Unit-3-William-Shakespeare市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件

Unitthree:WilliamShakespeare(1564--1616)Alltheworld’sastage,全世界是个舞台Andallmenandwomenmerelyplayers;男男女女只是演员而已；

Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances,他们都有其退场和登场；

Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,人生在世饰演着各种角色，

Hisactsbeingsevenages.他演出有七个时期.WilliamShakespeare:AsYouLikeIt(皆大欢喜）Act2,Scene7

☆“Hewasnotofanage,butforalltime”（他不属于一个时代，而是属于永远）BenJohnson1/531.LifeStory

Fromthreesources,weknowShakespeare’slife:thechurchandlegalrecords,thefolktraditions,andthecommentsofhiscontemporaries(同龄人）.ShakespearewasborninStratford-on-Avon(埃文河畔斯特拉特福)in1564.Hisfatherwasawell-to-dotrader.Hegoteducationinalocalgrammarschoolforafewyears.Therehepickedupthe“smallLatinandlessGreek”.WhenShakespearewasaboutfourteenyearsold,hisfatherlosthislittlepropertyandfellintodebt,youngWilliamhadtoleaveschooltohelpsupporthisfamily.Hisoccupation（职业）wasprobablyacountryschoolmasteroralawyer'sclerk.In1582ShakespearemarriedAnneHathaway,thedaughterofapeasantfamily,whowaseightyearsolderthanherhusband.Afewyearslater,ShakespearewenttoLondon,wherehefirstdidsomeoddjobs.Itwassaidthathekepthorsesfortheaudienceoutsidetheplayhouses.Thenhebecameanactorandawriter.Heworkedveryhard,andwroteforthetheatreattherateoftwoplaysayear.In1612heretiredfromthestageandreturnedtohishometown,whereheboughtaconsiderableestateandliveduntilhisdeathonApril23,1616,whichwashis52ndbirthday.JohnShakespeare'shouse,believedtobeShakespeare’sbirthplace,inStratford-on-AvonShakespeare'sgrave

2/532.Shakespeare'sDramaticCareer△Shakespeare’scompleteworksinclude38plays,2narrativepoemsand154sonnets（十四行诗）.△Hisearlyplaysweremainlycomedies(喜剧）andhistories（历史剧）,thenwrotemainlytragedies（悲剧）,Inhislastphase,hewrotetragicomedies（悲喜剧）,alsoknownasromances（传奇剧）,andcollaboratedwithotherplaywrights.Shakespeare'sdramaticcareerlastedabout22yearsfrom1590to1612.Astothedivisionofthiscareer,therearedifferencesofopinions,partlyduetotheuncertaintyofthedateandoccasiononwhichtheplayswerewritten.However,acarefulreadingoftheplaysandpoemsleavesusanimpressionoffourdifferentperiodsofwork,probablycorrespondingwiththegrowthandexperienceofthepoet'slife.(Someprefertomakeitthreeperiodsbycombiningthefirsttwoperiodsintoone.)ThefollowingisalistofShakespeare'splaysinfourperiods3/53TheFirstPeriod(1590-1594)periodofapprenticeship(学徒身份）(apprenticeshipandexperimentation):theplaysinthisperiodaremarkedbyimitation（模仿）ofexistingplays,bythespiritofyouthfulnessandrichimagination,byexaggerated（夸大）languageandbythefrequent（频繁）useofrhymedcouplets.

HenryVI,PartI《亨利六世》

(1590)HenryVI,PartII(1590)HenryVI,PartIII(1591)△RichardIII《里查三世》(1592)TheComedyofErrors《错中错喜剧》(1592)TitusAndronicus《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》

(1593)TheTamingoftheShrew《训悍记》(1593)TheTwoGentlemenfromVerona《维洛那二绅士》(1594)Love’sLabourLost《爱徒劳》(1594)4/53△TheSecondPeriod(1595-1600)

Matureperiodof“greatcomedies”(喜剧）andhistoricalplays（历史剧）:

rapidgrowthanddevelopment:theplaysinthisperiodaremarkedbymorecarefulandartisticwork,betterplot,andamarkedincreaseintheknowledgeofhumannature.△RomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(1595)RichardⅡ《里查二世

》(1595)△AMid-SummerNight'sDream《仲夏夜之梦》(1595)KingJohn《约翰王》

(1596)△TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》(1596)HenryIV,PartI《亨利四世

》(1597)HenryIV,Part11(1597)MuchAdoaboutNothing《无事生非》

(1598)HenryV，《亨利五世

》(1598)TheMerryWivesofWindsor《温莎风流娘们》(1598)JuliusCaesar《裘力斯·凯撒

》(1599)△AsYouLikeIt

《皆大欢喜》(1599)△TwelfthNight《第十二夜》(1600)5/53△TheThirdPeriod(1601-1609)Flourishingperiodofgreattragedies（悲剧）anddarkcomedies:gloomanddepression:theplaysinthisperiodaremarkedbytragicideas△Hamlet《哈姆雷特》

(1601)TroilusandCressida《特洛埃围城记》

(1602)All'sWellThatEndsWell《终成眷属》(1602)MeasureforMeasure《一报还一报》(1604)△Othello《奥赛罗》(1604)△KingLear《李尔王》(1605)△Macbeth《麦克白》(1605)AntonyandCleopatra《安东尼与克莉奥佩屈拉》(1606)Coriolamus《科利奥兰纳斯》(1607)TimonofAthens《雅典泰门

》(1607)Pericles《泰尔亲王佩力克尔斯》(1608)6/53TheFourthPeriod(1609-1612)PeriodofRomanticdramaintheformoftragicomedies(悲喜剧）:calmafterstorm

Cymbeline《辛白林》

(1609)TheWinter'sTale《冬天故事》

(1610)△TheTempest《暴风雨》

(1612)HenryVIII(1612)《亨利八世》

(unfinished)7/53Representativeworks:Historicalplay（历史剧）:HenryIVRichardIIIHenryV△Comedy（喜剧）:Mid-summerNight’sDream

TheMerchantofVenice

AsYouLikeIt

TwelfthNight△Tragedy（悲剧）:

HamletOthello

KingLear

MacbethOtherFamousPlays:

RomeoandJulietJuliusCaesar

AntonyandCleopatra

TheTempest8/53TwoNarrativePoems

1.VenusandAdonis《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》

,anarrativepoemprintedin1593,wasShakespeare’sfirstpublishedwork.Venus(Aphrodite),thegoddessofbeautyandlove,isinlovewiththebeautifulyouthAdonis.Shedetains（留住）himfromthechasethroughwoodsandmakeseffortstowinhislove.Shebegshimtomeetheronthemorrow,butheisthentohunttheboar（野猪）andfleesfromher.Whenthemorningcomes,shehearshishoundsatbayand,goingtolookforhim,findshimkilledbytheboar.Venus,strikenwithgrief,changeshisbloodintotheanemone,orwind-flower.2.TheRapeofLucrece《露易丝受辱记》,anothernarrativepoemisa“graverlabor”andthesubjecttragic.Lucrece,aRomanladyofoutstandingvirtueandbeauty,wasthewifeofCollatine.ButSextus,thesonofTarguin,KingofRome,triedtoseduce（引诱）her,andwhensheresisted,committedrapeuponher.Shetoldherfatherandhusbandoftheoutrage（暴行）,andexactedanoathofvengeance（复仇）fromthem,afterwhichshekilledherself.Inconsequence,arelativeofherhusbandledarebellionagainsttheTarguinmonarchyandexpelledthemfromthecity.9/53

3.HisComedies（喜剧）

Shakespearewrotehiscomediesinhisearlyperiod.Inplaysheportrayedtheyoungpeoplewhohadjustfreedthefromthefeudalfetters（封建束缚）.Hesangoftheiryouth,theirloveandofhappiness.TheheroesandheroinesweresonsanddaughtersofRenaissance.TheytrustnotinGodorKingbutinthemselves.

UsuallytherearetwogroupsofcharactersinShakespeare’scomedies.Thefirstgroupiscomposedofcharactersofyoungandyoungwomen.Theyliveintheworldofyouthanddreamslaughter,andfightfortheirhappiness.Thesecondgroupconsistsimpleandshrewdclowns（小丑）andothercommonpeople.Thesecharactersmaketheplayfullofhumorandlaughter.ThesuccessofShakespeare'scomediesowesmuchtotheappearanceofclowns.Withoutthemtheplayswouldbecomedullandhumorless.10/53

3.HisComedies(喜剧）

Shakespeareputwomencharactersataprominent（突出）placeincomedies.Heshowedgreatrespectforthedignity,honesty,wit,courage,determinationandresourcefulness（足智多谋）ofwomen.

Theyoungheroines（女主角）inShakespeare’scomediesareindependentincharacterandveryfrank.Theyarenolongercontrolledbytheirparentsorhusbands.Theyareofanewtype.Theyarewitty,bold,loving,laughingandfaithful.Theyarehappyandmakeothershappy.Theycarrytheirdestiniesintheirownhands.Inspeaking,thinkingandfeelingtheyareequalsorevensuperiors（优异）ofmen.Shakespeare’scomediesareimbuedwith（充满）bourgeois（资产阶级）ideasandshowprogressive（进步）significance.Shakespeareproduced16comediesaltogether.Hismaincomediesare:TheMerchantofVenice,AMidsummerNight'sDream,AsYouLikeIt,TheTwelfthNight.11/531)TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》ThestoryofMerchantofVeniceisofItalianorigin.Therearefourcharactersinit.TheyareShylock,amoney-lender;Antonio,aChristianmerchant,Bassanio,ayoungmanwhoisthedearfriendofAntonio,Portia,abeautifulgirlwhoistheheroine.ThestorytellsusthatShylock,themoney-lenderofJew,hasamassedanimmensefortunebylendingmoneyatgreatinteresttoChristianmerchants.Thereforeheismuchdislikedbyallgoodmen,andparticularlybyAntonio,ayoungmerchantofVenice,Bassanio,thedearfriendofAntonio,wantstocourt（追求）Portia.Heneedssomemoney.SohegoestoaskhisfriendAntonioforhelp.Antoniohasnomoneytolendhim.HetakeshimtoseeShylock,hopingthemoney-lendercouldlendthemsomemoney.Shylock,whousuallyhatesAntonioverymuch,nowpretendstobekindtothemandpromisestolendhimthreethousandducats.ButShylockasksAntoniotosignabond,whichsaysthatifAntoniocannotrepaythemoneybyacertainday,apoundoffleshwillbecutofffromanypartofhisbody.Inordertohelphisfriend,Antonioacceptssuchacondition.WiththemoneyBassaniogoestocourtPortia,whoacceptshimtobeherhusband.Whenthedaytopaythedebtcomes,Antoniocan‘tpaythemoney,forhisshipsinwhichhehasinvestedallhismoneydonotreturnontime.Sohestandsindanger.TheJewdemandsthepoundofflesh,andthecaseisbroughttothecourt.AtthecriticalmomentayoungdoctoroflawarrivesatVenice.Thecaseistriedbeforehim,andtheJewisjustifiedofhisbond.ThelearnedyoungdoctorappealstotheJewformercyinamovingspeech,butinvain.ThenthedoctorwarnstheJew,underpainofdeath,thathemustfulfilltheveryletterofhisbond,takingnomoreandnolessthanonepoundofflesh,andspillingnodropofblood.Seeinghimself,thuscornered,theJewhasnochoicebuttoobeytheverdict（裁决）ofthecourt.ThelearneddoctorisnootherthanPortiaindisguise（乔装）.Theplayendsinalovelymoonlightscene,inwhichPortiarevealsheridentity（身份）,tothepleasantsurpriseofherhusbandBassanio.12/532)AsYouLikeIt

