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Unit1PartIA
1.Oxford/commitment/academicrecord2.oldest/largest/reputation/research/science
3.first/Australia/150years/excels4.excellence/17.000/location
5.largest/1883/situated/26,0006.1636/enrollment/18,500/schools
7.awards/degrees/20,0008.located/135/third
B
1.2,700languages/7,000dialects/regional/pronunciation
2.official/language
3.Onebillion/20percent
4.Fourhundredmillion/first/600million/second/foreign
5.500,000words/Eightypercent/other
6.Eightypercent/computers
7.Africancountry/same
8.1,000/Africa
9.spaceship/1977/55/message/theUnitedStates
C1–(a)2–(c)3–(d)4–(b)
Allright,class.Todaywe’regoingtobelookingatdifferentlanguagelearningstyles.Youmaybesurprisedtofindthattherearedifferentwaysofgoingaboutlearninglanguages,noneofwhichisnecessarilybetterthantheothers.Researchershaveidentifiedfourbasiclearner“types”–thecommunicativelearner,theanalyticallearner,theauthority-orientedlearnerandtheconcretelearner.Communicativelearnersliketolearnbywatchingandlisteningtonativespeakers.Athome,theyliketolearnbywatchingTVandvideos.Theyliketolearnnewwordsbyhearingthem.Inclass,theyliketolearnbyhavingconversations.Now,concretelearnersliketoleanbyplayinggames,bylookingatpicturesandvideosinclass,talkinginpairs,andbylisteningtocassettesathomeandschool.Now,authority-orientedlearners,ontheotherhand,liketheteachertoexplaineverything.Theyliketowriteeverythingdownintheirnotebook,andtheyliketohaveatextbook.Theyliketolearnnewwordsbyseeingthem.Andfinally,wehaveanalyticallearners.Theselearnersliketolearnbystudyinggrammar.Athome,theyliketolearnbystudyingEnglishbooks,andtheyliketostudybythemselves.Theyliketofindtheirownmistakes.Now,ofcourse,it’sunusualforapersontobeexclusivelyone“type”ratherthananother.Mostofusaremixturesofstyles.Whattypeoflearnerdoyouthinkyouare?
PartIIA3
GCSEexaminationsstudents/highereducation
student/secondyear/highschool/collegegeneralexam/SchoolCertificate
sittingUniversityEntranceExaminationbachelor’sdegree:3/4years
master’sdegree:anotheryearortwodoctorate:afurther3-7years
Well,inBritain,fromtheagesoffivetoaboutelevenyoustartoffataprimaryschool,andthenfromeleventosixteenyougoontoasecondaryschooloracomprehensiveschoolandatsixteenyoutakeGCSEexaminations.Afterthis,somechildrentakevocationalcoursesorevenstartwork.OthersstayonatschoolforanothertwoyearstotakeAlevels.Andattheageofeighteen,afterAlevels,theymightfinishtheireducationorgoontoacourseofhighereducationatacollegeoruniversity,andthat’susuallyforthreeyears.
Well,itdependsonwhatstateyou’reinbutmostkidsintheUnitedStatesstartschoolataboutsixwhentheygotoelementaryschoolandthatgoesfromthefirstgradeuptothesixthgrade.Somekidsgotoakindergartentheyearbeforethat.Thentheygoontojuniorhighschool,that’sabouteleven,andthat’stheseventh,eighthandninthgrades.Andthentheygoontoseniorhighschoolaroundagefourteenstartinginthetenthgradeandfinishinginthetwelfthgradeusually.Somestudentswillleaveschoolatsixteenandthey’llstartwork,butmostofthemstayontograduatefromhighschoolatageeighteen.Inthefirstyearathighschoolorcollegestudentsarecalled“freshmen”,inthesecondthey’recalled“sophomores”,inthethirdyearwecallthem“juniors”andinthefourthyearthey’recalled“seniors”.Nowalotofhighschoolgraduatesthengotocollegeoruniversityandtheydoafour-yearfirstdegreecourse.Someofthemmightgotojuniorcollegewhichisatwo-yearcourse.
Well,inAustralia,wellmoststatesanyway,childrenstarttheirprimaryeducationatfiveafterperhapsabrieftimeinkindergarten.Theywillstayatprimaryschooluntilthey’reabouteleven,thenthey’lleitherstaythereorgotoanintermediateschoolforacoupleofyears.Thentheystarthighschoolusuallytwelveorthirteen,whichyoustartinthethirdform.Now,afterthreeyearsathighschoolyousitageneralexam,somestatescallitSchoolCertificateandthatisasortofgeneralqualificationandthatifasortofgeneralqualification.AfterthatyoucanleaveschoolatsixteenoryoucangoonandsityourUniversityEntranceExamination,whichthengivesyouentréeintoauniversityorit’sanotherusefulqualification,andfromthenonyougotovarioussortsofhighereducation.
EducationinCanadaisaprovincialresponsibility,butschoolsareadministeredbylocalschoolboards.
Kindergartenisforchildrenwhoarefourorfiveyearsold.Childrenbeginformalfull-dayschoolinginGrade1,whentheyareaboutsixyearsold.Theymuststayinschoolatleastuntiltheyaresixteen.However,moststudentscontinuetofinishhighschool.Somegotocollegeoruniversity.Eachyearofschoolingrepresentsonegrade.(TheschoolyearextendsfromthebeginningofSeptembertotheendofJune.)ElementaryschoolincludeskindergartentoaboutGrade8.Secondaryschool(orhighschool)maystartinGrade8,9,or10anditusuallycontinuesuntilGrade12.
InCanada,studentsmaygotouniversityortoacommunitycollege.Iftheywanttolearnskillsforspecificjob,theyattendcollegeforoneorfouryearstogetadiplomaorcertificate.Forexample,labtechnicians,child-careworkers,andhotelmanagersgotocollege.Universitiesofferdegreeprogramsaswellastrainingprofessions,suchaslaw,medicine,andteaching.
Universitiesofferthreemainlevelsofdegrees.Studentsearnabachelor’sdegreeafterthreeorfouryearsofstudy.Amaster’sdegreecantakeanotheryearortwo.Adoctoratemaytakeafurtherthreetosevenyearstocomplete.
B1Idioms/vocabulary/French/spelling/pronunciation
B21.F2.T3.F
I–InterviewerP–Professor
I:AndnowwehaveaninterviewwithProfessorJ.T.Lingo,ProfessorofLinguisticsatChimoUniversity,whoisheretotalktousaboutthegrowingbusinessofteachingEnglish.Goodmorning,professorLingo.
P:Goodmorning.
I:IunderstandthatteachingEnglishisbecoming“bigbusiness”allaroundtheworld.
P:Itseemsthatlanguageschoolsarespringingupeverywhere.
I:Whyisthat?
P:Withthemovetowardaglobaleconomy,Englishhasbecomethemostwidelyusedlanguageintheworld.Itisthelanguageofbusiness,aviation,scienceandinternationalaffairsandpeoplefindthattheymustlearnEnglishtocompeteinthosefields.
I:AnddopeoplefindEnglishaneasylanguagetolearn?
P:Well,everylanguagehassomethingaboutitthatotherpeoplefinddifficulttolearn.Englishissuchahodgepodgeofdifferentlanguages–it’sessentiallyGermanicbutalotofitsvocabularycomesfromFrench,andtechnicalwordsstemfromLatinandGreek.ThisfeaturemakesEnglishfairlyadaptable–whichisagoodthingforaworldlanguage–butitcausesirregularityinspellingandpronunciation.
I:Englishspellingbafflesme,too.
P:Englishalsohasthelargestvocabulary.Oftentherearewordsforthesamething,oneisAnglo-SaxonandonefromtheFrench–like“buy”whichisAnglo-Saxonand“purchase”whichisfromtheFrench.TheFrenchwordoftenhasmoreprestige.
I:Anglo-Saxon?
P:That’sthewordforOldEnglish.TheNormanConquestin1066broughttheFrenchlanguagetoBritainandhelpedEnglishevolveintotheEnglishitistoday.
