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定语从句全解

IDefinition.

在名词性从句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,从句放在所

修饰词(即先行词)之后由关系副词或关系代词引导。

e.g.:ThestorythatyoureadisTheRescue.你读的故事叫《营救》。

Sheisthegirlwhogotthefirstprize.她就是那个得了第一名的女孩。

IIRelatives.

1.RelativePronouns:that,which,who,whom,whose

Antecedent^^^^^^^ReferringtoFunction

whopeoplesubject/object

whompeopleobject

thatpeople/thingssubject/object

whichthingssubject/object

whosepeople/thingsattribute

(1)当先行词指人时使用who和whom,若在句中作主语用who;如果作宾语用whom,但在口语中,常用

who代替whom,也可省略。

e.g.Theforeignerwho/thatvisitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.(作主语)

Theboywho/thatbrokethewindowiscalledJack.(作主语)

Thegirlwho/whom/thatMwemetyesterdayisLiFei'ssister.(作宾语)

Heisthemanwhom/that/who/xIvisitedlastweek.(作宾语)

(2)that先行词即可指人又可指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。

e.g.Hehasjustmovedintothehousethat/whichwasbuiltlastyear.(作主语)

Thenoodles(that)Icookedweredelicious.(作宾语)

Lefsaskthemanthat/whoisreadingthebookoverthere.(作主语)

Thegirl(that/whom/x)wesawyesterdayisJim'ssister.(作宾语)

(3)当先行词指物时用which,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。

e.g.Theyplantedthetreeswhichdon'tneedmuchwater.(作主语)

Thebooks(which/that)weboughtwerenotinteresting.(作宾语)

(4)whose引导定语从句,先行词可是人也可是物,在从句中作定语。

e.g.MissSmithistheteacherwhosehousecaughtfirelastweek.(作定语)

HarryistheboywhosemotherisourChineseteacher.(作定语)

♦、历se+名词,〃心沛这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语,又能作宾语。whose的先行词常用来指人,

但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念,这时可以与4卬位凶结构互换,词序是:“名词+4卬/加〃”,

如:

Theycametoahouse卬backwallhadbrokendown..(=thebackwallofwhich)

He'swrittenabookthenameofwhichI'vecompletelyforgotten.(=whosename)

★当关系代词缺少先行词时,需用theone来补充

e.g.Isthemuseumtheone(that)youvisited?

(5)介词和关系代词引导的定语从句。

i关系代词whom,which在从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间。为了使关

系代词紧跟它所修饰的词,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。

e.g.Theathletetowhomyoutalkedisafamousrunner.(whom不能省略,不能用who代替)

—Theathletewhom/that/'xyoutalkedtoisafamousrunner.

Mr.Whiteistheprofessortowhomyoushouldwrite,(whom不能省略,不能用who代替)

ThisisthepenwithwhichIwrotetheletter,(which不能省略,不能用that代替)

—Thisisthepenthat/which/lwrotetheletterwith.

3含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。

e.g.Isthisthewatchwhichheislookingfbr?(不能说成:Isthisthewatchforwhichheislooking?)

Theoldmanwhomthenursearelookingafterisverywellnow.

Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.

3关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时,介词不能放在它的前面,只能放在从句中有关动词的后面;而

当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,关系代词可用that/which(指物);that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,

而且作介词宾语的关系代词可省略。

e.g.Thecitythat/which/xshelivesinisveryfaraway.=Thecityinwhichshelivesisveryfaraway.

Thisistheherothat/who/whoni/'xweareproudof.不能说:Thisistheheroofwhomweareproud.

4关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词宾语。

e.g.Thebossinwhosecompanymyfatherworkedisaverykindperson.

2.RelativeAdverbs:where,when,why

PlaceFunctionReplacedby

Antecedent

whereplaceadverbialofplaceat/in+which

whentimeadverbialoftimeat/in/on+which

whyreasonadverbialofreasonfor+which

(1)where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。

e.g.Thisisthehousewhere/inwhichwelivedlastyear.

Thefactorywhere/inwhichhisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.

(2)when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。

e.g.Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichIfirstcametoBeijing.

We'llneverforgetthehappytimewhen/atwhichweworkedonthefarm.

⑶why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。

e.g.Thereareseveralreasonswhy/forwhichwecan'tdothat.

