2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语一》真题及解析

2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语一》真题及解析材料题根据以下材料，回答1-20题Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessary（江南博哥）condition1manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstinctthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,"What'sinhere?"beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,"Wow!"Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasemptyand—realizedthetesterhad17them.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe"20"testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.查看材料1.【完形填空】第1题答案是______.A.onB.likeC.for

D.from正确答案：C参考解析：考查介词辨析。第一段首句指出信任是一个矛盾体，接下来分述这一矛盾体的两种表现。本题所在句对应其第一种表现，冒号后的childcare和friendships等是对wonh-whilethings的举例说明。根据句意，信任是众多值得做的事情的必要条件。例如，儿童保育、友谊等。condition表“先决条件”时，后面跟介词for或of，故选c。查看材料2.【完形填空】第2题答案是_____.A.faithB.concernC.attentionD.interest正确答案：A参考解析：考查名词辨析。本题所在句是说明信任这一矛盾体的另一种表现，即将信任置于错误的地方往往会使你付出昂贵的代价。因填入trust的近义词faith，故选A。查看材料3.【完形填空】第3题答案是_____.A.benefitB.debtC.hope

D.price正确答案：D参考解析：考查名词辨析。根据前一句提到的信任与儿童保育和友谊等值得做的事情的关系，即是众多值得做的事情的先决条件；本题所在句是说明信任这一矛盾体的另一种表现，语义上与前一句存在转折关系，即将信任置于错误的地方往往会使你付出昂贵的代价。因此选D。查看材料4.【完形填空】第4题答案是_____.A.ThereforeB.ThenC.Instead

D.Again正确答案：B参考解析：考查副词和逻辑关系。第一段讲述了信任的、积极的和消极的影响；第二段段首就提出问题“______我们为什么要信任他人?”逻辑上属于承接上文的语义而展开新话题。因B项Then“那么”符合语境，故选B。查看材料5.【完形填空】第5题答案是_____.A.UntilB.UnlessC.AlthoughD.When正确答案：D参考解析：考查连词和逻辑关系。根据句意，当人们将信任寄托于某个个体或机构时，他们的大脑会释放出令人产生愉悦感的催产素。只有D项When符合语义逻辑，故选D。Unless“除非，如果不”表示条件，Although“尽管”表示让步，Until“直到……”表示时间，均不符合。查看材料6.【完形填空】第6题答案是______.A.selectsB.producesC.applies

D.maintains正确答案：B参考解析：考查动词辨析。本题所在位置为修饰先行词hormone的定语从句的谓语部分，且此处所填动词与后面的triggers“引发”并列。根据句意，他们的大脑会释放出令人产生愉悦感的催产素，它会激发人们的群居本能。因B项produces“产生”符合文意，故选B。查看材料7.【完形填空】第7题答案是_____.A.consultB.competeC.connectD.compare正确答案：C参考解析：考查固定搭配。根据句意，他们的大脑会释放出令人产生愉悦感的催产素，它会激发人们的群居本能，促使人们和睦相处。此空应与that前面的herdinginstinct“群居本能”同义，因C项connect“连接”符合文意，connect…with意为“与……和睦相处”，故选C。查看材料8.【完形填空】第8题答案是_____.A.atB.byC.of

D.to正确答案：D参考解析：考查介词搭配。前面提到人们大脑会释放出令人产生愉悦感的催产素，它会激发人们的群居本能，促使人们和睦相处。下文又提到瑞士一项研究的结果，相比于吸入其他东西，吸入这种激素的实验对象愿意借更多的钱给陌生人，所以这里是介绍接触这种激素后的研究发现，即科学家发现接触这种激素会使人们产生信任感。因exposureto“暴露于，接触”符合文意，故选D。查看材料9.【完形填空】第9题答案是_____.A.contextB.moodC.period

D.circle正确答案：B参考解析：考查名词辨析。本题位于that引导的宾语从句中，表明科学家的研究发现：接触这种催产素会使我们产生信任感。根据上下文语境可知，此空表示产生信任感，因B项mood“情绪，心情”符合文意，故选B。查看材料10.【完形填空】第10题答案是_____.A.counterpartsB.substitutesC.colleaguesD.supporters正确答案：A参考解析：考查名词辨析。本题所在句是实验研究发现，实验对象为一半鼻子里喷洒催产素以及吸入其他东西的受试者，吸入其他东西的受试者是起对照作用的受试对象。因A项counterparts“相对应的人或物”符合文意，故选A。查看材料11.【完形填空】第11题答案是______.A.FunnyB.LuckyC.Odd