《皆大欢喜》AsYouLikeItisanotherimportantcomedywrittenbyShakespeare.Itembraces（包含）almostalloftheimportantcharacteristicsofcomedy.Therearetwomaincharactersinthisplay:OrlandoandRosalind．Thestorycentersontheloveaffairbetweenthem.ThesceneislaidinoneoftheprovincesinFrance.Thedukethatplacehasbeendrivenoutofhisthronebyhisbrother,andliveinbanishment（流放）．Theusurper（篡位者）nowbecomesthenewkingofthekingdom.ThebanisheddukehasadaughtercalledRosalind.whohasnotgonewithherfatherbutstilllivesinthecourt,forshecannottearherselfawayfromhercousinbecausetheyhavebeenintimate（亲密)friendsincetheirinfancy（幼年）.Onedaythereisawrestling(摔跤）matchinthecourt．Thetwogirlsgotowatchit．Theking’swrestlerisaverystrongman.Hisrival（对手）aslimyoungmancalledOrlandobuthewinsthematch.WhenRosalindandOrlandomeet,theyfallinlovewitheachotheratfirstsight.Orlandohaslosthisparents.Heliveswithhiselderbrother,whotreatshimverycruellyandwhowantstoputhimtodeath．ThecruelbrotherdecidestosetfireonOrlando’schamberatnighttogetrideofhim.TheevilplanistoldtoOrlandobyakindoldservant,whohelpshimrunaway.ThenOrlandogoestolookforthebanishedduke.Rosalindisdrivenoutofthepalacebyheruncle.Theyoungloversmeetintheforest.Aftertheyfindtheoldduke,theyarehappilymarried.13/534.HisTragedies（悲剧）Shakespeare’sgreattragediesareassociatedwithaperiodofsorrowinhislife.Duringthisperiod,Englandwitnessedagreatunrest（动荡局面）,socialcontradictions（矛盾）becameverysharp（尖锐）.Whatwriter’spersonalsadnessisunknowntous.Itisgenerallyattributedto（归因于）thepoliticalmisfortuneofhisfriendandpatron（保护人）,Earl（伯爵）ofEssex,whowaskilledbytheQueen.Shakespearewrote11tragedies.Hismaintragediesare:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth.Alloftheseplaysexpressadissatisfactionwithlife.Theyshowthestruggleandconflictsgoodandevilofthetime,betweenjusticeandinjustice.Inhisplays,thewriterShakespearecondemnsthedarkandevilsociety.14/535.HistoricalPlays（历史剧）Shakespeare’shistoricalplaysarepoliticalplays.Theprincipalideaoftheseplaysisthenecessityfornationalunity（国家统一）underonesovereign(君主）.Athistime,thisideawasanti-feudalinnature,anditsummedupthegeneralopinionoftherisingbourgeoisieinShakespeare'sownday.Shakespeare’shistoricalplaysreflectthehistoricaleventsoftwocenturiesfromRichardII（1377-99）toHenryVIII(1509-47).Theyshowthehorrorsofcivilwar,thenecessityfornationalunity,theresponsibilitiesofefficientruler,andtheimportanceoflegitimate（正当）succession（继位）tothethrone（王座）.Likethemajorityofhumanistsofhistime,ShakespearebelievedwiseandhumaneKingwhowouldlivetoservehiscountry.Butinthehistoricalplays,Shakespeare’streatmentofrealEnglishkingsisextremelycritical.RichardIIiscondemnedforhisvanity,politicalblindnessandinabilitytosubduethefeudallords.RichardIIIisrepresentedasakingstrong-willedandvicious（恶毒）;whocametopowerthroughaseriesofhorriblecrimesandturnedhiscountryintoadungeon（监牢）.15/535.Histories（历史剧）AndHenryIV,thoughglorifiedforhissuppressionoftherebellionoffeudallords,iscriticizedforhisparticipationinthemurderofRichardIIandhistreacherous（背叛）arrestoftherebelsafterthetruce（停战）.InShakespeare’shistoricalplaysthereisonlyoneidealkingisonlyoneHenryV,thoughhisrealprototypedifferslittlefromtheotherkings.Nevertheless,forEnglishpatriots（爱国者）ofthattimehisnamewasassociatedwiththemilitaryvictoriesofEnglandintheHundredYear'sWarandbecameasymbolofEnglishgloryintheeyesofthewell-to-docitizensofEngland.AmongShakespeare’s10historicalplays,HenryIVandHenryVaretworemarkableplays.HenryVisthecontinuationofHenryIV.Thetwoplaysdealwiththeeventsofthe15thcenturyandgivethepictureofatroubledreign.16/536.FeaturesofShakespeare'sDramaticWorks1)Shakespeareisarealist.HeisoneofthefoundersofrealisminEnglishliterature.

Hisplaysaremirrorsofhisage,reflectingthemajorcontraditions（矛盾）ofthattime.

Hedescribedthedecaying(衰落）ofthefeudalsociety（封建社会）andtherisingofthebourgeois（资产阶级）spirit.Hiscomediesreflectlifeof,theyoungmenandwomenwhojustfreedthemselvesfromtheflettersoffeudalism(封建束缚）andwhowerestrivingforindividualemancipation（解放）.Hiscomedieslayemphasisonemancipationofwomen,whichplayedaveryimportantroleinanti-feudalism.Inhisplays,Shakespearealsoclearlyreflectedthecontradictionsbetweentherichandthepoor.Heshowedhissympathytothepoorpeopleanddisclosedthegreedandcrueltyoftheupperclass.Inhisplays,Shakespearealsorevealedtheemergenceoftheearlycolonization（殖民化）andracial(种族）problemarisingwithcapitalism.Hefullyreflectedtheomnipotent（无所不能）powerofmoneyintheageofgrowingcapitalism.Hewasfar-sightedintomoney,capitalistaccumulation（资本积累）anditseffect.17/536.FeaturesofShakespeare'sDramaticWorks2)Shakespeare’sdramaticcreationoftenusedthemethodofadaptation（改编）.

HeborrowedhisplotswidelyfromGreeklegendsandRomanhistory,fromItalianstoriesandEnglishchronicles（编年史）,andfromromancesbyhisEnglishcontemporaries（同辈人）.Sometimesherewroteoldplaysbycertaininferior（差）authors.Buttheresultsofalltheselaborsbecomeoriginal（独创）compositions.ThestoriesofShakespeare'splaysoftentookplaceinothercountriesorinthepastinsteadofinEnglandorinhisownage.Thecharactersareclothedinforeigndresses,yettheirthoughtandfeelingsandtheirattitudetowardslifebelongtotheageofShakespeare.Infact,hischaractersarerepresentativesofthepeopleofhistime.18/536.FeaturesofShakespeare'sDramaticWorks3)Shakespeare’slongexperiencewiththestageandhisintimateknowledgeofdramaticartthusacquiredmakehimamaster-handforplay-writing.Shakespeare’sdramaticformfitsthecontentofhisplaysverywell.Hisplaysarenotcontrolledbytherulesoftheclassicalunitiesoftime,placeandaction（古典戏剧三一律）.Theactionmovesfromplacetoplace.A

playcoversseveraldaysoryears.Sometimes,asingleplaymaycontainmorethanonetheme(主题）,andthemainplotexistssidebysidewiththesub-plot（次情节）orsub-plots.Inordertoreproducethemanifold（多方面）imagesoflife,Shakespeareusedpeculiarcombinationinhisdrama:combinationofmajestic（庄重）andfunny,ofpoetic（诗歌）andprosaic（散文）,oftragicandcomic.19/536.FeaturesofShakespeare'sDramaticWorks4)

Shakespeareisalsoagreatpoet.Hewasskilledinmanypoeticforms.Hecouldwritesongs,lyrics（抒情诗）,sonnets（十四行诗）,couplets,quatrains,andblankverse.Blankverse（无韵诗）istheprincipalformofhisdramas.EachofShakespeare'splaysconsistsofthreeparts:--dialoguesorsoliloguys（独白）inprose--dialoguesorsoliloguysinblankverse--songs,dirges（挽歌）,madrigals（情歌）,etc.20/536.FeaturesofShakespeare'sDramaticWorks5)ShakespearewasagreatmasterofEnglishlanguage.Thelanguageofeachofhischaractersfitshispositioninsocietyandrevealsthepeculiarities（独特征）ofhischaracter.HecommandedavocabularylargerthananyotherEnglishwriter.Itisestimatedthathehadacommandofabout16,000words.ManyofhisquotationsandphraseshavebeenabsorbedintotheEnglishlanguage.Helovedtoplaywithwords,ortomakepuns（双关）withthem.Sometimeswefindit‘sverydifficulttounderstandhim.Shakespearealsocreatedalotofnewwordsandexpressions,thusenrichingEnglishlanguage(e.g.“Brevityisthesoulofwit”;“Morematter,withlessart”,“tobeornottobe”).ShakespeareandtheAuthorizedVersionoftheEnglishBible(钦定版圣经）（1611）arethetwogreattreasuriesoftheEnglishlanguage.Shakespearehasbeenuniversallyacknowledged（公认）tobethesummitoftheEnglishRenaissance,andoneofthegreatestwriterstheworldover.21/537.Shakespeare'sInfluenceShakespearehasbeengiventhehighestpraisebyvariousscholarsandcriticsallovertheworld,sometimesasthegreatestEnglishorEuropeandramatistandpoet,sometimesevenasthegreatestplaywrightorpoetinthewholeworld.Inwesternliterature,twopoetsonly,Homer（荷马）andDante（但丁）,havebeennamedwithhim,buteachofthemwrotewithinnarrowlimits,whileShakespeare'sgeniusincludesalltheworldofnatureandofman.Inaword,heistheuniversalpoet.Shakespeare'splayshavebeensowidelyreadandsocarefullystudiedthatallEnglishwritersofanyimportancecannotescapefromShakespeare’sinfluence,eitherdirectlyorindirectly,eitherinthought,content,orinpoeticformorlanguage.Moreover,hehasbeenknownallovertheworldandhisworkshavebeentranslatedintomanydifferentlanguagesandconsequentlyexertedgreatinfluencesuponmanywritersinmanycountries.22/538.Shakespeare'sInfluenceAsagreatartist,Shakespearewasmorethanthesupremerepresentativeofagreatera.BenJonson’sfamousobservationthat“hewasnotofanage,butforalltime”hasstoodthetestofmorethanthreecenturies.Ifheappealedinhisowntimetobothnoblemen（贵族）andgroundling（地位低人）

inhisowncountry,hestillhassomethingtosaytoeveryoneinthewholeworld.Ifonesalientfeatureofhisdramaticachievementstandsoutaboveallothers,itishisuniversality.23/53Greattragedies:(2)Othello《奥赛罗》ThestoryofOthellotookplaceinVeniceandCyprus.Thehero,Othelloisasplendid(出色）general（将军）.InVenicehefallsinlovewithasenator‘s（参议员）daughtercalledDesdemona.Inspiteofthesenator’sobjection,theygetmarried．ThenOthelloandhisbeautifulyoungwifegotoCyprus．InthearmythereisaverybadmancalledIago,whoenviesOthello’sfameandhappiness.Hewantstowreck（破坏）Othello’shappylife.Thenhethinksoutanevilplan.OnedayhetellsOthellothathiswifehasbetrayedhimandfalleninlovewithanothermanwhosenameisCassio.Inordertoprovewhathesaidistrue,hestealsahandkerchief（手帕）fromthelady’schamberandsecretlyputsitintoCassio‘shands.ThusOthello’ssuspicion（怀疑）isaroused.Hebecomessosuspiciousthatonenighthestrangles（勒死）hiswife.Afterthatthetruthcomestolight．Othellobecomesveryremorseful,andhekillshimselfatlast．InthisplayIagoismadetostandfortheevilanddarkforcesinthesociety.Heiscondemned,andheisthemostpowerfuldrawnfigure.ExceptforIago,theothercharactersarealldrawnonsimplelines.24/53（3）KingLear《李尔王》ThestoryofKingLearwastakenfromHolinshed’sChronicles（编年史）.KingLear,oneoftheBritishkings,wantstodividehiskingdomintothreepartsandbestows（授予）eachdaughterapart.Withthisintentioninmind,hecallshisthreedaughtersbeforehiminordertoknowwhichofloveshimbest.Hiseldestdaughtertellshimthatsheloveshimmorethanwordsdressand,thatheisdearertoherthanthelightofhereyes.Theoldkingfeelsveryhappytohearthesesweetwords.Thenheturnstohisseconddaughter.Shesaysthatshehasfoundalltheotherjoysdeadincomparisonwiththepleasurewhichshetakesintheherdearkingandfather.Thekingisverygladtohearthesehoneyedwordstoo.Nowheaskshisfavoritedaughter,theyoungestone,tocomebeforehim,thinkingshewouldmakehimhappywithmorelovingwords.Buttheoldkingfeelsdisappointedbecausehisyoungestdaughterdislikesthosesweetwordstoflatter（奉承）him.25/53（3）KingLearShejustsaysthatheisherfather,hehasgivenherbreeding（教养）andlovedher,therefore,returnthosedutiesbacktohim."oldkingbecomessoangrywithhisyoungestdaughterthathedecidestogivehernothing.Thenthekingdomisdividedintotwopartsandeachoftheelderdaughtersgetsonepart.Lateron,theyoungestdaughterismarriedtothekingofFrance.Theagedkinglivesinhistwoelderdaughter'shouses.Theytreathimverybadlyandmakehimsufferalotintheirhands.Finallytheoldkingisdrivenoutoftheirhousesandlivesinthefields.Whenthesadnewsisreportedtotheyoungestdaughter,sheleadsanarmyandcomesback.Shewagesawaragainsthersisters.Butunfortunatelyshefallsintothehandsofhersister'sfollowers,andtheniskilled.Theoldkingfeelsverysadafterheandhaslosthisdearchild:Finallyhediesofgriefandsorrow.OfallShakespeare’stragedies,thisplayisthemostcomplexinplotandalsothemostpainful.Itisasublime（庄重）poembutanunstageableplay.Ithastheexalted（高尚）poeticdialoguesandthefrequentreferencestotheloweranimalsandthecomparisonofmantothem.Literarycriticshavesaidthat"KingLear”isShakespeare'sgreatestachievement.26/534)Macbeth《麦克白》ThestoryofMacbethisborrowedfromHolinshed’sChronicles.TheheroMacbethisafamousgeneralofScotland.Onecomesbackvictoriouslyfromabattle,andmeetsthreewitches（女巫）

onhiswayback.ThethreewitchestellhimthathewillbecomekingofScotlandsomeday,Whatthewitchessaidstirs（激起）hisambition.Andthengoaded（煽动）byhiswife,hemurderstheking,andhebecomesthenewking.HeisverycrueltotheScottishpeopleandcommitsalotofcrimesduringhisreign.Finally,heiskilledbythesonofthemurderedking.Inthisplay,Shakespearecondemnsambition.Macbeth'sfateisthatofalltheambitiousrulers,whoaredoomedtobedefeatedintheendthoughtheyarestronginappearance.Theplayisnotlong,swiftinactionandsimpleinoutline.Thepoetryissimpleandintense.Thelanguageisviolentandterrible.27/53(1)TheTragedyofHamlet,PrinceofDenmark

《丹麦王子，哈姆雷特悲剧》Hamlet

isconsideredthesummit（顶点）ofShakespeare’sart.ThestorycomesfromanoldDanishLegend.BeforeShakespeare,ThomasKydhadWrittenaplayonthesamesubject.Itwasatragedyof“bloodandthunder”.ButunderShakespeare’spen,themedievalstoryassumedanewmeaning.28/53HamletHamlet(哈姆雷特）：theprinceClaudius（克劳迪斯）:hisuncleGertrude（格特鲁德）:hismotherOphelia（奥菲莉亚）:hisloverPolonius（波洛涅斯）:Ophelia’sfatherLaertes（雷厄提斯）:Ophelia’sbrother29/53StoryTheactionoftheplayislaidinDenmark.Gertrude,QueenofDenmark,widowedbythesuddendeathoftheKing,withintwomonthsmarriesthelateking’sbrotherClaudius,whothusbecomesthenewKing.PrinceHamlet,sonofthelateking,returnshomefromtheUniversityofWittenberg.Hesuspectsfoul（邪恶）playonthepartofClaudius,hisuncle.Thenhisfather’sghostappearstohimatthecastleofElsinor,andconfirmsHamlet’ssuspicion.Heundertakestoavenge(复仇）themurder.Todull（降低）Caudius’vigilance（警觉）,Hamletpretendstogomad.However,hismadnessintakenbyPolonius,anoldcourtier(朝臣）,tobeanemotionaldisturbance（错乱）duetohispassionforOphelia,daughterofPolonius.Atthismoment,acompanyofplayersvisitsthecastle,andHamlethasaplayacted,whichresembles（类似）thelateking’smurder.TheguiltyClaudiusstartsupinfearbeforetheplayends,andgoesout.GertrudesendsHamlettoherchamber,whichherevealsClaudius’baseness（下贱）andexpresseshisindignation（愤恨）atherhastymarriage,whichrendersthequeenheart-broken.30/53StoryThenHamletbecomesawarethatheisbeingoverheardintheconversation.ThinkingitisClaudiusthatisinhiding,herunshisswordthroughthearrasbutfindstheeavesdropper（偷听者）thuskilledtobePolonius.ThekingnowdeterminestodestroyHamlet.HesendsHamlettoEngland,intendingtohavehimkilledthere.Butpirates（海盗）captureHamletandsendhimbacktoDenmarkagain.Heart-brokenatthedeathofherfather,poorOpheliagoesmadandthenisdrownedinastream.Hamletreturnsjustatthetimeofherfuneral.Inthegrave-yardhehasaquarrelwithLaertes,Ophelia’sbrother.Laertesvowstoavengethedeathofhissisterandfather.WithhimClaudiusconspirestodoawaywithHamlet.ThekingarrangesthatLaertesistochallengeHamlettoafriendlyduel（决斗）andkillhimwithapoisonedrapier.Intheduel,LaerteswoundsHamletbutishimselfstruckwiththesamepoisoned（有毒)weapon.Beforedeath,Laertesrevealtheplot（阴谋）.Thequeen,atthismoment,hasdrunkfromapoisonedcupintendedforHamlet.Hamlet,i