidpursuemydreamoffinishingaPh.Dinthebiologicalsciences.Tothatunknownmessengerofhopeand____10____,thisistheovation(鼓掌)Iwishtogive—thoughbelatedly.1.A.expecting B.regretting C.missing D.wondering2.A.pressure B.desire C.pleasure D.chance3.A.passing B.developing C.departing D.starting4.A.difficult B.dangerous C.possible D.worthwhile5.A.dragging B.shaping C.lifting D.folding6.A.anxiety B.determination C.confusion D.amazement7.A.planned B.failed C.learnt D.managed8.A.recalled B.considered C.preserved D.accomplished9.A.calmeddown B.givenup C.brokenin D.workedout10.A.cooperation B.generosity C.courage D.enthusiasm〖答案〗1.B2.A3.C4.D5.A6.B7.D8.D9.B10.C【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述的是一位医疗代表在残疾小孩的勇气和希望激励下，重新找回自我价值和追求梦想的故事。【1题详析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：十年前，我刚开始我的第一份工作，在印度的一个小镇担任医疗代表——但我每时每刻都在后悔。A.expecting期待；B.regretting后悔；C.missing错过；D.wondering想知道。根据下文“topromoteandgetsalesregardlessofwhethertherewasaneedformydrugsornot”可知，作者很后悔干这个工作，因为无论是否有人需要作者的药，作者都需要推销。故选B。【2题详析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：不管我的药是否有需求，我都有推销和销售的压力。A.pressure压力；B.desire渴望；C.pleasure快乐；D.chance机会。根据下文“topromoteandgetsalesregardlessofwhethertherewasaneedformydrugsornot”可知，作者面临的是推销和销售药的压力。故选A。【3题详析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：更糟糕的是，我偏离了攻读生物学博士学位的原计划。A.passing经过；B.developing发展；C.departing离开；D.starting开始。根据上文“Tomakemattersworse”可知，作者没能按原计划读生物学博士学位，departfrom是固定短语，意为“背离”。故选C。【4题详析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，没有人认为值得下车，把石头搬到路边，这样它就可以安然无恙地躺在那里了。A.difficult困难的；B.dangerous危险的；C.possible可能的；D.worthwhile值得的。根据下文“getoutofthevehiclesandmovetherocktotheedgeoftheroadwhereitwouldlie,harmless”可知，没有人会觉得把石头搬到路边是值得的。故选D。【5题详析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他用双手匍匐着，身子拖在身后。A.dragging拖；B.shaping塑造；C.lifting举起；D.folding折叠。根据上文“Hewascrawlingonbothhishands”可知，他用双手爬，所以是拖着自己的身体。故选A。【6题详析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他坚定地望着那块石头，仿佛在对那块石头说：“你是我意志的工具。”A.anxiety焦虑；B.determination决心；C.confusion困惑；D.amazement惊诧，惊奇。根据下文“Youareaninstrumentofmywill”可知，那个孩子很坚定地望着石头。故选B。【7题详析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他设法把那块石头推到路边。A.planned计划；B.failed失败；C.learnt学习；D.managed设法做到。根据下文“Icanneverforgetthatlookofprideonhisface”可知，那个孩子是设法把石头搬到了路边，所以脸上才会有自豪。故选D。【8题详析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我永远不会忘记他脸上的骄傲，这表明他已经完成了像我这样健全的人避免做的事情。A.recalled回想起；B.considered考虑；C.preserved保护；D.accomplished完成。根据上文“He_____topushtherocktothesideoftheroad”可知，那个孩子设法把石头搬到了路边，所以是完成了健全人避免做的事情。故选D。【9题详析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：从那以后，我再也没有放弃过。A.calmeddown平静下来；B.givenup放弃；C.brokenin闯入；D.workedout解决。根据下文“IdidpursuemydreamoffinishingaPh.Dinthebiologicalsciences”可知，作者追逐自己的梦想，所以是没有放弃。故选B。【10题详析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于这位不为人知的希望和勇气的使者，这是我想给予的掌声——尽管来得有些迟。A.cooperation合作；B.generosity慷慨；C.courage勇气；D.enthusiasm热情。