D.Ironic正确答案：B参考解析：考查形容词辨析。本题所在句提到我们也有察觉不诚实行为的第六感，这对于我们来说显然是有利的，属于一件幸运的事，故选B。查看材料12.【完形填空】第12题答案是_____.A.monitorB.protectC.surpriseD.delight正确答案：B参考解析：考查动词辨析。本题位于that引导的定语从句中，该定语从句修饰的先行词是asixthsense“第六感”，其后的fordishonesty作asixthsense的后置定语，表明人们的第六感可以察觉到不诚实的行为，这可以帮助我们免遭欺骗，可以保护我们，故选B。查看材料13.【完形填空】第13题答案是_____.A.betweenB.withinC.toward

D.over正确答案：A参考解析：考查介词辨析。第三段首句指出人们的第六感可以察觉到不诚实的行为，它可以保护我们免遭欺骗。本题所在句则介绍了加拿大的一项研究，用来支持首句提到的内容。只有14个月大的孩子就能够区分值得信任的人和不诚实的人。而且此处能和differentiate搭配的选项只有between，表示“区分……和……”，故选A。查看材料14.【完形填空】第14题答案是_____.A.transferredB.addedC.introducedD.entrusted正确答案：C参考解析：考查动词辨析。本题所在句提到了Sixtytoddlers“60个刚学走路的幼儿”和anadulttester“一名成人测试员”，后文则提到了一项实验的具体内容，即测试员拿着塑料容器给幼儿做演示以及幼儿的表现等。显然后面的实验是围绕测试员和幼儿展开的，根据语境可知，幼儿是实验对象。首先要将这些幼儿介绍给测试员认识才能进行下面的实验，故选C。查看材料15.【完形填空】第15题答案是_____.A.out

B.backC.around

D.inside正确答案：D参考解析：考查副词辨析。本题所在句的前面提到了研究的辅助用具是塑料容器，测试员拿着塑料容器向幼儿做演示，即测试员首先问：“这里有什么?”，然后他再向容器里看并微笑着欢呼，“哇!”由此可知，这个实验是要让幼儿往容器里面看，故选D。查看材料16.【完形填空】第16题答案是_____.A.discoveredB.provedC.insisted

D.remembered正确答案：A参考解析：考查动词辨析。本题所在句是由分号连接的两个分句，且前后两个分句结构相似，前一分句提到了其中一半受试幼儿的发现，推测后一分句应该是说另一半受试幼儿的发现。因discovered“发现”符合文意，故选A。查看材料17.【完形填空】第17题答案是_____.A.betrayedB.wrongedC.fooled

D.mocked正确答案：C参考解析：考查动词辨析。上文提到测试员在给幼儿演示实验时，首先问了一句“这里有什么?”，然后他再向容器里面看并微笑着欢呼，似乎在告诉幼儿容器里面有什么东西。但本题所在分句指出容器里是空的，由此可知，测试员欺骗了另一半的受试幼儿，且根据下一段首句出现的tricked“欺骗”，也可证实此处指测试员愚弄了一部分幼儿，故选C。查看材料18.【完形填空】第18题答案是______.A.forcedB.willingC.hesitantD.entitled正确答案：B参考解析：考查固定搭配与语义分析。本题所在句是一个复合句，空格所在句为主句，其后为伴随状语，伴随状语中提到“他们信任他的领导”，可反推出在所有没被戏弄的孩子里面，大多数孩子都愿意与测试员合作学习一项新技能，因此B项willing“自愿的”符合文意，bewillingtodosth．意为“愿意做某事”，故选B。查看材料19.【完形填空】第19题答案是_____.A.IncontrastB.AsaresultC.OnthewholeD.Forinstance正确答案：A参考解析：考查固定搭配与逻辑关系。本题所在句的前面说明了大多数孩子的表现状况，本句则介绍30个孩子中仅有的5个孩子的表现情况，显然前后形成了鲜明的对比。因此A项Incontrast“相比之下，与此相反”符合文意，故选A。查看材料20.【完形填空】第20题答案是_____.A.inflexibleB.incapableC.unreliableD.unsuitable正确答案：C参考解析：考查形容词辨析。根据句意，在后续活动中，30个孩子中只有5个孩子与测试员合作，结合上文提到的大多数没被愚弄的孩子信任测试员，而剩余的孩子则是被测试员欺骗了，这里是两种情况进行对比，大多数没被欺骗的孩子信任测试员的领导，只有少数幼儿(也就是被欺骗的30个孩子中的5个孩子)是信任“不可靠的”测试员的，故选c。材料题根据以下材料，回答21-25题Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations—trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums-fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.查看材料21.【阅读理解PartA】Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?A.Leadingpoliticians.B.Low-wagelaborers.C.Robotowners.D.Middle-classworkers.正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键信息mostthreatened和automation可定位至文章第二段。本段第二句指出，牛津大学的一项研究显示，美国大约有一半的工作面临着被自动化取代的高风险，而中产阶级受到挤压的比例最高。第四句具体指出许多中产阶级的工作，如货车运输、金融咨询、软件工程——已经或很快会引起机器人的兴趣。由此可知，中产阶级工人受自动化影响最为严重，故选D。查看材料22.【阅读理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingbestrepresentstheauthor'sview?A.Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.B.Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.C.Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.D.Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.正确答案：C参考解析：文章第三段第二、第三句提到，乐观主义者指出过去的技术变革给工人带来了益处。尽管工业革命对反对技术进步者来说并不是那么友好，因为他们的工作被自动化所取代，但最终工业革命提高了人们的生活水平，并创造了更多的工作机会。接着第四、第五句又指出，自动化最终也会提高生产力，使工人从繁重枯燥的工作中解脱出来。但在这个过程中，中产阶级工人可能需要大量的帮助来进行调整。也就是说，中产阶级工人在调整适应变化时可能需要大量帮助，故选C。查看材料23.【阅读理解PartA】Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison_____.A.creativepotential.B.job-huntingskills.C.individualneeds.D.cooperativespirit.正确答案：A参考解析：根据题干关键信息Education和putmoreemphasison可定位至文章第四段。本段首句就指出应对自动化时代的第一步就是重新思考教育和职业培训。接着下文给出了具体方法：课程设置应当更多地关注创造力和复杂沟通技能的教育；职业学校应当更好地培养学生解决问题的能力；网络教育可以为人们提供额外的培训和指导，故选A。查看材料24.【阅读理解PartA】Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat_____.A.encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.B.increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.C.easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.D.preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键信息taxpolicies可定位至文章第六段。本段首句提到，由于自动化可能扩大资本收入和劳动收入之间的差距，所以税收和安全网将不得不重新考虑。接着具体解释税收政策应该如何调整，如削减低收入工人的税等；末句指出，这将提高收入，鼓励就业，奖励公司创造就业机会减少不平等。由此可知，重新考虑税收政策的目的就是阻止收入差距扩大，故选D。查看材料25.【阅读理解PartA】Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith_____.A.opposingviewsonit.B.possiblesolutionstoit.C.itsalarmingimpacts.D.itsmajorvariations.正确答案：B参考解析：纵观全文，作者在前两段提出中产阶级面临的一个问题，即自动化将威胁到中产阶级工人的工作，接着第三段指出乐观主义者认为这也许对工人们是有利的，只是中产阶级工人可能需要做出调整来适应这一改变。第四段至第六段就是作者给出的一些解决办法，如教育上要培养学生的创造力和实际技能，以及对于税收政策的调整等。最后一段则概括总结全文，所以这是一篇提出问题、分析问题并提出解决方案的文章，故选B。背景材料材料题根据以下材料，回答26-30题AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersources,notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasafakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse"distributedtrust"toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives-especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias."Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,"thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis"readererror,"moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin"misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews"viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue."Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,"saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills-andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.查看材料26.【阅读理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson______.A.thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.B.people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.C.theadministration'sabilitytohandleinformation.D.socialmediaasareliablesourceofnews.正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键信息可定位至文章第一、第二段。文章首段提到在美国超过2／3的年轻人反对总统特朗普使用Twitter。接着提到美国公民更希望从别的渠道获得白宫的信息，而不是从总统的社交平台上。第二段第二句指出由于美国人越来越不信任媒体，他们可能开始想办法提高自身的媒体文化素养。由此可知，很多美国年轻人怀疑社交媒体是否值得信任，故选D。查看材料27.【阅读理解PartA】Thephrase"beefup"(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto______.A.sharpen.B.define.C.boast.D.share.正确答案：A参考解析：根据题干关键信息可定位至第二段第二句。上文提到大部分美国人依靠社交媒体来查看每日头条新闻。