I:IsthereanythingelseparticularlydifficultaboutEnglish?
P:Well,theidiomsininformalEnglishposeaproblemforsomestudents.
I:InformalEnglish?
P:Aswithanylanguage,therearedifferentvarieties:slang,colloquial.Formal,written,aswellasthedifferentdialects–British,AmericanandCanadianEnglish.
I:AndhowisCanadianEnglishdifferentfromAmericanandBritish?
P:CanadianEnglishisclosertoAmericaninpronunciationandidiom.SomeofourwordsandourspellingsdoreflectBritishusage,however.Wewouldn’tusetheBritishterm“lorry”fortruck,butwehavekeptthe“o-u-r”spellingsinwordssuchas“honour”and“colour”.
I:Thishasbeenveryinteresting.I’mafraidwe’reoutoftime.Ithasbeenapleasuretalkingtoyou.
PartIIIUniversityLifeA1I.Age/ForeignstudentpopulationII.15hrs(+2or3forlab)/Discussiongroup:15-20/muchsmaller/informal,friendly/2-3hrs:1hr
TodayI’dliketogiveyousomeideaabouthowlifeatanAmericanuniversityorcollegemightbedifferentfromthewayitisinyourcountry.Tobesure,thestudentbodyonaU.S.campusisaprettydiversegroupofpeople.Firstofall,youwillfindstudentsofallages.Althoughmoststudentsstartcollegeataroundtheageof18,youwillseestudentsintheir30sand40sandevenoccasionallyintheir60sand70s.StudentsonaU.S.campuscomefromawidevarietyofsocioeconomicbackgrounds.Manystudentsworkatleastpart-time,someofthemworkfull-time.Manystudentsliveindormitoriesoncampus,somehavetheirownapartmentsusuallywithotherstudents,andothersliveathome.Somecollegesanduniversitieshaveaverydiversestudentpopulationwithmanyracialandethnicminorities.Someschoolshaveafairlylargeforeignstudentpopulation.SoyoucanseethatonemeetsallkindsofpeopleonaU.S.collegeoruniversitycampus.Nowthatyouhavesomegeneralideaofdifferencesinthestudentpopulation,I’dliketotalkafewminutesaboutwhatIthinkanaveragestudentisandthendiscusswithyouwhatatypicalclassmightbelike.
Let’sbeginmytalkingaboutanaveragestudententeringhisorherfreshmanyear.Ofcourse,suchapersonneverreallyexists,butstillit’sconvenienttotalkaboutan“average”studentforourpurposes.ForeignstudentsareoftensurprisedathowpoorlypreparedAmericanstudentsarewhentheyenterauniversity.Actually,atveryselectschoolsthestudentsareusuallyverywellprepared,butatlessselectiveschools,theymaynotbeaswellpreparedasstudentsinyourcountryare.SchoolsintheStatessimplyadmitalotmorestudentsthanisusualinmostothercountries.Also,mostyoungAmericanuniversitystudentshavenottraveledinothercountriesandarenotverywell-versedininternationalmattersanddonotknowalotaboutpeoplefromothercountries.Foreignstudentsusuallyfindthemfriendlybutnotverywell-informedabouttheircountriesorcultures.
Whatkindofacademicexperienceswillthisso-called“average”studenthave?Theaverageundergraduatestudenttakesfiveclassesasemesterandisinclassfor15hoursaweek.Ifherorshetakesaclassthathasalaboratory,thiswillrequiretoworthreemorehours.Manyintroductoryundergraduateclassesaregiveninlargelecturesof100ormorestudents.However,manyoftheseclasseswillhavesmalldiscussiongroupsof15to20studentsthatmeetonceaweek.Inthesesmallergroups,ateachingassistantwillleadadiscussiontohelpclassifypointsinthelectures.Otherkindsofclasses–forexample,languageclasses–willbemuchsmallersothatstudentscanpracticelanguage.Ingeneral,Americanprofessorsareinformalandfriendlywiththeirstudents,and,asmuchaspossible,theyexpectandinviteparticipationintheformofdiscussion.Alargeamountofreadingandotherworkisoftenassignedtobedoneoutsideclass,andstudentsareexpectedtotakefullresponsibilityforcompletingtheseassignmentsandaskingquestionsinclassaboutthoseareastheydon’tunderstand.Asaruleofthumb,studentsspendtwotothreehourspreparingforeachhourtheyspendinclass.Americanprofessorsoftenencouragetheirstudentstovisitthemduringofficehours,especiallyifthestudentsarehavingproblemsintheclass.
A2II.Examinations/quizzes
III.Graduateschool/Seminars/someareaofinterest/aresearchpaper
Let’smoveonnowtodiscussstudentobligationsinatypicalAmericanclass.Theseobligationsareusuallysetdowninthecoursesyllabus.Asyllabusisgenerallyhandedouttostudentsonthefirstorsecondclassmeeting.Agoodsyllabuswillgivestudentsacourseoutlinethatmentionsallthetopicstobecoveredinclass.Itwillalsocontainalltheassignmentsandthedatestheyshouldbecompletedby.Anaverageuniversitycourseofonesemestermighthavethreeexaminationsortwoexaminationsandapaper.Thedatesoftheexaminationsandwhattheexaminationswillcovershouldbeonthesyllabus.Ifapaperidrequired,thedateitisdueshouldalsobeinthesyllabus.Theprofessormayalsodecidethatheorshewillbegivingquizzesduringthesemester,eitherannouncedorunannounced.Forstudentscomingfromasystemwherethereisoneexaminationineachsubjectattheendoftheyear,allthistestingcanbealittlesurprisingatfirst.Bytheby,maybethiswouldbeagoodplaceformetomentiontheissueofattendance.Anotherrealdifferenceinoursystemisoutattendancepolicies.Perhapsyoucomefromasystemwhereattendanceisoptional.Generallyspeaking,Americanprofessorsexpectregularattendanceandmayevengradeyoudownifyouareabsentalot.Allthisinformationshouldbeonyoursyllabus,alongwiththeprofessor’sofficenumberandofficehours.
Ihaveonlyacoupleofhoursleft,andI’dliketousethemtotalkabouthowgraduateschoolissomewhatdifferentfromundergraduateschool.Ofcourse,it’smuchmoredifficulttoentergraduateschool,andmoststudentsarehighlyqualifiedandhighmotivated.Studentsingraduateschoolareexpectedtodomuchmoreindependentworkthanthoseinundergraduateschools,withregularlyscheduledexams,etc.someclasseswillbeconductedasseminars.Inaseminarclass,theremaybenoexams,butstudentsareexpectedtoreadratherwidelyontopicsandbepreparedforthoroughdiscussionoftheminclass.Anotherpossibilityingraduateclassesisthatinadditiontoreadingsdonebyallstudents,eachstudentmayalsobeexpectedtoworkindependentlyinsomeareaofinterestandlatermakeapresentationthatsummarizeswhatherorshehaslearned.Usuallyeachstudentthengoesontowriteapaperonwhatheorshehasresearchedtoturnintotheprofessorforagrade.
Ihopethattoday’slecturehasgivenyousomeideaaboutstudentlifeonanAmericancampusandthatyouhavenoticedsomedifferencebetweenoursystemandyours.
B2tomakemistakes/everynewthing/thelanguage/Workingoutsidetheclassroom
Passive/theteach/stickhisneckout/morelikelytoberightthanhimself
Howwouldyoudescribeagoodstudentorabadstudent,sortofthingstheydoordon’tdointheclassroom?
He’seagertoexperimentwitheverynewthingthathelearns,whetheritbeastructureofafunctionoranewword,heimmediatelystartstryingtouseit.
He’sinterestedinthemistakeshemakes,he’snotafraidtomakethem.
He’snotsimplyinterestedinhavingitcorrectedandmovingon?
Heplayswithlanguage.
I’vedonethischapterIknowthis,withouttryingtoexperimentatall,withoutreallytestinghimself.
He’susuallypassive,hewon’tspeakupmuchintheclassroom.He’llrarelyaskyouwhythis…
Justsortofacceptswhatyougivehimanddoesn’tdoanythingmorewithit.
…andinatesthe’stheonepersonwho’slikelytosuddenlyrealizethathewasn’ttoosureaboutthatafterall.
Andpeepoverathisneighbor’spaper.
Analternativelearningstrategy.
Heinvariablydecidesthattheotherpersonismorelikelytoberightthanhimself.That’stheresultofthissortofunwillingnesstomakemistakesandstickhisneckout.
Thatcharacterizesthegoodorbadlearner?
He’lldomoreoffhisownbataswell,hewon’trelyentirelyontheteacher.
He’llworkoutsidetheclassroomaswellasinit.
Studentswhomakemostprogressarefirstofallthosewhoexperimentandsecondlythosewhoreadbooks.
PartIVUniversityCampusA
2.theHistoryDepartment3.thePsychologyDepartment4.theLibrary
5.theEducationDepartment6.thePhilosophyDepartment7.theGeographyDepartment
8.theSportsGround9.theForeignLanguagesDepartment10.theChineseDepartment
11.thePhysicsDepartment12.theMathematicsDepartment13.theChemistryDepartment
14.theClinic15.theAuditorium16.theAdministrationBuilding
Lookatthemap.Atthebottomofthepage,finethegate(1).Nowlocate16.Itisbetweentheriverandthelake,closetotheMainRoad.ThebuildingbehindtheAdministrationis15.Whereis4?It’sontheright-handsideoftheMainRoad,closetotheriver.AcrosstheMainroadfromtheLibrary,thebuildingbytheriveris5.Thefirstbuildingontheleft-handsideoftheMainRoadis7.6isbetweentheEducationandtheGeography.ThebuildingattheendoftheMainRoadis12.onitsleftis11andonitsright,nearthelake,is13.Anotherbuildingbehindthelikeis14.10isfacingthelake,acrosstheMainRoad.ThebuildingbetweentheChineseDepartmentandtheriveris9.2isthefirstbuildingontherightoftheMainRoad.NexttotheHistoryDepartmentis3.Andlast,8isbehindtheEducation,PhilosophyandGeographyDepartments.
BRobertMartin/biology/nextfall/sixyearsinapublicschoolinthehometown;twoyearsinamilitaryschool,highschoolinthehometown/science(biologyinparticular),sports
SoIhadtoearnalittlemoneytohelppaymyway.
Itsoundsasifyou’reaprettyresponsiblefellow.Iseethatyouattendedtwogradeschools.
Idon’tfindatranscriptamongyourpapers.
Butit’shardtokeepupwithbothsportsandstudies.
I’llholdyourapplicationuntilwegetthetranscript.
Whatdidyourguidancecounselortellyou?
HetoldmeIhadarealknackforscientificthings.IhavebeenfascinatedwithsciencesinceIwasachild.Aninterestofthatkindreallysignifiessomething.
Unit2Colorfullands,colorfulpeople
16,998,000/64,186,300/840,000/1,000,000/3,320,000/143,244/32,483/2,966,000/5,105,700/29,028/-1,312/5,315/36,198/4,145/
ThebiggestcontinentintheworldisAsia.Itcovers16,998,000squaremiles.
ThePacificOceanisthelargestoceanwith64,186,300squaremiles.
Whichisthebiggestisland?It’sGreenland.Itoccupiesanareaof840,000squaremiles.
TheArabiaPeninsulaisthelargestpeninsulaandhasanareaof1,000,000squaremiles.
Doyouknowwhichisthelargestdesert?Yes,it’stheSaharaDesertinNorthAfrica.Itcovers3,320,000squaremiles.
ThebiggestsaltwaterlakeistheCaspianSea,whichis143,244squaremileslarge.
LakeSuperioristhebiggestfreshwaterlakeanditcoversatotalareaof32,483squaremiles.
ThesmallestcontinentisOceania,withanareaof2,966,000squaremiles,andthesmallestoceanistheArcticOceanwith5,105,700squaremiles.