Hecouldn'tgivemeagoodreasonwhy/forwhichhewaslatefbrschool.

IllTypes:RestrictiveAttributiveClause&Non-RestrictiveAttributiveClause

限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句

形式上不用逗号“,”,与主句不隔开用逗号“,”,与主句隔开

是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删只是对先行词的补充说明,如删

意义上除,主句则失去意义或意思表达不除,主句仍能表达完整的意思

完整

作宾语时可省略不可省略

关系词使用

可用that不用that

可用who代替whom不可用who代替whom

1.限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况,对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切,不用逗号隔开,

也不可省略,否则全句意义就不完整。

e.g.Thisisthetelegramwhich/thatherefersto.

Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?

2.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明,没有限定作用,它与先行词的关系比较松散,不是关

键性的,如果省略,原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿,在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔

开。

e.g.ThisnotewasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.

Asaboy,hewasalwaysmakingthings,mostofwhichwereelectric.

♦引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有:who,whom,whose,which,when和where,不可以用that和why。

另外,非限制性定语从句从意义上讲,相当于一个并列句,在口语中使用并不普遍,在日常生活中,

人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如:

ItoldthestorytoJohn,wholatertoldittohisbrother.=ItoldthestorytoJohn,andhelatertoldittohis

brother.

YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohn,whowaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.

=YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohnandhewaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.

3.两种定语从句的内涵不同,限制性定语从句具有涉他性,而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性,这在理

解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较:

{Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.(只有一个)

Hisbrotherwho/thatisaPLAmaniseighteenyearsold.(不止一个)

{Mybrotherwho/thatlivesinNewYorkhassixchildren.(可能还有其他兄弟)

Mybrother,wholivesinNewYork,hassixchildren.(只有这一个兄弟)

{Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.

Allthebookstherethathavebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.

4.在正式文体中,以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以inwhich或that引导,如:

Thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.

♦但在非正式文体中,人们通常省略inwhich或that:

e.g.Theway(inwhich)hespoketouswassuspicious.

Idon'tliketheway(that)youlaughather.

IV关系词的选择(当引导词在句中做主语或宾语时,要用关系代词;当引导词在句中做状语时,要用关

系副词{「hisistheplacewhereheworks.

e.g.

Thisistheplacethat/whichwevisitedlast

Ioftenthinkofthedaysthat/whichIspentinBrown'slastsummer.

{Hekeptlaughingduringthetwohours(that)ittooktoflytoBeijing.

Pract__{Doyoustillrememberthedaysthat/whichwespentinQingdao?

DoyoustillrememberthedayswhenwespentthesummerholidaysinQingdao?

★在非正式场合,that可代替where,when,why;常见的情况是:此时的先行词通常是theplace,thetime,

thereason,而且that常可省略。

Thisistheplace(that)heworks.(=where)

Thatwasthetime(that)hearrived.(=when)

Thisisthereason(that)hecame.(=why)

Practice:Isthisthefactorythat/which/'xhisfathervisitedlastyear?

Isthisfactorytheonethat/which/xhisfathervisitedlastyear?

Isthisthefactorywhichhisfatherworkedlastyear?

Isthisfactorythetowhichhisfatherpaidavisitlastyear?

Attention:

1.在Non-A.C.中,关系代词作主语,只能用who指人,which指物;关系代词做宾语,常用whom(口

语中有时用who)指人,which指物,它们都不能用that代替。

2.关系代词作介词宾语,不论是在限制性定语从句中,还是在非限制性定语从句中,当介词前置时,只

能用whom指人,which指物;但如果介词后置,则不受这种限制,关系代词还可以省去,特别是在口

语中。如:

Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?

Doyouknowtheboy(that)shewastalkingto?

Thepencil(which/that)hewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.

在R-AC中,只能用that,不用which指物的情况

(1)当先行词为不定代词all,much,little,only,just,every,last,oneof,no,little,few,any,something,

everything,anything,nothing,none,theone.....及thevery,thelast,thenext,theonly或被不定代词修饰时

e.g.Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.

Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.

TheonlythingthatIwanttodoistohavearest.ThisistheverybookthatI'mlookingfor.

Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.Sheistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.