紧接着第二句指出由于美国人越来越不信任媒体，他们开始beefup自身的媒体文化素养。可推知，美国人开始对媒体产生怀疑，所以开始想办法强化自身的媒体文化素养，从而辨识媒体是否可靠，故选A。查看材料28.【阅读理解PartA】AccordingtotheKnightFoundationsurvey,youngpeople______.A.tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.B.verifynewsbyreferringtodiversesources.C.haveastrongsenseofresponsibility.D.liketoexchangeviewson"distributedtrust".正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干关键信息theKnightFoundationsurvey可定位至文章第三段。本段第二句指出，奈特基金会重点小组的一项针对14岁至24岁年轻人的研究发现，他们使用“分布式信任”来验证故事。第三句又具体指出，他们会多方核实消息来源，更喜欢从不同角度看新闻——尤其是那些对任何偏见都持开放态度的人，故选B。查看材料29.【阅读理解PartA】TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis______.A.readers'outdatedvalues.B.journalists'biasedreporting.C.readers'misinterpretation.D.journalists'made-upstories.正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干关键信息TheBarnasurvey可定位至文章第五段。本段第三句指出，巴拿研究集团的一项调查发现，美国人认为产生虚假新闻现象的最主要原因是“读者的错误”，比编造的故事或报道中的事实错误更甚。第四句又给出具体解释，约有三分之一的人表示，虚假新闻的问题在于人们“通过社交媒体误解或夸大实际新闻”，故选c。查看材料30.【阅读理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline.B.ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend.C.TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.D.ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests.正确答案：A参考解析：本文以哈佛大学的一项最新调查开篇，引出了年轻人不喜欢总统通过社交媒体发布新闻这一话题，千禧一代更愿意从其他渠道，而非通过总统的社交媒体平台得知白宫发布的消息。第二段指出本文的主旨：随着人们对于所有媒体不信任的增加，人们可能开始加强他们的媒体素养技能。第三段则提到年轻人的媒体素养的确有所提高，即越来越善于将事实与虚构的网络空间区分开来。第五段揭示产生虚假新闻现象的最主要原因是读者的误解。最后一段总结全文，指出年轻人批评过度发表推文的总统，展现的是思维技能以及选择何时在社交媒体上分享信息的选择。因此A选项“在线发表新闻关键技能的提升”正确。材料题根据以下材料，回答31-35题Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain’sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld．Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealth-careisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants．Itisagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS，whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients’rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy．DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements—andtheremaybemany—betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely‘'processed”it．Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives．Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdrugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmahasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenham’sreportisawelcomestart.查看材料31.【阅读理解PartA】WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?A.Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.B.Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatients'rights.C.Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.D.Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干关键信息agreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind可定位至文章首段。本段末句提到，伊丽莎白·德纳姆指控NHS下属的一个医院信托机构，该机构于2015年基于一个不甚明确的协议把160万患者的医疗记录交给了DeepMind公司，该协议基本没有考虑到患者的权利以及他们对于保护自己隐私的期望。由此可知，NHS和DeepMind之间的协议没有充分考虑到患者的权利，故选B。查看材料32.【阅读理解PartA】TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith_____.A.emptypromises.B.toughresistance.C.necessaryadjustments.D.sincereapologies.正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干关键信息TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham’sverdict可定位至第二段第二句。该句指出NHS下属的英国皇家自由医院信托机构对德纳姆的裁决采取了补救措施。紧接着下文就具体介绍了做出的安排和调整，故选C。查看材料33.【阅读理解PartA】TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that_______.A.privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.B.leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingit.C.makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegal.D.thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit.正确答案：D参考解析：文章第二段中提到，此案例中隐私并不是唯一的问题，甚至不是最重要的问题。德纳姆女士选择将责任归咎于NHS信托机构，是因为根据现行法律，NHS信托机构“掌控”着数据，而深度思维公司只是“处理”数据。最后一句明确指出，这种区分忽略了一个问题，即赋予数据价值的恰恰是对数据的处理和聚集，而不是拥有数据这种行为本身，故选D。查看材料34.【阅读理解PartA】Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealis______.A.theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.B.theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.C.theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.D.themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.正确答案：D参考解析：最后一段前两句提到，在此案例中使用隐私法来遏制科技巨头并没有解决真正的忧患。第三、第四句提到了真正的问题，这不足以说明深度思维公司研发的算法将使患者受益并拯救生命。重要的是，这些利用公共资源研发出来的算法将归属于一个私人垄断企业。由此可知，利用大数据研发出来的成果将归属于私人垄断企业，推知大数据也被这些企业所垄断，故选D。查看材料35.【阅读理解PartA】Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis_____.A.ambiguous.B.cautious.C.appreciative.D.contemptuous.正确答案：B参考解析：文章第一段第三句提到，将科技成果应用于医疗保健的潜力非常大，但它也可能导致科技巨头对技术的进一步垄断。最后一段第四句也提到，利用公共资源研发出来的算法将归属于一个私人垄断企业。接着又提到，如果应用软件能以现有药物的规模拯救生命，那么可以寄望于大数据像大制药公司那样运作。而我们仍处于这场革命的起步阶段，现在所做的任何一个小的选择都可能会在日后产生深远的影响。所以为了避免未来的数字封建主义，我们需要进行长期的斗争。可见作者对于将科技和人工智能运用到医疗保健领域是很谨慎小心的，故选B。背景材料材料题根据以下材料，回答36-40题TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanyreasonsthisformerlystablefederalinstitutionfindsitselfatthebrinkofbankruptcy.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewreality.Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimateoverseer—Congress—insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved—Democrats,Republicans,thePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinallyagreedonaplantofixthesystem.LegislationismovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrateincreaseandfromshittingpostalretireesintMedicare.Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunions.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate—wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,notcomprehensivereform.There'snochangetocollectivebargainingattheUSPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80percentoftheagency'scosts.AlsomissingisanydiscussionofeliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoyswidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse.Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapseattheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey'regettingseriousabouttransformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.查看材料36.【阅读理解PartA】ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby______.A.itsunbalancedbudget.B.itsrigidmanagement.C.thecostfortechnicalupgrading.D.thewithdrawalofbanksupport.正确答案：B参考解析：36．根据题干关键信息financialproblem和USPS可定位至文章首段。第一段最后一句提到，从根本上说，美国邮政管理局正面临着有史以来最大的压力：一方面，技术变革使得人们对它的支柱产品(特快邮件)的需求持续减少；另一方面，其管理结构缺乏灵活性，难以适应新形势而做出改变。由此可知，其中一个原因就在于管理方面不够灵活，故选B。查看材料37.【阅读理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto______.A.theinterferencefrominterestgroups.B.theinadequatefundingfromCongress.C.theshrinkingdemandforpostalservice.D.theincompetenceofpostalunions.正确答案：A参考解析：根据题干关键信息fails和modernize可定位至文章第二段最后一句。该句提到，这就是近年来反复尝试立法改革均以失败告终的原因，这使得邮政署只能推迟至关重要的现代化改革。所以原因应在前文中出现，本段首句提到，各利益集团，从邮政工会到贺卡制造商，都对国会施压，坚持认为不论怎么改革，他们所依赖的现状都要得到保护。因此，利益集团的干预是USPS改革失败的主要原因，故选A。查看材料38.【阅读理解PartA】Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbeaddressedby_____.A.removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare.B.makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehicles.C.adoptinganewrate-increasemechanism.D.attractingmorefirst-classmailusers.正确答案：A参考解析：根据题干关键信息thelong-standingcomplaint和theUSPSanditsunions可定位至文章第三段。本段最后一句提到，后者将在很大程度上抵消每年为退休人员预付医疗保险费用的财政负担，从而解决了美国邮政管理局及其工会长期以来抱怨的问题。后者是指前面提到的将邮政退休人员转嫁给美国国家老年医疗保险制度而节省下的开支，故选A。查看材料39.【阅读理解PartA】Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith_______.A.respect.B.tolerance.C.discontent.D.gratitude.正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干关键信息legislator可定位至最后一段倒数第二句，该句提到，围绕该法案达成的共识是，美国国会议员们对邮政管理局出现短期瘫痪而让其在政治上陷入尴尬境地感到恐惧。最后一句明确指出作者的倾向，然而，这不是一个表明他们正在认真对待21世纪邮政系统的变革的迹象。可见，作者认为议员们并没有认真对待变革，所以作者对于立法者是持不满的态度，故选C。查看材料40.【阅读理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDays.B.ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheese.C.TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCure.D.ThePostalServiceNeedsMoreThanaBand-Aid.正确答案：D参考解析：文章前两段指出USPS在财政上面临严峻形势，并分析了其原因。第三段具体讲述由各方商议出来的解决方案，其中着重提到该方案可以带来的效益。第四段指出该方案存在的问题，并在最后表明作者对改革方案的态度。所以本篇文章的结构遵循提出问题、分析并解决问题、最后给出建议。因D项“邮政管理局需要的不只是一个权宜之计”最符合要求，故选D。材料题根据以下材料，回答41-45题A．InDecemberof1869,CongressappointedacommissiontoselectasiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartmentBuilding.ThecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavyDepartments.TothehorrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingtohouseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.B．Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthefirsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavyDepartmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary.C．TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicyinthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury—theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasaninternationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation'smostsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmanyhistoricevents.D．ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls.TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD.Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bushallhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24SecretariesofState.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapaneseemissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearlHarbor.E．TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsauniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritageoftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitecture