考研英语真题4

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语一)试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestvvord(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or

[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

In1924American5NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrial

experimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearn

howstop-floorlignting_1_workersproductivity.Instead,thestudiesended_2__givingtheirnametothe

“Hawthorneeffect”，theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3tobeingexperimenteduponchanged

subjects,behavior.

Theideaarosebecauseofthe_4behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto

—5___oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.It

didnot_6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_sometingwaschangedproductivityrose.

A(n)___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9___toalterworkers,behavior

10itself.

Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere_11_toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshas

anothersurprisestore_12_thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic_13_wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivity

wererelatedtochangesinlighting.

Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto_14_interpretationof

whathapped._15___,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output

—16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand_17—toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.—18—,a

comparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentupon

Monday,workers_19—tobediligentforthefirstflewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before_20—aplateau

andthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect“ishardtopindown.

1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored

2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off

3.[AJtruth[BJsight[C]act[D]proof

4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous|D|ambiguous

5.[Ajrequirements[BJexplanations[C]accounts[D]assessments

6.[A]conclude[B]matter[Clindicate[D]work

7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[DJsolongas

8.[A]awareness|B|expectation[C]sentiment|D]illusion

9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[DIabundant

10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by

11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected|D|conveyed

12.[A]contraryto|B|consistentwith[C]parallelwith|D|pealliarto

13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source

14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading

15.[A]Incontrast[BJForexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual

16.|A|duly|B]accidentalIy[C]unpredictably|D]suddenly

17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued

20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hiting

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].

MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,

perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatime

whenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthe

mostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaper

reviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitable

forpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.

WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturn

ofthe2OthcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscrit

icismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenfor

grantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirs

wasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawand

ErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,

andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughto

keeptheirownendupinjournalism,?,Newmanwrote,44thatIamtemptedtodefine'journalism'as€atermofcont

emptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare'.”

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardian

from1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.

Duringhis1ifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidely

admiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobe

sohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsaveto

specialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus5scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistic

tasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholstered

Vicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeenin

headlongretreat.

21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that

[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.

|B|English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.

[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.

[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.

22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeworldwarIIwerecharacterizedby

[A]freethemes.

[B]casualstyle.

[C]elaboratelayout.

[D]radicalviewpoints.

23.whichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.

[B|Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

[ClWritersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

|A|Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.

[DJHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays.

[B]ThelostHorizoninNewspapers.

[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism.

[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory.

Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.

Areceivedonefbrits"one・click“onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforan

assetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.

Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,which

havebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-property

lawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsfbrthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconducta

broadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDennis'D.

CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.^^

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederalcircuititself

thatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentona

wayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initially

byemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,

moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthat

mightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300

business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWall

Streetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourt

casesopposingthepractice.

TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederal

circuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthana

typicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsidef,itsstatestreetBank

ruling.

TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCountthathas

narrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomany

patentswerebeingupheldfor<4inventions^^thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtothe

anti_patenttrendatthesupremecourt”,saysHaroleC.wegner,apartendattorneyandprofessorataeorge

WashingtonUniversityLawSchool.

26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof

[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness

[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation

[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting

[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization

27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions

[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction

[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit

[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.

28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)mostprobablymeans

[A]lossofgoodwill

|B|increaseofhostility

[C]changeofattitude

[D]enhancementofdignity

29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents

[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges

[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued

[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders

[D|increasetheincidenceofrisks

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders

[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents

[DIAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents

Text3

InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbythe

actingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluential,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,

orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.

Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalled

the“Iwostepflowofcommunication^^:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemto

everyoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindand

influencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemsto

explainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,a

cursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhatever

itisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertain

specialpeoplecandrivetrends

Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarless

impactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredofall.

Theresearchers,argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofa

fewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,

influence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitis

preciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocial

epidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,each

personsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;

andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeople

inthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitial

influentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.

Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinteipersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsof

populationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariables

relatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthatthe

principalrequirementforwhatwecall"globalcascades"-thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethrough

networks-isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,each

ofwhomadopts,say,alookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhow

influentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscriticalmassisavailableto

propagateachainreaction.

31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto

[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics

[B|discussinfluential'functioninspreadingideas

[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics

[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.

32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe"two-step-flowtheory”

[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems

|B|hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends

[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials

[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity

33.whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat

[A|thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions

fB]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia

[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic

[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention

34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople“inparagraph4referstotheoneswho

[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence

[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence

[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers

[D|areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential

35.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?

[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted

[BJTheimpulsetoinfluenceothers

[C|Thereadinesstobeinfluenced

[DITheinclinationtorelyonothers

Text4

Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentaking

aimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreport

enormouslosses,andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywould

pay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.

Unfortunately,banks,lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,butthe

independenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.

And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.

AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushed

throughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibility

inrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedout

againstthosewho"'questionourmotives.^^Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygroup

politelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.^^

EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)do

likewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenit

completesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warned

the1ASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum^^but“intherealword“andthatEuropecouldyetdevelop

differentrules.

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyargue

thatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikely

extentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank'ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,

suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsell

assetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.

Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America'snewplantobuyup

toxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarkets

requireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaning

uprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityformspecialinterests.Butbygivinginto

criticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.

36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto

[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules

[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties

[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers

[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.

37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin

[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement

[BJtherevivalofthebankingsystem

[CJthebanks,long-termassetlosses

[D]theweakeningofitsindependence

38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'Sattemptto

[AJkeepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.

|B(evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.

[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.

[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.

39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet“inthatthey

[AJmisinterpretedmarketpriceindicators

[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets

[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.

[D|deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.

4O.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof

[A]satisfaction.

[B]skepticism.

[C]objectiveness

[D]sympathy

PartB

Directions:

ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothe

numberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraph

whichdosenotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionof

foodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35

percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemand

fromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1

to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighter

holdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.

|B|RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangrocery

retailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimited

success,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:

thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.

[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?

Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inother

words,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybe

acclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthe

currentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.

[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirscale,

existinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketing

intelligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantial

profitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthe

biggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthe

competitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.Bigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferences

beforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseat

smallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.

[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined-France,

Germany,Italy,andSpain-aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:

independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfrom

producers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon'teatathome.Suchfoodservice

operatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesare

knowninthetradeas“horeca":hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe'swholesalemarketforfoodand

drinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwo

opposingtrends.

[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,and

theUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherin

wholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseat

outmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasible

fbrwholesalerstoconsolidate.

[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andevensomelargegoodproducers

andexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEurope

standtoreapconsiderablegains.

网f四

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollovnngtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your

translationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersof

thelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifits

stabilitydependsonitsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.

Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit,weinventexcusesto

giveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofthecenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobe

disappearing」46)Scientistsiumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsects

wouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.Theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.

Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,(47)butwehaveatleast

drawnnearerthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthe

presenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.

Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.(48)Timewaswhen

biologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthe

physicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon"worthless"species.Hereagain,theevidencehadtobeeconomicin

ordertobevalid.Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehearthemorehonestargumentthatpredatorsaremembersof

thecommunity,andthatnospecialinteresthastherighttoexterminatethemforthesakeofabenefit,realor

fancied,toitself.

Somespeciesoftreehavebeen'Teadoutoftheparty"byeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtoo

slowly,orhavetoolowasalevaluetopayastimbercrops.(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymore

advanced,thenoncommercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreserved

assuch,withinreason.Moreover,somehavebeenfoundtohaveavaluablefunctioninbuildingupsoilfertility.

Theinterdependenceoftheforestanditsconstituenttreespecies,groundflora,andfaunaistakenforgranted.

Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.(50)It

tendstoignore、andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandco