职称英语卫生类C级模拟试题及答案解析十

职称英语卫生类C级模拟试题及答案解析(10)

(1/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第1题

RuthBenedict'shighlypopularbookPatternsofCulturestressedtheroleofcultureinpersonality

formation.

A.overly

B.very

C.fairly

0.relatively

下一题

(2/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第2题

Becausethesaleofbondsisaconvenientmeansofraisingcapital,corporationsoftenissue

bondsaswellasstocks.

A.asgoodas

B.assubstitutesfor

C.inadditionto

□.insteadof

上一题下一题

(3/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第3题

InthewesternUnitedStatesonecanstillfindpoststowhichnineteenth-centurycowboys

hitchedtheirhorses.

A.tied

B.led

C.pulled

□.brought

上一题下一题

(4/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第4题

IntheNavahohousehold,grandparentsandotherrelativesplayindispensablerolesinraising

children.

A.dominant

B.exemplary

C.essential

0.demanding

上一题下一题

(5/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第5题

Theospreyfliesabovethewaterandwhenitspotsafishitswoopsdowntocatchit.

A.drops

B.sees

C.wants

□.selects

上一题下一题

(6/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第6题

Hisjobwastolookaftertheanimals.

A.searchfor

B.carefor

C.follow

D.trap

上一题下一题

(7/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第7题

TradingcompaniesputupthemoneyforthefirstEnglishcoloniesinNorthAmerica.

A.supplied

B.earned

C.needed

0.borrowed

上一题下一题

(8/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第8题

Hespokesoquicklythatitwasdifficulttotakedownwhathewassaying.

A.translate

B.record

C.follow

□.interpret

上一题下一题

(9/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第9题

NopartofNewHampshireisfarfromwater.

A.mountain

B.town

C.section

□.village

上一题下一题

(10/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请

从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第10题

Mostsoundvibrationsarriveattheeardrumbywayoftheauditorycanal.

A.searchfor

B.reach

C.tickle

D.whisperto

上一题下一题

(11/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请

从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第11题

In1975theUnitedStatesArmybegantoassignwomentopositionspreviouslyclassifiedas

havingcombatstatus.

A.secretly

B.genuinely

C.formerly

□.officially

上一题下一题

(12/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请

从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第12题

PenguinsdonotsufferfromthecoldinAntarcticabecausetheirfeatherssecreteprotectiveoil.

A.hide

B.warm

C.produce

□.absorb

上一题下一题

(13/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请

从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第13题

Untilthelatenineteenthcentury,therewasnouniformsystemoftime-keepingintheUnited

States.

A.personal

B.efficient

C.consistent

0.practical

上一题下一题

(14/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请

从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第14题

Insectsthriveallover,fromthehottestdesertstothesnow-cladpeaksofloftymountains.

A.silently

B.totally

C.everywhere

0.overhead

上一题下一题

（15/15）词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请

从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第15题

Inprehistorictimespeopleseldomstayedanywhereforverylongbecausetheirfoodsupply

usuallyranout.

A.becamedepleted

B.wasstolen

C.escaped

0.spoiled

上一题下一题

（16~22/共7题）阅读判断阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每

个句子做出判断。

WaterResource

Morethanhalfofthewaterusedfordrinking,washingandirrigatingcomesfromunderthe

ground.Thissubterranean（地下的）watersknownasgroundwater.

Itisgenerallytakenforgrantedthatthegroundwaterdrawnfromwellsispresenteverywhere

andwillalwaysbeavailableandcleanandsafetodrink.Butexpertsarereportingthat

groundwatersourcescandryupthroughoveruse,orbecomecontaminatedasaresultof

pollution,poorsanitation（卫生）orsaltwaterintrusion.

This"invisibleresource"-asgroundwaterwasdescribedbytheUnitedNationsforits1998

observance（纪念）ofWorldDayforWater—isslowlyemerginginpolitical,economicandpersonal

affairs.

Withdemandgrowingandsupplypresentinggreaterdifficulties,groundwaterisonthewayto

becomingaboombusiness.TheWorldBankestimatesthatthedevelopingcountrieswillrequire

investmentstotaling$600billiontorepairandimprovewatersystems.Oftheinvestmentsthat

areactuallymade,asubstantialamountwillbedevotedtoextractingandpipinggroundwater,

primarilyforagriculturaluseandsecondarilyforindustryandhouseholdconsumption.Witha

trendtowardsprivatizationofpublicservices,itcanbeexpectedthatagrowingportionof

investmentsinwaterwillcomefromtheprivatesector;requirementsthatgovernmentsprivatize

waterutilitiesarealreadybeingwrittenintothetermsofmultilateralloans.Oneconsequenceof

growingprivatizationmaybethataccesstowaterwillnotberegradedasaright,butasa

functionofeconomicmarkets.

Groundwater,whichinitsnaturalstateismoreprotectedthansurfacewater,isthepreferred

sourceofdrinkingwaterforcities.Butpressureisbeingplacedongroundwaterresourceslying

closetourbanareasbyexplodingpopulations,astheportionoftheworld'speopleresidingin

citiedballoonsfrom31percentin1995toaprojected50percentin2005.Andthereisalsothe

pressureofdollarstopurchaselandlyingabovegroundwatersourcesandtokeepitinanatural

state,inordertoprotectaquifers（蓄水层）fromcontamination.Inthedevelopingcountries,

whereurbanpopulationgrowthissurpassingsewagesystems,theproblemofuntreatedhuman

wasteisextremelyserious.

Alongsidetheproblemsofpublicgroundwatersourcesistheincreasedconsumptionof

privatelybottledwater;mostofwhichisnamedspringwater,i.e.groundwater.Consumptionof

bottledwaterintheUnitedStates,forinstance,hasrisenfromvirtuallynil（零）inthe1950sto843

milliongallonsin1984and2.95billiongallonsin1997.Butdrinkingbottledwaterisnotjusta

trendforthemiddleclasses.Indevelopingcountries,waterpipesrarelyextendtothepoorer

neighbourhoods,andresidentshavenochoicebuttopayhighpricesforbottledwater.

Politicalleadersandanalystsaretalkingmorefrequentlyaboutthepossibilitythatincreasing

demandforpreciousgroundwaterwillleadtocross-borderconflicts,evenwars.Itisnoteasyto

resolvedisputesoverthehighestgroundwaterrights,sincemanyaquifersandunderground

streamscrossnationalborders;andawelldrilledverticallywithintheboundariesofonecountry

mayverywellbedrawingwaterfromthesameaquifer,alsochosenbyaneighbouringnation.

Inclinedandevenhorizontaldrillingfurthercomplicatesthisissue.

第16题

Thepassagemainlytalksabouttheprivatizationofgroundwater.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

第17题

Groundwaterisomnipresent.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

第18题

Groundwaterisapreferredsourceofdrinkingwater.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

第19题

Accesstowaterwillberegardedasafunctionofeconomicmarkets.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

第20题

Comparedwithdevelopedcountries,thebiggestproblemindevelopingcountriesiscrossborder

conflictsandwars.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

第21题

Themiddleclassesdrinkbottledwaterbecausewaterpipesrarelyextendtotheir

neighbourhoods.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

第22题

Bottledwaterismoreconvenient.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

上一题下一题

（23~30/共8题）概括大意与完成句子阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23〜

26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1个正确的小标题；（2）第27〜30题要求从

所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。

HowWeFormFirstImpression

1.Weallhavefirstimpressionofsomeonewejustmet.Butwhy?Whydoweformanopinion

aboutsomeonewithoutreallyknowinganythingabouthimorher-asideperhapsfromafew

remarksorreadilyobservabletraits.

2.Theanswerisrelatedtohowyourbrainallowsyoutobeawareoftheworld.Yourbrainis

sosensitiveinpickingupfacialtraits,evenveryminordifferenceinhowaperson'seyes,ears,

nose,ormouthareplacedinrelationtoeachothermakeyouseehimorherasdifferent.Infact,

yourbraincontinuouslyprocessesinformation-thesightsandsoundsofyourworld.These

incoming"signals"arecomparedagainstahostof"memories"storedinthebrainareascalled

thecortexsystemtodeterminewhatthesenewsignals"mean."

3.Ifyouseesomeoneyouknowandlikeatschool,yourbrainsays"familiarandsafe,"Ifyou

seesomeonenew,itsays,"new-potentiallythreatening."Thenyourbrainstartstomatch

featuresofthisstrangerwithother"known"memories.Theheight,weight,dress,ethnicity,

gestures,andtoneofvoiceareallmatchedup.Themoreunfamiliarthecharacteristics,themore

yourbrainmaysay,"Thisisnew.Idon'tlikethisperson.'*Orelse,"I'mintrigued.HOryourbrain

mayperceiveanewfacebutfamiliarclothes,ethnicity,gestures-likeyourotherfriends;soyour

brainsay,"Ilikethisperson,"Butthesepreliminary"impressions"canbedeadwrong.

4.Whenwestereotypepeople,weusealessmatureformofthinking(notunlikethe

immaturethinkingofaveryyoungchild)thatmakessimplisticandcategoricalimpressionsof

others.Ratherthanlearnaboutthedepthandbreadthofpeople-theirhistory,interest,values,

strengths,andtruecharacter—wecategorizethemasjocks,geeks,orfreaks.

5.However;ifweresistinitialstereotypicalimpressions,wehaveachancetobeawareof

whatapersonistrulylike.Ifwespendtimewithaperson,hearabouthisorherlife,hopes,

dreams,andbecomeawareoftheperson'scharacter;weuseadifferent,morematurestyleof

thinking-andthemostcomplexareasofourcortex,whichallowustobehumane.

第23题

Paragraph2

A.WaysofDeparturefromImmatureandSimplisticImpressions

B.CommentonFirstImpression

C.IllustrationofFirstImpression

D.ComparingIncomingSensoryInformationAgainstMemories

E.ThreateningAspectofFirstImpressions

F.DifferencesAmongJocks,GeeksandFreaks

第24题

Paragraph3

第25题

Paragraph4

第26题

Paragraph5

第27题

Sensoryinformationisonethatisperceivedthrough

A.astranger'slessmaturetypeofthinking

B.themostcomplexareasofourcortex

C.theimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchild

D.themeaningofincomingsensoryinformation

E.thesightsandsoundsoftheworld

F.anopportunitytoanalyzedifferentformsofthinking

第28题

Youinterpretbycomparingitagainstthememoriesalreadystoredinyourbrain.

第29题

Thewaywestereotypepeopleisalessmatureformofthinking,whichissimilarto.

第30题

Wecanuseourmorematurestyleofthinkingthanksto.

上一题下一题

（31~35/共15题）阅读理解下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。

请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。

CompanionofMyLife

Mostpeoplehavehadadogorwantedoneastheircompanionatsometimeintheirlives.If

youarethinkingofbuyingadog,however,youshouldfirstdecidewhatsortofcompanionyou

needandwhetherthedogislikelytobehappyinthesurroundingsyoucanprovide.Specialists'

adviceisusefultohelpyouchoosethemostsuitablekindofdog.Butinpartthedecision

dependsoncommonsense.Differentdogswereoriginallydevelopedtoperformspecifictasks.

So,ifyouwantadogtoprotectyouoryourhouse,forexample,youshouldchoosetheonethat

hastherightsizeandcharacteristics.Youmustalsobereadytodevoteagreatdealoftimeto

trainingthedogwhenitisyoungandgiveittheexerciseitneedsthroughoutitslife,unlessyou

liveinthecountrysideandcanletitrunfreely.Dogsaredemandingpets.Catslovethehouseand

soaresatisfactorywiththeirplacewherethereissecure,butadogisloyaltoitsmasterand

consequentlywantshimtoshowproofofhisaffection.Thebesttimetobuyababydogiswhen

itisbetween6and8weeksoldsothatitcantransferitsloveforitsmothertoitsmaster.Ifbaby

dogshavenotestablishedarelationshipwiththehumanbeinguntiltheyareoverthreemonths

old,theirstrongrelationshipwillalwaysbewithdogs.Theyarelikelytobetooshywhentheyare

broughtoutintotheworldtobecomegoodpets.

第31题

Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaccordingtothepassage?

A.Youcanalwaysgethelpfromthespecialists.

B.ltiscommonsensethatisthemostimportantwhenchoosingadog.

C.Youshoulddecidewhatkindofdogyouwant.

D.Sizeandcharacteristicsofthedogsshouldbeconsideredtoo.

第32题

Whatismentionedasaconsiderationinbuyingadog?

A.Thecolorofthedog.

B.Thepriceofthedog.

C.Whetherthedogwillfittheenvironment.

0.Whetherthedogwillgetalongwiththeotherpetsinthehouse.

第33题

Whydoesthewritersayadogisamoredemandingpetthanacat?

A.Itmustbetrainedsothatitwon'tbite.

B.ltdemandsmorefoodandspace.

C.ltneedsmoreloveandcare.

D.ltmustbelookedaftercarefully.

第34题

Whyisitadvisedtobuyababydogunderthreemonthsold?

Alt'seasiertobuyababydogunderthreemonthsold.

B.Theyarelesslikelytobeshywithhumanbeings.

C.Theyarelesslikelytorunaway.

D.lt'seasierforthemtoformarelationshipwiththeirmasters.

第35题

Theword"affection"(line11)means.

A.love

B.effect

C.tie

□.relationship

上一题下一题

(36~40/共15题)阅读理解下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。

请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。

BusinessMarketsAreBigBusinessInternationally

Business-to-businessmarketingisasignificanteconomicactivityinternationally,aswellasin

thedomesticU.Seconomy.Considerthefollowinglistofthelargestexportingcompaniesinthe

UnitedStates,rankedexportsalesvolumein1998:

1.GeneralMotors.

2.FordMotorCompany.

3.Boeing(aircraft).

4.GeneralElectric.

5.IBM.

6.ChryslerMotors.

7.DuPont.

8.McdonnellDouglas(aircraft).

9.Caterpillar(earth-movingequipment).

10.United(earth-movingequipment).

Sevenofthetop10firmsexportproductstoendusersinthebusinessmarket.Onlythethree

autofirmsmarketproductsforwhichsomeendusersarehouseholdconsumers.Andevenin

thesecases,theproductsfirstareexportedtothebusinessresellermarket(wholesalersand

retailers)invariouspartsoftheworld.

ExportingbyU.S.firmstointernationalbusinessmarketsincreasedduringthe1980szandthis

upwardtrendislikelytocontinuethroughoutthe1990s.Intheearly1980s,forexample,USX,

thenation'slargeststeelproducer,abolisheditsexportsalesunit.Thenneartheendofthat

decade,thecompanyassembledanewoverseassalesthemandexported1milliontonsofsteel

in1989.POM.asmallmanufacturerofparkingmetersinArkansas,hasalargermarketshare

overseasthanathome.Thefirmsellstocitygovernmentsinsuchfarflung（遥远的）placesas

Malaysia,Chile,andHolland.AndrecentlyPOMintroducesitsfirstsolar——poweredparking

meterinShepparton,Australia.TheMeadCorp.Spent$550milliontoexpandandAlabamamill

thatproducedcoatedpaperboard（卡纸板），withtheintentofexportinghalfoftheplant'soutput.

TheMazdaautocompanyplannedtoshiptoJapaninoneyear$100millionofNorthAmerican

madeautoparts.

Business-to-businessinternationalmarketingisnotlimitedtophysicalproducts.Many

servicefirmsarefindingveryattractivebusinessmarketsinforeigncountries.Lawfirmsand

managementconsultingfirmsaresettingupofficesinJapan,WesternEurope,andRussia,inthe

fieldoffinancialservices.Japan'shugebanksaremakingsignificantinroadsintheU.S.market.

SomeJapaneseofficialsforecastthatthesebandscouldincreasetheirshareoftheU.S.

commercialbankmarketto25percentbythemid-1990s.

Truly,thescopeofinternationaltradeinvolvingbusinessmarketsishugeandiscontinuingto

grow.Therangeofbusinessgoodsandservicesthatcanbemarketedinternationallyseems

almostlimitless.

第36题

Business-to-businessmarketingis.

A.uniquetonationaleconomy

B.confinedtonationaleconomy

C.notconfinedtonationaleconomy

0.uniquetointernationaleconomy

第37题

Business-tobusinessmarketing,moreoftenthannot,involves.

A.shipmentofproductstobusinessmarkets

B.shipmentofproductstoconsumers

C.shipmentofproductstoindividualusers

0.shipmentofproductstotargetusers

第38题

Thephrase"withintentof"isequivalentto.

A.regardlessof

B.owingto

C.inspiteof

D.forthepurposeof

第39题

Japan'sbanksareenteringtheU.S.market.Thisdemonstratesthat.

AJapanesebanksarebetterthanAmericanbanks

BJapanesebanks'servicearethebestintheworld

C.business-to-businessmarketingmayalsoinvolveservices

□JapanesebanksaremoreaggressivethanWesternbanks

第40题

ItcanbeinferredfromthispassagethatsuccessfulcompanieslikeGeneralMotors.

A.haveabigbusinessmarketintheworld

B.haveahugebusinessmarketinAsia

C.haveahugebusinessmarketinEurope

D.haveaenormousmarketinAfrica

上一题下一题

(41~45/共15题)阅读理解下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。

请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。

FahrenheitandCelsius

DanielGabrielFahrenheitandAndersCelsiusbothbeganworkontheirrespective

temperaturescalesinthe18thcentury.

ADutchinstrumentmaker,Fahrenheit(1688—1736)builtontheworkofDanishastronomer

OleRomer,whospentconsiderabletimemakingmeteorologicalobservationsandexperimenting

withthermometers.Duringthelate1600sandearly1700s,IsaacNewtonledthefieldsin

experimentingwiththermometry.AccordingtoNewton,12degreesshouldseparatethe

temperatureofawater;ice,andsaltsolutionfromthetemperatureofthehumanbody.

Fahrenheitbelievedthatthethermometerheinventedin1714hadeighttimestheaccuracyof

Newton'sthermometer,andtherefore96degreesshouldseparatethesebenchmarks(eight

timesNewton'srange).Usingthisnewscale,acombinationofwater,iceandsaltsolutionstayed

at0°,andbodytemperatureregisteredas96°.Withthesemarksintact,acombinationofwater

andice(thefreezingpoint)equated32°.Scientistslaterfoundthatwaterboiledat212°according

totheFahrenheitscale.Aftermoreaccuratetesting95.6°becamethecorrectedbody

temperaturethatweknowtoday.

Celsius(1701—1744),aSwedishastronomer,developedthecentigradescaleabitlaterin

1742.Heassigned100°tothefreezingpointand0°totheboilingpoint.Thisscaleappearedin

SwedenandFrance,butwiththenumbersreversed.TheCelsiussystemreceivedbroad

recognitionforhisworkin1948whenhisnamebecametheofficialtitleofthistemperature

scale.

Opinionisstilldividedastowhyonescalefoundfavourinsomepartsoftheworldwhilethe

otherwaswidelyacceptedelsewhere.DanielKelves,ahistorian,offersthistheory:"Partofthe

reason,"hesays,"isthattheFahrenheitsystemwasdevelopedfirst,andbyaDutchman;Holland

andEnglandenjoyedfriendlyrelationsatthetime.ThesystemlatertravelledtotheAmerican

colonies.AftertheinventionoftheCelsiussystem,theFrenchunderNapoleonwereat

loggerheadswithEngland,probablyenforcingthedivisionaswell,"hesays.

ToconvertdegreesFahrenheittodegreesCelsius,subtract32,thenmultiplytheresultby

five-ninths.ToconvertfromCelsiustoFahrenheit,multiplybynine-fifths,thenadd32.

第41题

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheinventionofthermometersisNOT

true?______

A.Fahrenheitinventedthethermometerin1714.

B.TheFahrenheitscaleismoreaccuratethanNewton'sone.

C.TheCelsiusscalecameintobeingearlierthantheFahrenheitone.

D.TheFahrenheitscalewasdevelopedearlierthantheCelsiusone.

第42题

WhydidFahrenheitassign96°tobodytemperatureand0°tothecombinationofwaterandice

solution?

A.Thesenumbers,hethought,wereeasytoremember.

B.Hisscale,hethought,wouldhavetheeighttimesaccuracyoftheNewtonone.

C.Thehighestnumber;hethought,shouldnotbelargerthan100.

D.ltsreasonhasnotbeengivenbythepassage.

第43题

WhenwastheCelsiusscalewidelyacceptedinsomepartsoftheworld?

A.in1742.

B.Longafter1742.

C.Soonafter1742.

D.ln1714.

第44题

FrancechosetheCelsiusscale.

A.forpoliticalreasons

B.foreconomicreasons

C.forscientificreasons

D.fornoreasons

第45题

Whatdoesthelastparagraphtellus?

A.Acomparisonofthetwotemperaturescales.

B.Theadvantagesofeachtemperaturescaleovertheother.

C.Possibilityofunifyingthesetwotemperaturescales.

0.Mutualconversionofthetwotemperaturescales.

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AntsasaBarometerofEcologicalChange

Atpicnics,antsarepests.Buttheyhavetheiruses.Inindustries!suchasmining,farmingand

forestry,theycanhelpgaugethehealthoftheenvironmentbyjustcrawlingaroundandbeing

antsy.

Ithasbeenrecognizedfordecadesthatants-whicharehighlysensitivetoecological

change—canprovideanear-percentbarometerofthestateofanecosystem.Onlycertainspecies,

forinstance,willcontinuetothriveataforestsitethathasbeenclearedoftrees.1And

stillotherswillmoveinandtakeupresidence.

Bylookingatwhichspeciespopulateadeforestedarea,scientistscandeterminehow

'Stressed"thelandis.2Antsareusedsimplybecausetheyaresocommonandcomprise

somanyspecies.

Whereminesitesarebeingrestored,forexample,someantspecieswillrecolonizethe

strippedlandmorequicklythanothers.3AustralianminingcompanyCapricornCoal

Managementhasbeensuccessfullyusingantsurveysforyearstodeterminetherateofrecovery

oflandthatitisreplantingnearitsGermanCreekmineinQueensland.

Antsurveysalsohavebeenusedwithmine-siterecoveryprojectsinAfricaandBrazil,where

warmclimatesencouragedenseanddiverseantpopulations."Wefounditworkedextremely

wellthere,"saysJonathanMajer,aprofessorofenvironmentalbiology.Yetthesurveysare

perfectlysuitedtoclimatesthroughoutAsia,hesays,becauseantsaresocommonthroughout

theregion.AsMajerputsit."That'sthegreatthingaboutants."

Antsurveysaresohighly-regardedasecologicalindicatorsthatgovernmentsworldwide

accepttheirresultswhenassessingtheenvironmentalimpactofminingandtreeharvesting.4

Whynot?Becausemanycompaniescan'taffordtheexpenseorthelaboratorytimeneededto

siftresultsforacomprehensivesurvey.Thecoststems,also,fromthescarcityofantspecialists.

5

A.Thisallowedscientiststogaugethepaceandprogressoftheecologicalrecovery.

B.Yetinotherbusinesses,suchasfarmingandpropertydevelopment,antsurveysaren'tused

widely.

C.Employingthosepeopleareexpensive.

D.Theydothisbysortingtheants,countingtheirnumbersandcomparingtheresultswith

thoseofearliersurveys.

E.Theevolutionofantspeciesmayhaveastrongimpactonourecosystem.

F.Otherswilldieoutforlackoffood.

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BetterControlofTBSeenIfaFasterCureIsFound

TheWorldHealthOrganizationestimatesthataboutone-thirdofallpeopleareinfectedwith

bacteriathatcausetuberculosis.Mosttimes,theinfectionremainsinactive.Buteachyearabout

eightmillionpeopledevelopactivecasesofTB,usuallyintheir1.Twomillionpeopledie

2it.Thediseasehas3withthespreadofAIDSanddrug-resistantformsoftuberculosis.

Currenttreatmentstakeatleastsixmonths.Peoplehaveto4acombinationofseveral

antibioticdrugsdaily.Butmanypeoplestop5theyfeelbetter.Doingthatcan6to

aninfectionthatresiststreatment.Publichealthexpertsagreethatafaster-actingcurefor

tuberculosiswouldbemoreeffective.Nowastudyestimatesjusthow7itmightbe.A

professorofinternationalhealthatHarvardUniversityledthestudy.JoshuaSalomonsaysa

shortertreatmentprogramwouldlikelymeannotjustmorepatients8Itwouldalsomean

9infectiouspatientswhocanpassontheirinfectiontoothers.

Theresearchersdevelopedamathematicalmodeltoexaminetheeffectsofatwo-month

treatmentplan.They10themodelwithcurrentTBconditionsinSoutheastAsia.The

scientistsfoundthatatwo-monthtreatmentcouldpreventabouttwentypercentofnewcases.

Anditmight11abouttwenty-fivepercentofTBdeaths.Themodelshowsthatthese12

wouldtakeplacebetweentwothousandtwelveandtwothousandthirty.Thatis,ifafastercure

isdevelopedandinwideusebytwothousandtwelve.

TheWorldHealthOrganization13theDOTSprograminnineteenninety.DOTSis

DirectlyObservedTreatment,Short-course.Healthworkerswatchtuberculosispatientstaketheir

dailypillstomake14theycontinuetreatment.

Earlierthisyear,aninternationalpartnershipoforganizationsannouncedaplantoexpandthe

DOTSprogram.Theten-yearplan