Youallknowtheworld’shighestpeak,don’tyou?Mt.Qomolangma(orMt.Everest)is29,028feetabovesealevel.Incontrast,thelowestaltitudeintheworldistheDeadSea,1,312feetbelowsealevel,oryoucansay-1,312feet.
ThedeepestlakeisBaykalinRussia.Thedepthis5,315feet.
MarianaTrenchnearthePhilippinesisthedeepestoceanictrench,withadepthof36,198feet.
ThelongestriverintheworldistheNileinAfrica.Itis4,145mileslong.
B
1,243,738,000/955,220,000/267,901,000/199,867,000/159,884,000/147,105,000/138,150,000/125,638,000/122,013,000/118,369,000/96,400,000/82,071,000
1.ThecountrywiththelargestpopulationintheworldisChina.Accordingtothe2019census,thetotalpopulationwas1,243,738,000.
2.ThesecondlargestinpopulationisIndia.Itlistedapopulationof955,220,000in2019.
3.AndthethirdlargestistheUnitedStates,withitsestimatedpopulationof267,901,000in2019.
4.Whichcountryisthefourthlargestinpopulation?It’sIndonesia.About199,867,000peoplelivethere.
5.Brazilranksthefifthinitspopulation.Therethepopulationwas159,884,000.
6.NextcomestheRussianFederation,withapopulationof147,105,000.
7.TheseventhinlineisPakistan,withanestimatedpopulationof138,150,000.
8.Japanisthecountrywiththeeighthlargestpopulation.Itspopulationestimatedin2019reached125,638,000.
9.ThenextlargescountryinpopulationisBangladesh.Theestimatedpopulationwas122,013,000in2019.
10.NigeriainAfricaranksthetenthinitspopulation.Thereareabout118,369,000peoplelivingthere.
11.Theeleventh?Mexico.Accordingtostatistics,itspopulationwas96,400,000in2019.
12.Andlast,thetwelfthlargesisGermany.Its2019censusshowedithadapopulationof82,071,000.
C
Chinese1,300million/Spanish332million/English322million/189million/182million/170million/Russian170million/Japanese125million/German98million/75.5million/Korean75million/French72million/Vietnamese67million/66million/64million/63million/Turkish59million/58million/44million/Polish44million/Arabic42.5million/41million
Doyouknowwhichlanguagesarespokenbymorethan40millionpeople?
Chinesehasthelargestnumberofspeakers,morethan1,300million.Next,Spanishisspokenby332millionpeople.ThenextonthelineisEnglish,whichhasmorethan322millionspeakers.Number4,Bengaliisspokenby189millionpeople.NextcomesHindi,thelanguagespokenchieflyinIndia,whichhas182millionspeakers.PortugueseandRussianarenextonthelineandtheyarebothspokenby170millionpeople.Number8,Japaneseisspokenby125million.Next,Germanhas98millionspeakers,whileJavanesehas75.5million.WehaveKoreanonthelistwith75million,anditisfollowedbyFrench,whichisspokenby72million.Number13,Vietnameseisspokenby67millionandTeluguisspokenby66million.Next,wehaveMarathionthelistandithas64millionspeakers.MarathiisfollowedbyTamil,with63millionspeakers.NextcomesTurkish,thelanguagespokeninTurkey,andithas59millionspeakers.Number18,Urduisspokenby58millionpeople.Gujaratihas44millionspeakers,andPolishisalsospokenby44millionpeople.Number21,which42.5millionpeoplespeak,isArabicandlast,thenumberofpeoplewhospeakUkrainianis41million.
PartII
1.Ababyboy
2.social/ecological/populations
3.longer/healthier
AbabyboyborninBosnia-Herzegovinaovernighthasofficiallybeennamedtheworld’ssixbillionthinhabitant.
Althoughseveralotherbabiesarelikelytohavebeenbornatthesametimeelsewhereintheworld,theUnitedNationshaddeclaredthatthefirstchildtobedeliveredattheKosovoHospitalinSarajevotodaywouldsymbolizethepassingofthemark.
TheUSecretaryGeneralisvisitingthemotherandhersonasaUNattempttodrawattentiontothesocialandecologicalproblemsofrapidlyexpandingpopulations
TheboywhocameintotheworldashorttimeagoinBosniatosuchinternationalacclaimwillbesharingabirthdaywithafewhundredthousandpeopleandinthenextyearanothereightymillionwillbejoininghimontheplanet.Theearth’spopulationhasdoubledsince1960andwithmorethanabillionyoungpeoplejustenteringtheirproductiveyears.Thepopulationgrowthhasplentyofmomentum.Butbirthcontrolprogramsarebeginningtohaveanimpact.Demographerspredictthatbythemiddleofthenewcenturytheglobalcountwillleveloffatsomethingundertenbillion.TheUNpopulationagencyhaspresentedtoday’sachievementasasuccessforhumanity,pointingoutthatpeoplearelivinglongerandhealthierlivesthananygenerationinthehistory.
Bbca
Theboywillbesharingabirthdaywithafewhundredthousandpeopleandinthenextyear,anothereightymillionwillbejoininghimontheplanet.
Theearth’spopulationhasdoubledsince1960andwithmorethanabillionyoungpeoplejustenteringtheirproductiveyears.
Demographerspredictthatbythemiddleofthenewcentury,theglobalcountwillleveloffatsomethingundertenbillion.
PartIIIA
water/70%redorbrown/plantcoversnow/continentsislandsarmsoftheoceanconnectingachannelvalleysplains
B12million/2/10million/10/3/6/4/16million/18million
1.MexicoCity2.SaoPaulo3.RiodeJaneiro4.Bombay
5.Delhi6.Shanghia7.Seoul
I-InterviewE-Expert
I:InBritainweareoftentoldthatpeopleareleavingthebigcitiestoliveinthecountrysidebutisthisthecaseworldwide?
E:Notatall.Ifyoulookatthebiggestcitiesin1950,sevenoutofthetoptenwereinthedevelopedcountriesbutbytheyear2000,thedevelopingcountrieswillhaveeightoutofthetopten.NewYork,whichin1950wasnumberonewithapopulationofaround12million,willonlybethesixthlargestcityintheworldbutwithanextra2million.
I:AndLondon?
E:London,whichwasnumbertwo,won’tevenbeinthetopten.Itspopulationin1950,bytheway,wasabout10million.
I:Andwhyisthishappening?Whyarepeoplemovingtothebigcitiesfromthecountryinthedevelopingcountries?
E:Thereasonsarecomplexbutmanyaremovingtolookforwork.Andtheproblemsthiscreatesareenormous.It’sestimatedthat26millionpeoplewillbelivinginMexicoCitybytheyear2000,withSaoPauloinBrazilnotfarbehind.
I:It’sdifficulttobelieve.
E:Iknow.RiodeJaneirowillhaveapopulationofamere13million.Well,justimaginethekindsofdifficultiesthisisgoingtocauseintermsofhealth,transportandeducation.
I:Yes.WhataboutthecitiesofAsia?Willtheybeexperiencingasimilarsortofgrowth?
E:Insomecases,yes.CalcuttainIndiawhichwasNo.10intheleaguein1950isexpectedtobethefourthbiggestcityintheworldwithapopulationof16million-quadruplingitssizeinjust50years.BombayandDelhitooareexpectedtobeinthetopten.
I:WhataboutJapan?
E:Ah!Well,Tokyowasnumberthreein1950andthat’swhereit’llbeatthebeginningofthenextcentury,althoughitspopulationwillhavetrebledtoabout18million.LookingattheothermajorcitiesinAsia,ShanghaiandSeoulwillbeinthetoptenaswellbut,perhapssurprisingly,notBeijingorHongKong.
I:Now,ifwecouldturnourattentiontohome,whataboutthetrendofpeoplemovingoutofthecities…
PartIVskills/themainidea/what/recognize/central/important/direction/purpose/inform/compare/answer/stated/atopic
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