(2)当先行词为序数词、形容词的最高级或被它们修饰时

e.g.Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIhave

everseen.

Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.Isthatthebestthatyoucando?

That'sthemostexpensivehotelthatwe'veeverstayedin.ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveever

read.

WhenpeopletalkaboutHangZhou,thefirstthatcomestomindistheWestLake.

(3)当先行词既有人又有物时

e.g.Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?

Thefilmstarandheafilmthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywell-known.

Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.

TheguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysawattheChildren'sPalace.

(4)由which或who等特殊疑问词引导的句子

e.g.Whichisthebikethatyoulost?Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?

Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal?Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperover

there?

(5)当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词也在从句中作表语时

e.g.Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.Heisnotthepersonthatheusedtobe.

c.f.:Shanghaiisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.

(6)如果两个从句,其中一个关系代词用which,另一个用that以避免重复。

e.g.Hebuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.

4.用which而不用that的场合

(1)当关系代词前有介词时e.g.Thisisthehouseofwhichthewindowsfacesouth.

(2)引导非限制性定语从句which可代表先行词或者前句,“这一点,这件事”

e.g.Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.(他建立了一个生产以前从未见过

的东西的工厂)

Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.

(3)先行词为that,those时e.g.What'sthatwhichwasputinthecar?

(4)一个句子有两个定语从句,为避免重复,一个用that,另一个用which

e.g.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.

让我给你看这本从图书馆借的刚刚向我们开放的书。

5.在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指囚时,关系词可用who(m)或that,二者常可互换。

但在下列情况中,用who(m),而不用that

(1)当先行词是指人的不定4弋词口寸,如one,ones,any,few,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,

everybody等词时。e.g.Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?

Hewasamongthefewwhomanagedtolivethroughtheenemyprisoncamp.

(♦在非正式文体中可以说:You'retheonethatknowswheretogo.)

(2)当先行词是I,you,he,they,those,people,person等词时。如:

e.g.Hewhowantstocatchfishjustnotmindsgettingwet.Thosewhoareagainsttheproposalputup

yourhands.

(♦在固定结构的谚语或习语中,可用hethat…。如:Hethatpromisestoomuchmeansnothing.)

(3)当先行词是人,后面有较长的定语修饰时。如:

Doyouknowthewriterinbluewiththickglasseswhoisspeakingatthemeeting?

你知道那位穿蓝色衣服,戴厚眼镜在会上发言的作家吗?

(4)在therebe结构中,先行词指人时,只用whoe.g.Thereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyou.

(5)两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词,一个用that,另一个常用who(m)来引导,如:

e.g.ThemanthatspokeatthemeetingisournewheadmasterwhohasjustcomefromShanghai.

Sheistheonlygirl(that)Iknowwhocanplaytheguitar.

6.注意way和time后接定语从句的情况

(1)当先行词是way"方式、方法”时,引导的定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式:

e.g.Idon'tunderstandthewayinwhich/that/xtheyworkedouttheproblem.

c.f:Thewaythat/which/y-heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.(作宾语)他向我们解释的那种方法很

简单。

Thewaythat/inwhich/'xheexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.(作宾语)

他向我们解释句子的那种方法并不难理解。

Ex:表示……的……时可以有三种方式:例如:封面是白色的书(在定语从句中whose可以指人的…和

物的…)

...thebookwhosecoveriswhite.../...thebookthecoverofwhichiswhite.../...thebookofwhichthecover

iswhite

⑵先行词是time时,若time表示“次数”时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若表示“一

段时间”时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。

e.g.Thisisthesecondtime(that)thePresidenthasvisitedthecountry.

Icouldhardlyrememberhowmanytimes(that)Ihavefailedinexams.我不记得我考试有多少次失败了。

Thiswasatatimewhen/duringwhichtherewerenoradios,notelephonesornoTVsets.

7.定语从句的主谓一致

(1)关系代词作从句的主语时,从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致,先行词是个句子时,

从句的谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

e.g.Therecorderthathasbeengiventomeishome-made.

I,whoamyourclassmate,willsharetheworkwithyou.

⑵“oneof+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时,从句的动词通常用复数;但当one前有the(only),the

(very)等修饰时,从句的谓语动词要用单数。

e.g.Heisoneofthestudentswhohavemadegreatprogress.

Mr.Wangisthe(only)oneofmyfriendswhohasbeeninvitedtohavedinnerwithus.

王先生是我的唯一一位被邀请与我们共进晚餐的朋友。

TheGreatWallisoneoftheworld-famousbuildingthatdrawlotsofvisitors.长城是吸引大批游客的伟

大建筑物之一。

TheGreatWallisthe(only)oneofthebuildingsontheearththatisseenfromthemoon.

长城是地球上唯一一个从月球上可以看到的建筑物。

nottheonlyoneof.....=onlyoneof

e.g.Tomisn'ttheonlyoneoftheboyswhohavepassedtheexam.通过考试的男孩,Tom并非唯一。

=Tomisonlyoneoftheboyswhohavepassedtheexam.Tom只是通过了考试的男孩子们中的一个(不是

唯一)。

(3)当关系代词as和which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰主句内容时,若as与which作主语,则从句的

谓语动词用单数形式。

e.g.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina,asisknowntoall.

Hehaspassedthecollegeentranceexamination,whichmakeshisparentsquitehappy.

Vas引导的定语从句

关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句,又可以引导非限制性定语从句,as在从句中做主语、宾语、

表语。

as引导限制性定语从句。

(l)such+名词+as.......”像…一样的”“像...之类”

thesame+名词+as.......”和....同样的“

其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语

e.g.Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.(as作主语)我们已经找到了像他们公产里用的

那种材料。

Suchpeopleasyoudescribearethoughttobefoolsnowadays.(as作宾语)当今像你描述的这种人被看作

傻瓜。

Heisnotthesamemanashewas.(as作表语)

※派当先行词被thesame所修饰时,关系词既可以用as,也可以用that。That表示同一事物;as表示

同一种类。

e.g.ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。

ThisisthesameinstrumentasIusedyesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。

X在抽象概念上,同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的,所以两个词可换用:

Ihavethesameopinionas/thatyouhave.

这里要注意的是:

①使用as时,它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略,但使用that时,定语从句中的动词不可省略。如:

Womenreceivedthesamepayasmen.

Womenreceivedthesamepaythatmenreceived.

2在“thesame…that”结构中,that只是用来加强语气,强调“相同that可以省去而不改变句子原意,甚

至连名词前的same也可以省去。如:

ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.=ThisisthesameinstrumentIusedyesterday.

=ThisistheinstrumentIusedyesterday.

但在“thesame…as”结构中,same和as都不能省略。

3当“thesame…that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时,不可以直接与as互换。

e.g.HelivesinthesamebuildingthatIlive.=Helivesinthesamebuildingas/thatIlivein.

Shallwemeetatthesameplacethatwelastmet?=Shallwemeetatthesameplacethat/aswelastmetat?

(2).......suchas.......(当先行词前有such,so,as时,关系词应当用as)

such为代词“这样的人或物”,as在从句中担当成分,修饰先行词such

e.g.ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.(as作宾语)这不是一本我所希望的书。

Awisemanseldomtalksaboutsuchthingsashedoesn'tunderstand.一个聪明男人很少会谈这些他不懂的事

物。

HespokeinsucheasyEnglishaseverybodycouldunderstand,他用这样人都能听懂的简单英语说话。

Atthistimeoftheday,allbusesandtrolleyshavetocarryasmanypassengersastheycan.

Itissoeasyabookaseveryschoolboycanread.

Lefsdiscusssuchthingsaswecantalkoffreely.让我们讨论这些能够自由谈论的事情。

另需注意:

ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishasbeginnerscanunderstand.(定语从句)这本书用初学者都懂懂

的简单英语写成。

ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishthatbeginnerscanunderstand.(结果状语从句)

这本书用如此简单的英语写成以至于初学者都懂。

关系代词as和which引导的定语从句。

小相同的是两者都可代指主句的整个内容,而不是主句中的某一个词。

3as引导的非限制性定语从句,既可以在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主句中,而which引导的非限

制性定语从句只能位于主句后。

e.g.Heturnedouttobeverysuccessful,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.

Asisknowntoall,Edisoninventedthetelephone.

=Edisoninventedthetelephone,asisknowntoalL=Edison,asisknowntoall,inventedthetelephone.

3当先行次受such,thesame修饰时,关系词常用ase.g.Tveneverheardsuchs

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