根据上文“He____topushtherocktothesideoftheroad”可知，那个残疾的孩子把石头搬到了路中间，可见他是一个有勇气的人，向作者传达了勇气。故选C。第二节（共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分）阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给〖提示〗词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出〖提示〗词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。In2023,13.9millionpeople___11___(visit)theSpain’sCanaryIslands—that’ssixtimesmorethanthenumberofpeoplewhoactuallylivethere.Localssaytheyarenot___12___alltourismbecauseitcreatesjobsandmoney,buttheywanttheirgovernmenttoputalimitonthenumberoftourists.Theythinkthegovernmentshouldworkouthowmanytouristscanbesupported,sothattheCanariescanbecomeanexampleof___13___(sustain)tourism.〖答案〗11.visited12.against13.sustainable【语篇解读】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲述了加那利群岛旅游业的发展现状、当地人的态度以及他们对可持续旅游业的期望。【11题详析】考查时态。句意：2023年，有1390万人参观了西班牙的加那利群岛，这是实际居住在那里的人数的六倍。由In2023可知，句子时态是一般过去时，空格处用过去式，故填visited。【12题详析】考查介词。句意：当地人表示，他们并不反对所有的旅游业，因为它创造了就业机会和金钱，但他们希望政府限制游客的数量。由“becauseitcreatesjobsandmoney”可知，句子表示“当地人表示，他们并不反对所有的旅游业”，空格处意为“反对”，用against，故填against。【13题详析】考查形容词。句意：他们认为政府应该计算出可以支持多少游客，这样加那利群岛就可以成为可持续旅游业的一个例子。空格处用形容词作定语，修饰名词tourism，此处表示“可持续旅游业”，空格处意为“可持续的”，形容词是sustainable。故填sustainable。B阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。Inspring,thousandsofbirdsflynorthtobreedinSiberia.Somebirdseatgrassshoots___14___starttogrowatthebeginningoftheseason.Thisfoodsourceisonlyavailableforafewweeksandrisingtemperatures___15___(cause)byclimatechangecansometimesmakethegrassgrowearlierthanusual.Thismeansthatsomebirdsarearrivingtoolatetoeatthegrass,___16___(leave)themwithoutafoodsource.Asmoreandmorelandisusedforfarming,thenaturalwetlands___17___birdsliketosearchforfoodaredisappearingtoo.〖答案〗14.that/which15.caused16.leaving17.where【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文，文章讲述了影响迁徙鸟类觅食的因素：气候变化和越来越多的土地被用于农业。【14题详析】考查定语从句。句意：有些鸟吃初春时节开始生长的草芽。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是grassshoots，指物，关系词替代先行词在从句中作主语，使用关系代词that或which引导，故填that/which。【15题详析】考查非谓语动词。句意：这种食物来源只能供应几个星期，气候变化引起的气温上升有时会使草比平时生长得早。动词cause和risingtemperatures之间是逻辑动宾关系，cause使用过去分词形式作后置定语，故填caused。【16题详析】考查非谓语动词。句意：这意味着有些鸟来的太晚了，没有时间吃草，导致它们没有食物来源。该空后内容是前句造成的意料之中的结果，leave使用现在分词形式作结果状语，故填leaving。【17题详析】考查定语从句。句意：随着越来越多的土地被用于农业，鸟类觅食的天然湿地也在消失。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是thenaturalwetlands，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，使用关系副词where引导，故填where。C阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。DylanAllman,aged18,recentlyreceivedanawardforhisworktoprotecthedgehogs(刺猬).Theaward___18___(go)toinspiringpeoplewhomakechangesintheircommunity.Allman’smissionstartedfouryearsago___19___hebecameinterestedinthenumberofhedgehogsinhisgarden.Earlierthisyear,helaunchedaprogram,inwhichateamofvolunteersrescuedinjuredhedgehogsinpartsofWales.Allmanalsovisitedschoolstoteachpeopleabouthedgehogsandraisedmoney___20___(support)animalrescuecenters.〖答案〗18.goes19.when20.tosupport【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了DylanAllman因保护刺猬获得奖项，Allman四年前启动保护项目，救援受伤刺猬，普及知识并筹款支持动物救助中心。【18题详析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：该奖项颁给那些在他们的社区中做出改变的鼓舞人心的人们。根据句中make可知，句子使用一般现在时，go与主语Theaward之间是主动关系，且主语Theaward是单数，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填goes。【19题详析】考查定语从句。句意：Allman的任务始于四年前，当时他开始对花园里刺猬的数量感兴趣。空处引导限制性定语从句，描述fouryearsago这一时间发生的事件，关系词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导从句。故填when。【20题详析】考查非谓语动词。句意：Allman还参观了学校，向人们传授刺猬的知识，并筹集资金支持动物救援中心。句中已有谓语visited和raised，空处作非谓语动词，且Allman筹集资金是为了支持动物救援中心，空处应用动词不定式形式作目的状语。故填tosupport。第二部分阅读理解（共两节,38分）第一节（共14小题;每小题2分,共28分）阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。A2024HarvardWinterPrograminShanghai,ChinaThecityofShanghaihasbroughttogetherdiversepeoples,cultures,andeconomiesfromvariouspartsofChinaandaroundtheworld.Blendingculturalstudieswithsocialsciences,2024HarvardWinterPrograminShanghai,Chinawillhelpyouunderstandthecity.Programdates:November8,2024toDecember21,2024Applyby:August25,2024ProgramStructureThissix-weekprogramincludestwocoursesonShanghai’sculturalhistoryandeconomicdevelopmentexperiences.Youstarteachweekwithtwodaysofseminars(研讨会)designedtoletyouseeShanghaidifferently.OnWednesdaysandThursdays,thegroupmovestoafieldsiteforahands-onresearchpracticum(实践操作课)incompanies,governmentoffices,andcommunities.Overtheweekend,youtryyourownhandsatexploringthecityanditseconomy,workingoncreativeprojectsand/orresearchpapers,withaflexiblefinalprojectformatthataccommodatesstudentpriorities.Theprogramcountsastwosemester-longcoursesofdegreecredit(学分),4creditseach.BothprogramcoursescancounttowardsEastAsianStudiescredit.AccommodationsYouwillliveinanon-campushotelinoneofChina’smostdistinguishedacademicinstitutions.Hotelservicesincludewi-fi,dailyhousekeeping,safeforstorageofvaluables,cafeteriaandgym.Apartfromallthepracticalconveniencesofastudentdistrict,thecampusalsoofferslibraryaccessandwillbeanidealbaseforyourcreativeandresearchprojects.ApplicationToapply,youmust:•Beatleast18yearsold•Havecompletedatleastoneyearofcollege•BeingoodacademicstandingStudentsenrolledatanyuniversityarewelcometoapply.TheWinter2024applicationwillbeavailableinearlyJuly.Eachprogramhasuniquerequirementsincludedintheonlineapplication.Beginningyourapplicationearlyisthebestwaytoensurethatyouhavesufficienttimetoreviewandcompletetheapplicationrequirementsbythedeadline.Ifyouhavequestionsabouttheapplication,pleasecontacttheHarvardStudyAbroadOfficebyemailatwinterabroad@.21.Ifyoutake2024HarvardWinterProgram,you_________.A.willliveinahotelnearHarvardcampusB.willspendtwelvedaysintotalonseminarsC.canget4creditstowardsEastAsianStudiesD.mustcompletearesearchpaperforaproject22.Ifyouwanttoapplyforthisprogram,youmust_________.A.beahighschoolseniorB.havereceivedhands-ontrainingC.haveworkexperienceincompaniesD.finishnolessthanoneyearofcollege23.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Tostressthevalueoftakingawinterprogram.B.Toattractmorepeopletoapplyforawinterprogram.C.ToshareamemorableexperienceatHarvardUniversity.D.TointroducerequirementsforafinalprojectatHarvardUniversity.〖答案〗21.B22.D23.B【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了2024年哈佛冬季上海项目的相关信息。【21题详析】细节理解题。根据ProgramStructure部分“Thissix-weekprogramincludestwocoursesonShanghai’sculturalhistoryandeconomicdevelopmentexperiences.Youstarteachweekwithtwodaysofseminars(研讨会)designedtoletyouseeShanghaidifferently.(这个为期六周的课程包括两门关于上海文化史和经济发展经验的课程。你每周都会参加为期两天的研讨会，让你以不同的方式看待上海)”可知，如果你参加2024年哈佛冬季项目，你将在六周时间内每周参加为期两天的研讨会，即你将总计花12天时间参加研讨会。故选B。【22题详析】细节理解题。根据Application部分“Havecompletedatleastoneyearofcollege(已完成至少一年的大学教育)”可知，如果你想申请这个项目，你必须至少完成了一年的大学教育。故选D。【23题详析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Blendingculturalstudieswithsocialsciences,2024HarvardWinterPrograminShanghai,Chinawillhelpyouunderstandthecity.(将文化研究与社会科学相结合，中国上海2024年哈佛冬季项目将帮助您了解这座城市)”、倒数第二段“TheWinter2024applicationwillbeavailableinearlyJuly.Eachprogramhasuniquerequirementsincludedintheonlineapplication.Beginningyourapplicationearlyisthebestwaytoensurethatyouhavesufficienttimetoreviewandcompletetheapplicationrequirementsbythedeadline.(2024年冬季应用程序将于7月初推出。在线申请中包含的每个程序都有独特的要求。尽早开始申请是确保您有足够时间在截止日期前审查和完成申请要求的最佳方式)”以及文章内容可知，本文详细介绍了2024年哈佛冬季上海项目的日期、申请要求、课程结构、住宿信息等相关信息，其目的是吸引更多人申请参加该项目。故选B。B“Abirdwithabrokenwingwillneverflyashigh.”I’msurethatT.J.Warewasmadetofeelthiswayalmosteverydayinschool.Byhighschool,T.J.wasthemostcelebratedtroublemakerinhistown.Hewasalwaysimpolite,didn’tanswerquestionsandgotintolotsoffights.ImetT.J.forthefirsttimeataweekendleadershipprogram.Atthestartoftheprogram,T.J.wasliterallystandingoutsidethecircleofstudentswiththat“goahead,impressme”lookonhisface.Theicereallymelted(融化)whenthegroupsstartedbuildingalistofpositiveandnegativethingsthatoccurredatschoolthatyear.T.J.hadbrilliantthoughtsonthosesituations.TheotherstudentsinT.J.’sgroupwelcomedhiscomments.AllofasuddenT.J.feltlikeapartofthegroup,andbeforelonghewasbeingtreatedlikealeader.Thenextfollowingdays,T.J.wasveryactiveinallthesessions.LaterhejoinedtheHomelessProjectteam.Heknewsomethingaboutpoverty,hungerandhopelessness.Theotherstudentsontheteamwereimpressedwithhispassionateconcernandideas.Bytheendoftheprogram,thestudentselectedT.J.co-chairmanoftheteam.Manypeoplecouldn’tbelievethattheprincipal(校长)wouldallowthiscrucialbeginningtoathree-yearactionplantostayintheincapablehandsofT.J.Ware.Twoweekslater,T.J.andhisfriendsledagroupof70studentsinadrivetocollectfood.Theycollectedaschoolrecord:2,854cansoffoodinjusttwohours.Asthelocalnewspapercoveredtheeventwithafullarticle,T.J.startedshowingupatschooleverydayandansweredquestionsfromteachersforthefirsttime.Later,heledasecondproject,yielding9,000cansoffoodinonedayandtakingcareof70percentoftheneededfoodforthehomelessshelterforoneyear.T.J.remindsusthatabirdwithabrokenwingonlyneedsmending.Butonceithashealed,itcanflyhigherthantherest.T.J.gotajob.Hebecameproductive.Heisflyingquitenicelythesedays.24.Atfirst,whatwasT.J.knownforinthetown?A.Misbehaviorandrudeness. B.Popularityinhisgroup.C.Pooracademicperformance. D.Activenessinclassdiscussion.25.WhatchangedT.J.’sattitudetowardstheprogram?A.Gettingsupportfromtheprincipal. B.JoiningtheHomelessProjectteam.C.Beingtheco-chairmanoftheteam. D.Gaininggroupmembers’recognition.26.Whatcanbelearntfromthestory?A.Liketeacher,likepupil. B.Neverfishintroubledwater.C.Donotjudgeabookbyitscover. D.Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.〖答案〗24.A25.D26.C【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了曾经的问题少年T.J.Ware在一次领导力培训中发生改变，发挥领导才能，最终带领团队创纪录地募集食物，证明了给予机会和支持能让人展现出惊人的潜力和积极改变。【24题详析】细节理解题。根据第一段“Byhighschool,T.J.wasthemostcelebratedtroublemakerinhistown.Hewasalwaysimpolite,didn’tanswerquestionsandgotintolotsoffights.(到高中时，T.J.已经是镇上最著名的捣蛋鬼了。他总是不礼貌，不回答问题，还经常打架)”可知，起初，T.J.在镇上总是不礼貌，不回答问题，还经常打架，以行为不端和粗鲁无礼而出名。故选A项。【25题详析】细节理解题。根据第二段“Theicereallymelted(融化)whenthegroupsstartedbuildingalistofpositiveandnegativethingsthatoccurredatschoolthatyear.T.J.hadbrilliantthoughtsonthosesituations.TheotherstudentsinT.J.’sgroupwelcomedhiscomments.AllofasuddenT.J.feltlikeapartofthegroup,andbeforelonghewasbeingtreatedlikealeader.(当这些小组开始列出当年在学校发生的积极和消极的事情时，冰真地融化了。T.J.对这些情况有很好的想法。T.J.小组的其他学生对他的评论表示欢迎。突然间，T.J.觉得自己是团队的一员，不久之后，他就被当作领导者对待了)”可知，当小组的其他成员欢迎他的评论时，T.J.感觉自己成为团队的一员，即获得小组成员的认可使得T.J.对项目的态度发生转变。故选D项。【26题详析】推理判断题。根据第一段““Abirdwithabrokenwingwillneverflyashigh.”I’msurethatT.J.Warewasmadetofeelthiswayalmosteverydayinschool.Byhighschool,T.J.wasthemostcelebratedtroublemakerinhistown.Hewasalwaysimpolite,didn’tanswerquestionsandgotintolotsoffights.(“折断翅膀的鸟永远不会飞得那么高。”我敢肯定，T.J.Ware在学校里几乎每天都有这种感觉。到高中时，T.J.已经是镇上最著名的捣蛋鬼了。他总是不礼貌，不回答问题，还经常打架)”、最后一段“T.J.remindsusthatabirdwithabrokenwingonlyneedsmending.Butonceithashealed,itcanflyhigherthantherest.T.J.gotajob.Hebecameproductive.(T.J.提醒我们，折断翅膀的鸟只需要修理。但一旦它痊愈了，它就能飞得比其他动物高。T.J.找到了一份工作。他变得富有成效)”以及文章内容可知，起初，T.J.被视为问题学生，但通过领导力项目，他展现了自己的潜力和能力，最终做出了显著的贡献，T.J.的故事告诉我们不要仅凭外表或表面行为来评判一个人，这体现了“不要以貌取人”的道理。故选C项。CForyears,scientistshavebeentryingtofigureoutwhether“brainworkouts”suchaspuzzles(字谜)andonlinecognitivegamescouldstrengthenourmindsandslowtheprocessofaging.Now,astudyhasfoundthatregularlyattemptingacrosswordmayhelpslowdeclineinsomepeoplewithmildcognitiveimpairment(障碍),anearlystageoffalteringmemorythatcansometimesprogresstodementia(痴呆症).Whilethestudydidn'tinvestigatewhethercrosswordsbenefityoungeradultswhoarenotdealingwithcognitivedecline,itsuggeststhatkeepingyourmindactiveasyouagemaybenefityourbrain.Andtheresearchoffershopetothosediagnosedwithmildcognitiveimpairmentthattheymaybeabletostaveofffurtherdeclinesinthememory,languageproblemsanddecision-makingthatarethehallmarkofthecondition.TheAmericanAcademyofNeurologyestimatesthatmildcognitiveimpairmentaffectsabout8percentofpeopleages65to69;10percentofpeopleages70to74;15percentofpeopleages75to79;25percentofthoseages80to84;andabout37percentofpeople85andolder.Theresearch,whichwasfundedbytheNationalInstituteonAging,recruited107adultsages55to95withmildcognitiveimpairment.For12weeks,theywereallaskedtoplayoneoftwotypesofgames,fourtimesaweek—spendingeither30minutesonLumosity,apopularcognitivetrainingplatform,or30minutesattemptingadigitalcrossword.After12weeks,theparticipantswerereevaluatedandgiven"booster"dosesofgameplaysixmoretimesduringthe78-weekexperiment.Bytheendofthestudy,participantsweregivenstandardassessmentsusedtomeasurecognitivedecline,andfriendsandfamilyreportedontheirday-to-dayfunctioning.MRIscansalsowereusedtomeasurebrainvolumechanges.Researchersfoundthatinkeymeasurements—cognitivedeclinescores,functionalskillsandbrainvolumechanges—theregularcrosswordplayersfaredbetterthanthegameplayers.Thefindingsurprisedthescientistsbehindthestudywhohadexpectedthatchallengingweb-basedbraingames,whichwerespecificallydesignedtoboostcognitivefunction,wouldofferthemostbenefit.“Ourstudyshowsthatinpeoplewithmildcognitiveimpairment,crosswordpuzzlesbeatthecomputerizedgamesonmultiplemetrics,”saidMuraliDoraiswamy,aco-authorofthestudy.“So,ifyouhavemildcognitiveimpairment,whichisdifferentfromnormalaging,thentherecommendationwouldbetokeepyourbrainactivewithcrosswordpuzzles.”Peoplewithhigherdegreesofcognitiveimpairmentappearedtobenefitthemostfromdoingthecrossword,whichwasdesignedtobeamoderatelydifficultpuzzlecomparabletotheThursdaygame.Thestudyhaslimitations.Someoftheparticipantsmayhavejustbeenmorefamiliarwithcrosswordsandthat'swhytheyrespondedbettertothepuzzlesthantoLumosity'scomputergames.Moreyearsoffollow-upalsoareneededtodeterminewhetherinterventionssuchascrosswordpuzzlescan“trulypreventdementia,”Doraiswamysaid.27.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"staveoff"inParagraph3probablymean?A.Promote. B.Prevent. C.Experience. D.Cause.28.Paragraph4iswrittento_________.A.showaconcerningcondition B.comparedifferentgroupsC.presentreal-lifeexamples D.proveanassumption29.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.One'sdegreeofcognitiveimpairmentdependsonhowoldheis.B.Solvingcrosswordpuzzlesisarecommendationtoelderlypeople.C.Theefficiencyofpuzzlesinpreventingdementiahasbeenproved.D.Crosswords'effectsarelinkedtohowseriouscognitiveimpairmentis.30.Whatmakesthefindingsofthestudyfarfromconclusive?A.Thelackofvariables. B.Theweaknessesofassessments.C.Theinsufficiencyoftimespan. D.Thesubjects'preferenceforgames.〖答案〗27.B28.A29.D30.C【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍一项研究发现，定期尝试填字游戏可能有助于减缓一些轻度认知障碍患者的衰退。【27题详析】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Andtheresearchoffershopetothosediagnosedwithmildcognitiveimpairment(这项研究给那些被诊断患有轻度认知障碍的人带来了希望)”由此可推知下文theymaybeabletostaveofffurtherdeclinesinthememory意思是“他们可能能够避免记忆力、语言问题和决策能力的进一步下降”，可知staveoff意思是阻止，预防，和prevent同义，故选B。【28题详析】推理判断题。根据第四段“TheAmericanAcademyofNeurologyestimatesthatmildcognitiveimpairmentaffectsabout8percentofpeopleages65to69;10percentofpeopleages70to74;15percentofpeopleages75to79;25percentofthoseages80to84;andabout37percentofpeople85andolder.(美国神经病学学会(AmericanAcademyofNeurology)估计，在65岁至69岁的人群中，约有8%的人患有轻度认知障碍；70-74岁的人占10%；15%的人年龄在75到79岁之间；年龄在80到84岁之间的人占25%；大约37%的85岁及以上的人。)”和第五段“Theresearch,whichwasfundedbytheNationalInstituteonAging,recruited107adultsages55to95withmildcognitiveimpairment.(这项研究由美国国家老龄研究所(NationalInstituteonAging)资助，招募了107名年龄在55岁至95岁之间、患有轻度认知障碍的成年人。)”可推知写第四段是为了说明研究对象的相关情况，故选A。【29题详析】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段““Ourstudyshowsthatinpeoplewithmildcognitiveimpairment,crosswordpuzzlesbeatthecomputerizedgamesonmultiplemetrics,”saidMuraliDoraiswamy,aco-authorofthestudy.(“我们的研究表明，在轻度认知障碍的人群中，填字游戏在多个指标上都胜过电脑游戏，”该研究的合著者穆拉利·多雷斯瓦米(MuraliDoraiswamy)说。)”可推知填字游戏的效果与认知障碍的严重程度有关。故选D。【30题详析】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Moreyearsoffollow-upalsoareneededtodeterminewhetherinterventionssuchascrosswordpuzzlescan“trulypreventdementia,”Doraiswamysaid.(Doraiswamy说，还需要更多年的随访来确定填字游戏等干预措施是否能“真正预防痴呆”。)”可知还需要更多年的随访来确定填字游戏等干预措施是否能“真正预防痴呆”，也就是时间不足，故选C。DAPerspectivearticlepublishedinNaturethisweeksaysthatAIsystemsposeafurtherrisk:thatresearchersenvisionsuchtoolsaspossessedofsuperhumanabilitieswhenitcomestoobjectivity,productivityandunderstandingcomplexconcepts.ScientistsplanningtouseAI“mustevaluatetheserisksnow,whileAIapplicationsarestillnascent(未成熟的),becausetheywillbemuchmoredifficulttoaddressifAItoolsbecomedeeplyembeddedintheresearchpipeline”,writeco-authorsLisaMesseriandMollyCrockett.Inthisarticle,MesseriandCrockettputtogetherapictureofthewaysinwhichscientistsseeAIsystemsasenhancinghumancapabilities.Inone‘vision’,whichtheycallAIasOracle,researchersseeAItoolsasabletotirelesslyreadanddigestscientificpapers,andsosurveythescientificliteraturemoreexhaustivelythanpeoplecan.InbothOracleandanothervision,calledAIasArbiter,systemsareperceivedasevaluatingscientificfindingsmoreobjectivelythandopeople,becausetheyarelesslikelytocherry-picktheliteraturetosupportadesiredhypothesisortoshowfavouritisminpeerreview.Inathirdvision,AIasQuant,AItoolsseemtosurpassthelimitsofthehumanmindinanalyzingvastandcomplexdata.Inthefourth,AIasSurrogate,AItoolssimulate(模拟)datathataretoodifficultorcomplextoobtain.Informedbyanthropologyandcognitivescience,MesseriandCrockettpredictrisksthatarisefromthesevisions.Oneistheillusionofexplanatorydepth,inwhichpeoplerelyingonanotherperson—or,inthiscase,analgorithm—forknowledgehaveatendencytomistakethatknowledgefortheirownandthinktheirunderstandingisdeeperthanitactuallyis.AnotherriskisthatresearchbecomesskewedtowardsstudyingthekindsofthingthatAIsystemscantest—theresearcherscallthistheillusionofexploratorybreadth.Forexample,insocialscience,thevisionofAIasSurrogatecouldencourageexperimentsinvolvinghumanbehaviorsthatcanbesimulatedbyanAI—anddiscouragethoseonbehaviorsthatcannot,suchasanythingthatrequiresbeingembodiedphysically.There’salsotheillusionofobjectivity,inwhichresearchersseeAIsystemsasrepresentingallpossibleviewpointsornothavingaviewpoint.Infact,thesetoolsreflectonlytheviewpointsfoundinthedatatheyhavebeentrainedon,andareknowntoadoptthebiases(偏见)foundinthosedata.“There’sariskthatweforgetthattherearecertainquestionswejustcan’tanswerabouthumanbeingsusingAItools,”saysCrockett.Theillusionofobjectivityisparticularlyworryinggiventhebenefitsofincludingdiverseviewpointsinresearch.Ifyou’reascientistplanningtouseAI,youcanreducethesedangersthroughanumberofstrategies.Oneistomapyourproposedusetooneofthevisions,andconsiderwhichtrapsyouaremostlikelytofallinto.AnotherapproachistobedeliberateabouthowyouuseAI.DeployingAItoolstosavetimeonsomethingyourteamalreadyhasexpertiseinislessriskythanusingthemtoprovideexpertiseyoujustdon’thave,saysCrockett.31.AccordingtoParagraph2,whichmightscientistsagreewith?A.Humanintelligencecan’tbeovershadowedinanalyzingdata.B.PrejudicehasbeenruledoutbyAItoolsinscientificevaluation.C.Studieswithdesiredhypothesisareusuallyfavoredinpeerreview.D.AIcanconductarelativelythoroughoverviewofthepriorresearch.32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“skewed”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Declining. B.Partial. C.Dynamic. D.Irrelevant.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.RelyingonAItofillgapsintheteam’sknowledgeismuchpreferable.B.AIisn’tlimitedtotheoutlookandbiasespresentwithinitstrainingdata.C.InstantactionsmustbetakentorateAI’srisksbeforeitisfullyintegratedintoresearch.D.UserscountingheavilyonAItendtounderestimatetheirinsightofaconcept.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ACallforConsideredUseofAIinScienceB.TheUnseenBiasesofAIinSocialScienceC.AI’sRoleinEnhancingHumanExpertiseD.HowAIIsShapingScientificDiscovery〖答案〗31.D32.B33.C34.A【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。主要讨论了人工智能在科学研究中的应用可能带来的风险，包括对人工智能超人能力的错觉，以及由此产生的研究偏向和客观性幻象。作者呼吁科学家人工智能工具尚处于初级阶段时评估并应对这些风险，提出通过识别使用人工智能的潜在陷阱和有意识地应用人工智能来减少危险的策略。【31题详析】推理判断题。根据第二段“Inone‘vision’,whichtheycallAIasOracle,researchersseeAItoolsasabletotirelesslyreadanddigestscientificpapers,andsosurveythescientificliteraturemoreexhaustivelythanpeoplecan.(在一个“愿景”中，他们将人工智能称为甲骨文，研究人员认为人工智能工具能够不知疲倦地阅读和消化科学论文，因此比人类更详尽地调查科学文献。)”以及“Inathirdvision,AIasQuant,AItoolsseemtosurpassthelimitsofthehumanmindinanalyzingvastandcomplexdata.Inthefourth,AIasSurrogate,AItoolssimulate(模拟)datathataretoodifficultorcomplextoobtain.(在第三种愿景中，AIasQuant，人工智能工具在分析庞大而复杂的数据方面似乎超越了人类思维的极限。在第四个中，人工智能作为替代物，人工智能工具模拟太难或太复杂而无法获得的数据。)”可知，人工智能工具可以更详尽地调查科学文献，分析庞大而复杂的数据，并模拟太难或太复杂而无法获得的数据，由此可推知，科学家可能同意的观点是人工智能能够对先前的研究进行相对全面的概述。故选D项。【32题详析】词句猜测题。根据第四段“AnotherriskisthatresearchbecomesskewedtowardsstudyingthekindsofthingthatAIsystemscantest—theresearcherscallthistheillusionofexploratorybreadth.(另一个风险是，研究对于研究人工智能系统可以测试的东西变得skewed——研究人员称之为探索广度的错觉。)”可知，研究可能会偏向于人工智能系统能够